\
THE STANDARD CYCLOPEDIA OF HORTICULTURE
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO
MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED
LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA MELBOURNE
THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD,
TORONTO
THE JH^L
STANDARD CYCLOPEDIC OF HORTICULTURE
A DISCUSSION, FOR THE AMATEUR, AND THE PROFESSIONAL AND COMMERCIAL GROWER, OF THE KINDS, CHARACTERISTICS AND METHODS OF CULTIVATION OF THE SPECIES OF PLANTS GROWN IN THE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA FOR ORNAMENT, FOR FANCY, FOR FRUIT AND FOR VEGETABLES; WITH KEYS TO THE NATURAL FAMILIES AND GENERA, DESCRIPTIONS OF THE HORTI- CULTURAL CAPABILITIES OF THE STATES AND PROVINCES AND DEPENDENT ISLANDS, AND SKETCHES OF EMINENT HORTICULTURISTS
BY
L. H. BAILEY
Illustrated with Colored Plates, Four Thousand Engravings in the Text, and Ninety-six Full-page Cuts
IN SIX VOLUMES
VOL. VI— S-Z AND SUPPLEMENT
PAGES 3043-3639. FIGS. 3516-4056
THIRD EDITION
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD. 1919
The rights of reproduction and of translation are strictly reserved
** **< ' • " •- • ' ' '".
» •* • " e* ? 2 c'*e i."8 '
V. fo
COPYRIGHT, 1902 BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
REWRITTEN, ENLARGED AND RESET
COPYRIGHT, 1917 BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
Set Up and Electrotyped. Published March 28, 1917 Reprinted May, 1917; March, 1919
AGRJC. DEPT,
J. HORACE MCFABLAND COMPAHY HARBISBURO, PENNSYLVANIA
FULL-PAGE PLATES
Facing page
CI. Well-filled mixed border, with lilacs predominating (in color) . Frontispiece
CII. Sambucus canadensis, the American sweet or summer-flowering elder . . 3068
CIII. Greenhouse group of parent and hybrid sarracenias . . ... . . 3084
CIV. Seed-growing in California. — Drying and turning lettuce stalks on the sheets;
cutting onion heads (Photographs by C. C. Morse & Co.) . . . 3134
CV. Solidago ulmifolia, one of the Common goldenrods 3187
CVI. Spinach. — A plant of Long Season variety; spinach field near Norfolk, Virginia. 3205
CVII. Effective shrubbery border. — Spireas in good form 3235
CVIII. Strawberry.— The Climax variety (in color) - . . 3260
CIX. Sweet peas of the Spencer or waved type 3284
CX. Commercial field of sweet potatoes in the Middle South 3296
CXI. Syringa (lilac), Madame Lemoine 3325
CXII. A good type of commercial tomato. — Brinton Best (in color) .... 3352 CXIII. Tsuga canadensis. — The hemlock spruce of the northeastern United States and
Canada 3383
CXIV. Tulip varieties bf the Tulipa Gesneriana type (in color) 3402
CXV. A market-garden of the modern type nea"r a city, with overhead irrigation . 3437
CXVI. Viburnum tomentosum . . . . . . . . .. . 3458
CXVTI. Victoria and nymphaea in a good setting 3480
C XVIII. Washingtonia filifera var. robusta . .~ ....... 3506
CXIX. Wisteria sinensis hi a striking effect 3517
CXX. Zinnia, Giant Yellow and Scarlet . . . . 3549
SUPPLEMENT
Page
General statement; statistics of the Cyclopedia 3553
Collaborators in the making of the Cyclopedia 3555
Cultivator's guide to the practice articles . 3562
Additional species 3565
New combinations in Latin names 3574
Finding-list of trade names 3575
Index to the six volumes, of synonyms, vernacular names, and others not in regular
alphabetic sequence , 3611
(v)
497722
SABAL (possibly a native name in South America, but the author of the genus does not explain). Pal- maceae, tribe Coryphese. Spineless palms, low, tall, or almost stemless.
Trunk slender or robust, ringed or nearly smooth, creeping or erect, ascending at the base, clothed above with dead If .-sheaths: Ivs. terminal, orbicular or cune- ate at the base, flabellately multifid; segms. linear, bifid, filamentous on the margins, induplicate in the bud; rachis short or long; ligule short, adnate to the rachis; peti- ole concave above, the margins smooth, acute ; sheath short : spadices large, elongated, decom- pound, at first erect, the branches and branchlets slender, recurving, pendent; spathes sheathing the branches and peduncles tubular,
oblique at the throat: bracts and bractlets minute: fls. small, glabrous, white or green: frs. small, globose, black, the short style basal . — Spe- cies probably 20, if Inodes is not sepa- rated. Fla. to Ven- ezuela, and in Mex. Here belongs the palmetto or cabbage palm of the south- ern states. The best botanical ac- count of the genus is Beccari's, Le Palmae Americane della tribu delle Coryphese, pp. 10- 83 (1907). Most of the species can be cult, in the tem- perate house, but any that may come into the trade from S. Amer. would re- quire stove condi- tions. <S. Palmetto can be grown out- doors from Charles- ton southward. 5.
texana and 5. exul are handsomer species, and hardy in parts of Texas.
The arboreous species of Sabal have been separated by Cook (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 28:529) as Inodes. These species also differ in their foliage. "The leaves of Sabal are adapted for standing erect and avoid resist- ance to the wind by being split down the middle. The leaves of Inodes which are held horizontal from an erect axis have attained the unique adaptation of a
193 (3043)
decurved midrib which braces the sloping sides of the leaf and effectively prevents the breaking above the ligule."
The cabbage palmetto (5. Palmetto) grows in groups of a few specimens to several hundreds or even thous- ands in the rich black soil on the banks of the St. Johns and Ocklawaha rivers of Florida, forming a glorious sight. They are found northward to South Carolina, but they attain their fullest development in Florida,
where they always form an important feature of the land- scape. Generally they grow in dense groups, but they are more beautiful in all their parts where they have room enough to spread. In south- ern Florida under- neath the crown of leaves is often found a dense wreath o'f ferns (Polypodium aureum), which heightens the charm of these palms con- siderably. On the St. Johns the trunk is often covered with the trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), or it is hidden by the dense foliage of the cross- vine (Bignonia capreolata), both of which form a beau- tiful ornament, especially when in flower. These sug- gestions of nature are often followed by planters who have a feeling for nat ure - like land- scape effects. The cabbage palmetto thrives even in the poor sandy soil, and it is greatly im-
3516. Sabal Palmetto, the cabbage palmetto of the southern states.
proved by cultiva- tion. Even good- sized trees are not difficult to trans- plant if the whole stem is carefully dug out and all of
the roots and leaves are cut off. If the stem has been set at least 3 feet deep and the soil is kept well watered after planting, the palmetto is almost sure to live. In addition to the palmetto, all of the sabals men- tioned in this work are cultivated by the undersigned on high pine land in southern Florida. Under these conditions the sabals have proved a great success, as also all species of Phoenix and all Cqcos of the australis type, while the species of Washingtonia, Erythea,
3044
SABAL
SABAL
Livisljona, and- Tmeh^carpus have been an entire failure." vS. Bl&ckbww&auti -is, in the judgment of some, the fiaest of. all the. fan-lea.ved-palms that can be grown ifr'FJoVdav 1A11 -the £pe$ies that 'form trunks are objects of great 'b'eaUly'wheh^fell "grown. They need to be well fertilized, or the lower leaves will suffer and finally die, thus detracting much from the elegance of the speci- men. They all grow naturally in rich black soil, but they all thrive exceedingly well in the sandy pine-woods soil if well fertilized and watered; in fact, they can hardly be fertilized too much, and the more nitrogenous manure and water they get the faster they grow. When trans- planted they must be set deep. In planting palms make a hollow about 6 feet in diameter and about 2 feet deep in the center. This center, which receives the plant, is the deepest point, while the ground all around is slightly sloping. Care must be taken to remove the sand after heavy rains or the crown will soon be buried and the little plant dies. As the palm first forms the
3517. Sabal glabra.
trunk in the soil and as the growth is rather rapid, this precaution is not necessary after the plant has attained a few feet in size. (H. Nehrling.)
A. Trunk evident, usually tall.
B. Foliage very glaucous.
uresana, Trel. (Inbdes uresdna, Cook). Trunk 15- 35 ft. high and upward of 1 ft. diam.: Ivs. glabrous, very glaucous ; petiole stout, concavo-convex, unarmed, about 40 in. long, nearly 1 in. wide and nearly %in. thick; blade about 40 in. long and wide, multifid, with coarse straw-colored fibers from the sinuses, the center arcuately recurved: fr. of a single developed carpel, depressed globose, %in. or less in diam., edible, green, or when dry dingy brown and somewhat glossy, the mesocarp then cottony; endocarp whitish straw-color, glossy within; seed polished, dark chestnut-brown, labyrinthiform-rugose, much depressed. Sonora, Mex., in the vicinity of Ures; intro. to cult, in S. Calif. R.H. 1910, p. 59. Described and figured in vol. 12 (1901) of Kept. Mo. Bot. Gard. — "From the two arboreous pal- mettos of the United States, S. uresana differs markedly in its pale, very glaucous foliage, and in the size of its fruit, which is of thrice the diameter of that of S. Pal- metto, and usually a third larger than in S. mexicana, with the former of which species it agrees in having but one of the three carpels developed and fertile while in S. mexicana two or even all three are not infrequently developed. Considering the extent to which this section
of Mexico has been visited by collectors of seeds it would be remarkable if this attractive plant should not prove to be already in cultivation in European gardens."
BB. Foliage green or essentially so, at least above. mauritiaefSnnis, Griseb. & Wendl.; also spelled mauritiiformis. Trunk middle-sized, but occasionally attaining 60-80 ft.: Ivs. finally 12 ft. across; blade suborbicular, longer than the petiole, glaucous beneath, multifid to the middle, with loose fibers between the bifid lobes: spadix very long and much branched, appearing below the Ivs.: fr. globose or inverted pear- shaped, about 1^ in. long. W. Indies. — The name mauritiseformis does not appear in the American trade, but S. glaucescens, Lodd. and Hort., probably belongs here, according to Grisebach. Nehrling writes: "S. glaucescens of the trade rivals S. Blackburniana in beauty and rapidity of growth. Its Ivs., though smaller, have a beautiful bluish green color."
Palmetto, Lodd. (Inbdes Palmetto, Cook). CABBAGE PALMETTO. Fig. 3516. St. erect, 20-80 ft. high: lys. 5-8 ft. long, cordate in outline, recurved at the summit, shorter than the petiole; segms. deeply cleft: spadix spreading, shorter than the Ivs.: drupe black, ^-Km- long. N. C. to Fla. and Bahamas. S.S. 10:507. A.F. 12:628. — S. Mocinii, Hort., is referred to S. Palmetto by Voss, but Nehrling describes it as a stemless plant from Mex., more beautiful than the dwarf palmetto, bearing immense Ivs. on strong stalks, the Ivs. attaining a height of 6-8 ft. Others think S. Mocinii is the same as S. Blackburniana. S. Palmetto has been confused in the European trade with S. texana. Very commonly planted as a shade and avenue tree in the southern states.
Blackburniana, Glazeb. (S. umbraculifera, Mart. Inbdes Blackburniana, Cook) . St. 30- 40 ft. high, thickened at the middle: blade ample, orbicular, glaucous, rather rigid, shorter than the petiole; lobes ab9ut 40, ensi- form, bifid, filamentous, rather rigid: spadix more branched than in any other species: fr. inverted pear-shaped, about 1^ in. long. W. Indies. G.F. 4:307. G.C. II. 2:777. Loudon's Gard. Mag. 5: 52-7, with several figures. R.B. 35, p. 189.
causiarum, Becc. (Inbdes causidrum, Cook). PORTO Rico HAT-PALM. YARAY. Trunk to 40 or 50 ft. and 2 ft. thick, columnar or nearly so, light gray or nearly white: If .-bases splitting into fibers and more or less remaining as long ribbons: Ivs. about 12 ft. long, the blade and petiole about equal in length but both surpassed by the infl., the petiole keeled near the end above: fr. J^-^in. diam., grayish, with a finely rugose or nearly smooth chestnut-brown seed.
texana, Becc. (S. mexicana, Auth., not Mart. Inbdes texana, Cook). Robust palm, to 50 ft. and 2% ft. diam. of trunk which is bright reddish brown: Ivs. 5-7 ft. across, shining and yellowish green, the segms. often parted and filamentose, the petiole stout and equaling or exceeding the blade: terminal branchlets of infl. slender: seed about 3^in. broad, with a prominent micropyle. S. Texas. S.S. 10:508.
exul, Bailey (Inbdes exul, Cook). A strong vigor- ous tree with large crown of vivid green Ivs., and green trunk due to the color retained in the sheathing lf.- bases: Ivs. otherwise much like those of S. texana: branchlets of infl. thickened: fr. solitary, with large seed not wrinkled above nor hollowed below. — Described from handsome trees planted at Victoria, Texas, probably native of Mex. Hardy and promising, princeps, Hort. Large species with a stout trunk which is covered with the persistent bases of the old Ivs.: Ivs. very large, about 5 ft. long; blade divided into about 100 segms., chartaceous, green; segms. all
SABAL
SACCHARUM
3045
rather shortly cleft at the apex, about 3 ft. long by 1 ^£ in. broad, acuminate, pointed: fruiting spadices pend- ent, about 6 ft. long, forming a very dense panicle: spathe tubular-funnelform, striate, obliquely truncate: fr. black, shining, globose. Habitat unknown; cult, in S. Calif. — Resembles S. Blackbumiana.
AA. Trunk none or creeping.
glabra, Sarg. (S. Addnsonii, Guerns. S. minus or nunor, Pers. Corypha minor, Jacq. not Linn.). DWARF PALMETTO. BLCE PALM. Fig. 3517. St. short, buried in the earth so that the palm appears stemless: Ivs. 2-3 ft. long; blade circular in its outline, somewhat longer than the petiole, glaucous; segms. slightly cleft at the apex: spadix erect, much longer than the Ivs., 3-6 ft.: drupe }£in. thick, black. Southern states. B.M. 1434. — Often cult, outdoors in the southern states. There are different forms, apparently unknown to the trade.
megacarpa, Small (S. Etbnia, Swingle). SCRUB PALMETTO. Low shrub, the sts. elongated, creeping, and contorted: Ivs. standing 4-5 ft. high, the sharp-edged petioles exceeding the nearly orbicular blades which are 1J^-2J^ ft. across, deeply cleft at apex and segms., longer than body, filamentose: infl. 2-2 ^ ft- long, ascending but becoming prostrate, branching: perianth yellowish white: fr. nearly globose, K~Mm- diam. Fla.
The following are mostly trade names, but at present they can be only imperfectly described: S. cseruliscens. Bull. A native of Col- ombia intro. in 1875. Apparently only the juvenile state has been described. Lvs. elongate, linear-lanceolate, plicate, with a bluish or glaucous green color which is very strongly marked on the under surface. Xehrling writes that he cannot distinguish at present his specimens of S. cserulescens from S. glaucescens. — S. dealbata, Hort. "This species," writes Xehrling, "reminds one of S. Mocinii, although it is smaller in all its parts. The Ivs. are numerous, glau- cous green and of a fine fan-shaped form. Compared with the sabals that form a trunk, these stemless species have little beauty, though they look well as foliage plants in company with Cycas revoluta and Dioon edule." The name "dealbata" means whitened, but it app.ears to be unrecognized in botanical literature in con- nection with Sabal. — S. Ghiesbrechiii, Hort., is S. Palmetto, at least so far as some gardens are concerned, but Beccari considers it an European name applied to cult, plants of S. Palmetto. — S. glauca, Hort. Pitcher & Manda, 1895, may possibly be meant for S. glaucescens. — S. haranensis, Lodd., according to Xehrling, "is a more upright grower than S. Blackburniana, has a slender st. and the If.-stalks are longer and thinner. The Ivs. have a bluish green color while young, changing to a fine dark green when they get older." Habitat unknown and the name has no botanical standing. — S. Hodgendorpii, Hort., is Livistona Hoogendorpii- — S. jatdnica, Hort., Pitcher & Manda, is possibly meant for S. havanensis, since Sabal is an American genus and is not known in Java. — S. longifdlia, Hort., according to Xehrling "has very numerous, long and slender Ivs. which are bright green above and silvery below." — S. longi- pedunculata, Hort., according to Xehrling, "is a stemless plant with smaller Ivs. than those of S. Mocinii and very long and slender stalks." Reasoner adds that the Ivs. are glaucous green. The last two are known only by these trade names, and are not certainly referable to any maintained species. L H B t
SABATIA (named after Liberatus Sabbati, an Italian botanist of the eighteenth century)) also spelled Sab- batia. Gentianacese . Hardy annual or biennial (rarely perennial by stolons) herbs, making showy garden or border plants, although little grown.
Leaves opposite, sessile or clasping: fls. showy, rose- pink or -purple or white, in cymose panicles terminating the branches; calyx 5-12-parted, the lobes slender; corolla rotate, 5-12-parted, usually with a yellow eye: caps, globose or ovoid, 2-valved. — About 18 or 20 species, N. Amer. and Cuba, mostly on the coastal plain. Sabatias require a light sweet soil. Seed may be sown in fall or early spring. The plants are easily transplanted. Some of them grow in brackish places.
A. Fls. 5-parted, rarely 6-7-parted.
brachiata, Ell. St. slightly angled, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. linear to linear-oblong, obtuse, obscurely 3-nerved at the base: fls. showy, light rose to white, 1-1 J^ in. across, in thyrsiform panicles, the lateral peduncles bearing usually 3-fld. cymes; calyx-lobes linear, shorter or nearly equaling corolla. Ind. to N. C. and south.
lanceolata, Torr. & Gray. St. simple, 1-3 ft. high: Ivs. about 1 in. long, shorter than internodes, ovate-
lanceolate or ovate, acute, 3-5-nerved, the floral re- duced to subulate bracts: fls. about 1 in. across, white, fading yellowish; calyx-lobe more than half length of corolla. May-Sept. Pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla.
angularis, Pursh. St. somewhat 4-wing-angled, 1^-2 ft. high: Ivs. ovate, 3-5-nerved: fls. fragrant, showy, light rose to white, 1-2 in. across, in much- branched pyramidal or somewhat corymbose cymes; calyx-lobes linear, much shorter than the corolla. Rich, light soil in open fields. W. Canada to Fla.
AA. Fls. 8-12-parted.
dodecandra, BSP. (S. chloroides, Pursh). Apparently perennial, usually in brackish marshes near the coast from Long Island southward: to 2 ft. high: Ivs. oblong to oblong-lanceolate, blunt or somewhat acute: calyx- lobes herbaceous, 3-5-nerved; corolla rose-colored or white with yellow spot at base of each oblong-spatulate or oblanceolate segm. S. Kennedyana, Fern., is the New England representative, of fresh pond-shores, earlier-flowering: freely stoloniferous, to 2H ft.: basal Ivs. oblanceolate-acuminate; st.-lvs. shorter, firm, lance- acuminate and subulate: calyx-lobes not herbaceous, linear-subulate; corolla-lobes cuneate-obovate, rounded or emargmate at summit, with much broader yellow 8P°t- L. H. B.f
SABIA (from its Bengal name, Sabja-lat). Sabidcese. A genus of about 20 species of woody vines or sarmen- tose shrubs native to India, China, and Japan, with alternate petioled entire deciduous Ivs. and axillary, solitary, or cymose, rather small and dull-colored, greenish, purplish, brownish, or yellow fls. followed by small blue drupe-like frs. Fls. perfect, 5-, rarely 4- merous; petals short, semi-orbicular to ovate; petals oval to oblong; stamens shorter than petals; ovary superior, 2-ceUed, each cell with 2 ovules: drupes usually reniform, blue, solitary or 2 and slightly coher- ing at the base, 1-seeded; stone reticulate.— Only the following recently intro. species is in cult., but little is yet known of its cultural requirements; at the Arnold Arboretum it is growing well under ordinary conditions and has proved hardy. Prop, is by seeds and probably by cuttings. S. Schumanniana, Diels. Climbing shrub, to 10 ft., glabrous: branchlets green: Ivs. petioled, oblong-lanceolate, rarely elliptic, acuminate, broadly cuneate at the base, bright green, reticulate beneath, H-4 in. long: fls. greenish to greenish-purple, cup- shaped, 3^in. across, ia slender-stalked, nodding, usually few-fld. cymes; peduncle filiform, 1-1^ in. long: fr. reniform, Mm- broad; stone slightly com-
Eressed, reticulate. W. China. — The drooping blue •s., if freely produced under cult., apparently constitute the chief ornamental feature of this species.
ALFRED REHDER.
SACCHARUM (saccharon, old Greek name for sugar). Graminex. The sugar-cane group, little grown for ornament, although making bold specimens.
Tall grasses with stout culm and ample panicles, the branches many-jointed: spikelets small, slender, 1-fld., surrounded by long silky hairs. — Species 12, in tropical regions, mostly of the Old World. Differs from Erian- thus in having awnless spikelets. The most important species is the sugar-cane, which is extensively cult, in tropical and subtropical countries for the production of sugar. Prop, by cuttings of the st. Native coun- try unknown, but probably E. Asia. Cult, from time immemorial by cuttings, for which reason many varieties have lost the power to flower or at least to produce fertile seed. Rum is produced from the fermented molasses.
officinarum, Linn. SUGAR-CANE. St. 8-20 ft. high, 1-2 in. thick. Dept. Agric., Div. Agrost., Bull. 20:18. G.W. 8:261 (under the name S. officinale) .— The differ- ent cult, varieties are distinguished by color and height of st.
3046
SACCHARUM
SACCOLABIUM
spontaneum, Linn. Less tall and stout than sugar- cane, freely blooming, found in the Medit. region, where it is sometimes cult, as a hedge-plant, and throughout the tropics of the Old World. A variety of this, S. segyptmcum, is shown in Gn. 11, p. 78; 16, p. 323.
ciliare, Anders. Lvs. very narrow, channeled, glau- cous, the lower erect. Intro, from India.— Said to make large clumps and to be hardy at Santa Barbara, Calif., but not known to bloom there. A. S. HITCHCOCK.
SACCOLABIUM (name refers to the saccate label- lum). Orchidacese. Epiphytic herbs with erect leafy stems increasing in length by continued growth at the apex, grown in warm glasshouses.
Leaves distichous, leathery and fleshy, usually chan- neled: infl. lateral, in the cultivated species a long, densely fld. cylindrical raceme; fls. medium or small; sepals subequal, free, spreading, the lateral pair not decurrent on the base of the column; petals similar, sometimes wider; labellum united with the base of the column, spurred, the mouth of the spur open; pollinia on a filiform stipe. — About 20 or more species. Can be prop, by offsets and by cut-backs. Fresh stock is con- stantly imported.
This interesting genus embraces a number of pretty and distinct species from Borneo, Cochin-China, India, Java, and Philippines. They are closely allied to the genera Aerides, PhalaBnopsis and Vanda, and require some- what similar treatment, but dp not always acclimatize themselves as readily to artificial cultivation unless given a location with more or less natural surroundings, although some of the more free-growing species, like S. ampullaceum, S. curvifolium, S. coeleste, and S. Hender- sonianum, can usually be grown successfully in the cattleya or cypripeoUum department. The large- growing species with thick succulent leaves require a warm moist atmosphere where the winter temperature can be retained at 65° to 70° F. by night and about 75° during the day, and in the summer or growing season 10° in advance of this. All succeed best when suspended from the roof in panSj baskets or on blocks where they can have free circulation of air about them at all times, receive indirect benefit of the sun's influence, which will harden their tissue, and where the compost may readily and frequently dry out, during the resting period especially. Grown otherwise the more succulent species, such as S. giganteum (a Vanda), make soft weak tissue, which is susceptible to wet-spot, a usually fatal disease. Clean chopped sphagnum, freely inter- spersed with broken pieces of charcoal, is the most satisfactory growing material, and this should not be pressed in so firmly as entirely to exclude access of au- to the roots, but the plants must always be firmly secured with pieces of charcoal, potsherds or other similar material, or securely fastened with copper wire to keep them in position, otherwise being more or less top-heavy they are liable to work loose, under which conditions they cannot become properly established. Shading should be applied to the glass from February until November to break the sun's direct rays, but dur- ing the remainder of the year when the solar light is weak its direct influence will be found beneficial. In bright weather in the growing season the plants need a liberal supply of water, both at the roots and over the foliage, but during the resting period and in wet inclement weather, water and syringing must be carefully and sparingly administered. Judgment in this respect is very essential to the successful culture of these plants. The supply of saccolabiums is kept up by fresh importation. These cultural directions apply also to the genus Rhynchostylis. (Robert M. Grey.)
A. F Is. rose-colored.
Hendersonianum, Reichb. f. Dwarf: Ivs. 4-6 in. long, strap-shaped, subacute, distichous on the sts. but spreading in various directions: raceme upright,
about as long as the Ivs.; fls. forming a cylindrical mass, bright rose, %jin. across; dorsal sepals orbicular, con- cave, lateral ones larger, obovate-oblong; petals obo- vate; labellum a blunt, straight spur with 3 teeth at the mouth, white. Borneo. B.M. 6222.
ampullaceum, Lindl. Fig. 3518. Dwarf: st. 6-8 in. high, with 2 rows of Ivs. : Ivs. strap-shaped, channeled, apex truncate and dentate : racemes nearly erect, 4-6 in. high; fls. deep rose-color; sepals and petals ovate, veined, spreading out flat; labellum linear-falcate, one- half as long as the petals; spur slender, straight. May, June. N. India. B.M. 5595. P.M. 13:49. J.H. III. 32:463. Var. moulmeinense, Hort., is a geographical variety with stronger growth and larger fls.
AA. Fls. orange or scarlet-orange, curvifdlium, Lindl. Sts. short: Ivs. linear, 8-10 in. long, 2-toothed at the apex: racemes somewhat droop- ing, 6 in. long, dense; fls. 1 in. across, bright orange- scarlet; sepals and petals ovate to obovate, spreading;
3518. Saccolabium ampullaceum. ( X M)
labellum orange, blade linear, truncate, spur obtuse. May, June. Burma, Java. B.M. 5326 (as S. miniatum). I.H. 13:493.
cerinum, Reichb. f. St. short, thick: Ivs. strap- shaped, obtusely 2-lobed: raceme dense, half drooping; fls. orange, with a paler spur; sepals oblong; petals ovate. Sunda Isls.
AAA. Fls. white, spotted with blue. coeleste, Reichb. f. Plant rarely 1 ft. high, with decurved Ivs. and erect, densely fld. racemes 6-^9 in. long: fls. white, with the front of the lip and the tips of the segms. sky-blue; sepals and petals cuneate, oblong, obtuse; labellum rhomboid, spur compressed, curved. July, Aug. Siam. J.H. III. 28:87; 46:25.
SACCOLABIUM
SAGE
3047
S. btllinum, Reichb. f. Sts. short: Ivs. 7-12 in. long.: fls. fleshy, 1 !4 in. across; sepals and petals spreading, somewhat incurved, similar, obovate-oblong, yellow, blackish-purple-blotched; h'p sub- globose saccate and with a lunate blade, the former white, purple- spotted, the blade 2-lobed, pubescent above, fimbriate-denticulate, white, with the disk orange-yellow, purple-spotted. Burma. G.C. III. 39:419. J.H. III. 48:423. — S. Blumei, LinoU.=Rhynchostylis retusa. — S. datypdgon, LindL Allied to S. bellinum. Sepals and petals yellow: lip white with purple markings. Nepal. — S. fragrant, Par. & Reichb. f. Fls. numerous, white, violet-scented; Up mauve- purple. Burma.— -5. F&rslenbergianum, Schlecht, InfL branched ; fls. rose-red with paler spur and white column. Siam. O. 1912:68. — S. giganteum, LindL=Vanda densiflora, — S. glomeratum, Rolfe. St*. trailing, often 1-3 ft. long: racemes densely many-fld.; fls. small, yellow, spotted and striped with brownish red. Borneo. G.C. III. &i:317. — 5. grdciU, Lindl. "A very elegant little species, with slender growths and long decurved racemes of many small white fls." Ceylon. — S. guttaium. Lindl.=Rhynchostylis retusa. — S. Harrisoni- anum, Hook.=Rhvnehostylis violacea var. Harrisonianuni. — S. Uldttre, Hon., probably =Vanda densiflora var. illustre. — S. penan~ giarium. Hook. f. A small plant, only a few inches high: fls. with light yellow sepals; side lobes of lip and wings of column narrowly margined with purple. Malay Penins. — P. jJatyadcaratum, Rolfe. Dwarf herb: 6s. very small, with sepals and petals yellow, spotted with brown. Burma. — S. prarm<5r*um, LindL =Rhynchosty Us retusa. — S. Regnieri, Hort, Plant smaU: fls. in short racemes, orange-colored. — S. reiusum, Voight=Rhj-nchostyUs retusa. — S. Kheedii. Wight=Rhynchostylis retusa. — S. rubescens, Rolfe. Sts. a foot tall: Ivs. oblong, 5-6 in. long, 1-1 H in. broad: racemes 3-^5 in. long, many-fld. ; fls. Hm. long, light rosy purple; dorsal sepal elUptic, obtuse, Jiin. long, lateral sepals ovate; petals elliptic, obtuse, >iin. long: lip 3-lobed. Annam. B.M. 8121. — S. sarcochibridts, Schlecht. Racemes spreading, short: fls. small, lasting only a day, white; sepals and petals with violet-red spots on base; Up with orange-yellow side lobes. Philippines. — S. riolaceum, Reichb. f.=Rhynchostylis vio-
GEORGE V.
SACCOLOMA (from Greek for sac and edge, refer- ring to the indusia). Polypodiacex. A group of tropical ferns, somewhat related to Davallia. They are pin- nately divided, often of large size, and with scaly petioles; petioles and pinnae not jointed to their points of attachment: indusia attached along one side at the base.
inaequale, Mett. (DavaUia brasiliensis, Hook.). A large stove fern with creeping rootstock: Ivs. as much as 6 ft. long, twice-pinnate or more. Common in the American tropics. R. C. BENEDICT.
SADLERIA (named after Joseph Sadler). Poly- podiacex. Arborescent ferns suitable only for the warm- house: about 3-4 }-£ ft. tall: lys. large, tufted, double- pinnate, all similar: sori continuous, close to the mid- rib on each side: receptacle elevated; the involucre nar- row, of the form of sorus, leathery, at first wrapped over the sorus, later spreading. — About 5 species, Hawaiian Isl. S. cyaihemdes, Kaulf. About 3-4 ft. high: the stipe strong, erect, 6-18 in. long, naked except at the base and there clothed with long-linear scales: fronds 4-6 ft. long, 9-18 in. broad; pinna? 8-12 in. long, Yr-%J&- broad, cut down to the rachis into very many, connected, linear pinnules, ^g-^iin. long, acute or bluntish. Hawaii. G.C. U. 7:761. G.Z. 22, p. 122.
SAGE (Sali'ia officinalis). A sweet-herb, used for seasoning, and somewhat in domestic medicine.
For at least three centuries this shrubby fibrous- rooted perennial from southern Europe has been widely cultivated in kitchen-gardens for its aromatic whitish green wrinkled oval leaves. These are arranged oppo- sitely on ascending or decumbent branching stems which seldom exceed 18 inches in height. In early summer the upper parts of these bear generally blue, though some- times pink or white flowers, followed by almost black spheroidal seeds borne in the open cups. The name Salvia is derived from salvo, to save, in reference to the plant's use in ancient medicine; the name sage, from its supposed power to make people wise by strengthen- ing the memory. In modern medicine it is but little used. In domestic practice, however, it is credited with tonic, sudorific, carminative, anthelmintic, and sto- machic properties, and is frequently used as a gargle for aphthous affections of the mouth and pharynx. Its pleasant, though powerful-smelling, bitterish leaves are used for flavoring sausages and some kinds of cheese,
for seasoning soups and stews, but mainly for dressings with luscious strong meats such as pork, goose, and duck. Among culinary herbs it ranks first in America, being more widely cultivated than any other except parsley, which is more largely employed for garnishing than as a flavoring agent. When possible the young leaves should be used fresh, for unless carefully dried they lose much of their aroma, which is due to a vola- tile oil and which even with careful curing rapidly dissi- pates. For best results the shoots should be gathered before flower-stems develop, because they are then richer and because later cuttings may be made. For drying upon a commercial scale, since this plan is thought to involve too much labor, the plants are cut in August if seed has been sown early, and the stumps, if not too short, produce again in late autumn; or if grown as a secondary crop, which is the common way, they are cut only once — namely, in autumn. Plants grown from cuttings (see below) will often produce three crops in a season. Upon a small scale, a warm airy room is best for drying, the plants being either laid loosely upon racks or the floor, or hung from the ceiling and walls. Upon a larger scale, a fruit-evaporator with a steady current of warm air at about 100° F. may be used. After drying, the leaves are rubbed to a powder and stored in air-tight vessels.
Sage does best in an open sunny aspect and a well- drained mellow loam of medium texture, rich in humus and nitrogenous matter. Stable-manure or a fertilizer containing potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen should be applied before the plowing, if done in the spring. Fall plowing is generally preferred when sage alone is to occupy the land. In each case plowing should be as deep as the surface soil will profitably permit. Thor- ough fining of the soil must precede, and clean cultiva- tion follow planting, the plants being set in drills about 15 inches apart and 10 inches asunder for manual culti- vation, or 18 to 21 inches apart and 10 inches asunder for power cultivation. The former method is, as a rule, more profitable though more laborious. After harvesting (see above) if the bed is to be permanent, northern plantations should be mulched with marsh-hay or other material free from weed seeds. For garden practice it is common to divide the clumps biennially, since the plants become strag- gling if left longer. Upon a commercial scale, however, it is better to rely upon cuttings or seedlings.
Propagation may be by seed, cuttings, layers, or division. Seed, the vitality of which lasts three years, maj' be drilled thinly in flats in greenhouse, hotbed, or coldframe in early spring; or out-of-doors as soon as the ground becomes dry enough, in specially prepared beds of fine soil, covering them about H inch deep. In the former case the plants must be pricked out and hard- ened off to render them stocky and hardy before trans- Slanting; in the latter, they are taken directly to the eld. This operation may be performed from mid-June until late July, the plants being not less than 2 to 3 inches tall. The former method, which is considered the better, is the common commercial practice. Cuttings may be of mature or of immature wood. With each, shade and moisture are essential to success. Mature wood cuttings, made in early spring, should be ready for the field in less than six weeks; immature, taken from outside shoots just before they would form blos- som-heads, are left in the cutting-bed until the fol- lowing year. Such plants are usually more prolific than those grown from mature wood or from spring seedlings, and are, therefore, best when sage alone is to occupy the land. But when it is to follow some early vegetable, mature wood cuttings or seedling plants will probably be found best, though little or nothing can be cut before September. As practised by market-garden- ers in the vicinity of New York, each of the above methods has its advocates, but practically all agree upon the plowing and harrowing of the ground in June or
3048
SAGE
SAGITTARIA
July after harvesting an early crop, such as beets, cab- bage or peas. About twice in the three weeks after setting the plants, the field is raked to destroy sprouting weeds and to keep the surface loose, after which, if well done, but slight hoeing is necessary. In September, when the plants crowd each other, each alternate plant or row of plants is cut for sale and the remainder allowed to fill the space. At the first cutting each plant should make about two marketable bunches; at the second at least three. This practice not only insures plants full of leaves at each cutting but at least doubles the quantity in the end.
In America the green broad-leaved varieties are in far greater demand than the colored and the narrow- leaved kinds. The best variety known to the writer is Holt Mammoth, which is exceptionally prolific of large leaves. It is said to produce no seed. M G. KAINS.
SAGENIA. A generic name for a group of tropical ferns here referred to Tectaria, from which there is no valid distinction. For S. decurrens see Tectaria decur- rens.
SAGERETIA (after Augustin Sageret, French botanist, 1763-1851). Rhamndcese. A genus of about 15 species of armed or unarmed often scandent shrubs native to the warmer parts of Asia, in Amer. from N. C. to Mex., with opposite or nearly opposite, entire or ser- rulate, small, deciduous or persistent Ivs. and with minute whitish fls. in terminal or axillary spikes or panicles, followed by small berry-like, mostly purple irs. Fls. perfect, 5-merous; the hooded petals and the stamens not exceeding the sepals; disk cup-shaped, 5-lobed; ovary superior, 2-3-celled with a short 2-3- lobed style: fr. a small globose drupe with 2-3 leathery nutlets. — These plants are little known in cult. S. theezans has been recently intrp. by the Dept. of Agric.; according to F. N. Meyer it may be useful as a hedge-plant and its fls. have a delightful fragrance which attracts numerous insects; it is apparently not hardy N., while S. pycnophylla has proved hardy at the Arnold Arboretum. The American S. minutiflora is not recorded as being in cult., but may possibly have been planted in collections in the southern states. The frs. of some species are sweet and edible. Prop, is by seeds and probably by cuttings like berchemia which it resembles in habit and general appearance. S. theezans, Brongn. Spinescent shrub, to 6 ft., with slender spread- ing branches: Ivs. persistent, or subpersistent, short- petioled, ovate or oval, obtusish, subcordate or rounded at the base, minutely serrulate, lustrous above, gla- brous or at first slightly villous beneath, J^-l in. long: fls. sessile in villous spikes Hj-1 in. long or sometimes longer and forming terminal panicles leafy at the base; sepals slightly pubescent outside: fr. purplish black, about Km- across. Fls. in autumn; fr. in spring. China. S. pycnophylla, Schneid. Similar to the pre- ceding species: Ivs. smaller, J^-Jiin. long, rarely nearly %in. long, sometimes acutish: fls. white, glabrous, in slender glabrous spikes H-1J^ in. long, usually only 1-4 at the ends of the branchlets. W. China. S. minuti- flora, Trel. (S. Michaiixii, Brongn.). Spinescent, straggling or trailing shrub: Ivs. short-petioled, leath- ery, ovate to ovate-oblong, acute, serrulate, pubescent while young, glabrous and lustrous at maturity, J^-l Y^ in. long: fls. -j^in. across, in terminal and axillary slen- der sometimes panicled spikes: fr. J^in. across, often gibbous, purple. Fls. in autumn: fr. in spring. N. C. to Fla. and Ala. ALFRED REHDER.
SAGINA (Latin, fatness; perhaps alluding to the forage value). Caryophyllaceae. PEARL WORT. Annual or perennial tufted herbs, sometimes used for edging.
Leaves awl-shaped: fls. small, usually compara- tively long-stemmed; sepals 4-5; petals 4-5, entire or slightly emarginate, minute or none; stamens equal in
number to the sepals or twice as many; ovary 1-loculed, many-seeded; styles of the same number as the sepals and alternate with them. — About 50 species, natives of the temperate and colder regions of the world.
subulata, Wimm. (S. pilifera, Hort. Spergula pilif- era, Hort. Spergula subulata, Sw.). PEARLWORT. An evergreen, hardy, densely tufted little plant, cov- ering the ground like a sheet of moss: Ivs. very small, stiff, aristate on the margin, linear: sts. branching and creeping: fls. white, studded all over the plant on long, very slender peduncles. July-Sept. Corsica. R.H. 1896, p. 435. R.B. 20: 153. Var. aftrea has Ivs. marked with yellow. A good rock-plant in shady places. Cult. similar to arenaria. Prop, by division.
F. W. BARCLAY.
SAGITTARIA (sagitta is Latin for arrow, referring to the arrow-shaped leaves). Alismacese. ARROWHEAD. Perennial hardy herbs useful for foliage effects in bogs and shallow ponds and also for their white buttercup- like flowers.
Plants of mostly erect habit, aquatic, the Ivs. and scapes arising from more or less tuberous or knotted rootstocks: Ivs. typically arrow-shaped, with long basal lobes, but sometimes long and linear: fls. imperfect, monoecious (staminate fls. usually in the uppermost whorls) or dioecious, with 3 white broad petals and 3 small greenish sepals, the stamens and pistils numer- ous, the latter ripening into small achenes; infl. com- posed of successive whorls of 3-stalked fls. Sometimes the Ivs. are floating. The number of species admitted is variable, but Buchenau in the last treatment of the genus in Engler's Das Pflanzenreich, hft. 16 (iv. 15,
1903) describes 31. Temperate and tropi- cal regions of the world though lacking in Afr. and Austral.
Sagittarias are mostly used for colo- nizing in the open, but S. montevidensis — now the most popular spe- cies — is grown in in- door aquaria or plunged in open ponds in the summer. The arrow- heads are perennials of easy culture, although likely to be infested with aphis. Propaga- tion is by division, or sometimes by seeds.
A. Sepals of pistillate fls. (usually in the lower whorls) erect after flowering, and the pedicels of these fls. thick: carpels not glandular.
montevidensis, Cham. & Schlecht.
folia; often known as S. ery large> sometimes variabilis. ( x 1A) growing 6 ft. tall, with
If .-blades 1-2 ft. long: Ivs. arrow-shaped, with long, diverging, sharp basal lobes: fls. very large (2 to nearly 3 in. across), the rounded petals white with a purple blotch at the base. Argentina to Brazil, Chile, and Peru. B.M. 6755. Gn. 27:8. G. 17:273. G.W. 4, p. 68. G.Z. 30:241. I.H. 31:543.— First known as a cult, plant from seeds sent to England in 1883 from Buenos Ayres by John Ball. It is now a popular plant for aquaria
SAGITTARIA
SAIXTPAULIA
3049
and lily-ponds. Tender to frost. It is sparingly naturalized in the southern parts of the U. S., on both the Atlantic and Pacific sides.
AA. Sepals of pistillate fls. reflexed after flowering: pedicels of these fls. slender: carpels somewhat glandular. B. Bracts at base of whorls united, as if only 1.
subulata, Buch. (5. natans, in part. S. pusitta, Nutt. . Slender and simple, 'usually only a few inches high: Ivs. linear or narrowly oblanceolate, rigid: fls. few, usually in 1 whorl, white, >£-%in. across, the filaments broad. N. Y. to Ala., along the coast. — Offered by dealers in native plants. A plant once sold as S. natans is said to have come from the Amazon Valley; from this the form known as "Xew Era" was derived; and a cross of the latter with "5. lanceolata" (S. land- folia?), native in La., gave the form "Francis M." S. natans, Pallas, the accepted species under this name, is native in X. Eu. and Siberia.
BB. Bracts 3, at base of the whorls. c. Lvs. usually distinctly sagittate.
latifdlia, Willd. (S. varidbilis, Engelm.). Fig. 3519. Very variable in stature and shape of Ivs., ranging from a few inches to 3-4 ft. tall: Ivs. mostly broad-sagittate with long basal lobes, but running into very narrow forms: fls. clear white, about 1 in. across, usually mono?cious. the filaments slender: achene winged, with a lateral or oblique beak. Common everywhere in margins of ponds and lakes, and offered by dealers in native plants for colonizing in bog-gardens and in lily- ponds. There is a double-fld. form known as S. vari- dbilis fl.-pl., Hort., which probably belongs here. G. 29:31."
sagittifdlia, Linn. OLD-WORLD ARROWHEAD. Rhi- zome thick and tuberous, stolon-bearing: Ivs. broad and sagittate, very variable in form and size: scapes erect, simple or branched, overtopping the Ivs. : bracts narrow- ovate, free or slightly connate at base, shorter than the pedicels: petals large, white; filaments glabrous: achene nearly or quite orbicular and in this respect differing from the allied American species. Throughout Eu. and Asia. — By some authors the American S. lalifolia and others are considered to be con-specific. Var. flfire- pleno, Hort. (S. japonica, Hort. S. japonica fl.-pl., Hort. i. is a form with double fls. common in cult. G.C. 111.30:171. Gn. 74. p. 67. G.M. 44:779. G.W. 3, p. 621. J.H. III. 43:219.— S. chinensis of most trade- lists is apparently one of the many forms of this spe- cies. There appears to be another S. chinensis in the trade, with lanceolate Ivs., the botanical position of which is undetermined.
cc. Li-s. usually oblong or linear and not sagittate. D. Filaments slender, tapering upward, cobwebby.
lancif olia, Linn. Erect and somewhat rigid, glabrous, the scape sometimes reaching 5 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to narrow-oblong to nearly linear, nerved from the thick midrib: fls. white, in several whorls. Swamps, Del. to the tropics.
DD. Filaments abruptly broadened, pubescent.
graminea, Michx. Erect and simple, glabrous, 2 ft. or less high: Ivs. reduced to phyllodia, flat, broad-linear to lance-elliptic, pointed: fls. small, white, in 2 or 3 whorls. Newfoundland to Gulf .
S. macTOphylla has appeared in trade-lists as "a variety with large foliage and tall lax spikes of white fls." Its botanical position is uncertain as there are two distinct things of this name, one a valid species, the other a large-lvd. form of S. sagittifolia.
F. TRACT HuBBARD.f
SAGUERUS (East Indian name). Palmacese. An older name for Arenga, but discarded by the "nomina rejicienda" of the Vienna rules. Arenga mindorensis, Becc. (Saffuerus mindorensis, O. F. Coot), has recently
been intro. by the U. S. Dept. Agric. from the Philip- pines. It is described as a palm 5-10 ft. high, and proba- bly of decided ornamental value for greenhouses and probably also in S. Calif, and S. Fla. Yet little known in this country.
SAGUS RUFFIA: Raphia.
ST. JOHN'S-WORT: Hyperieum.
SAOTTPAULIA (from the discoverer of the plant, Baron Walter von Saint Paul). Gesneriaceie. Hairy often stemless perennial herbs, used for greenhouse flowering, the blossoms providing an attractive blue.
7
3520. Saintpaulia ionantha. — A young plant just coming into bloom. ( X H)
Leaves long-petioled, ovate: peduncles radical (or axillary in the caulescent species), 1-5 in. high, bearing several (or 1) fls. in a loose cyme: calyx small, deeply 5-lobed; corolla wide-campanulate, tube short, the lobes elliptic, blue; perfect stamens 2; ovary hairy: caps, oblong, loculicidally 2-valved; seeds small, ellipsoid. — Four species, Trop. Afr.
The end of March is a good time to propagate saint- paulias, when the ripened leaves should be cut off with about an inch of the stalk attached, and inserted in the sand-bed, covering only a small part of the leaf-blade. The sand should not be kept too wet during the process of rooting. Their propagation from seed and general culture is similar to that of gloxinia. The plants may be flowered the entire year or given a period of rest by partly withholding water. (G. W. Oliver.)
ionantha, Wendl. AFRICAN VIOLET. L'SAMBARA VIOLET. Fig. 3520. Stemless, hairy: Ivs. many, 1H in. long, ovate or subcordate, thin, regularly crenate, clad on both surfaces with many short and a few very long white hairs: peduncles 1—4 in. long, 1-6-fld.: calyx-lobes linear; corolla-lobes not very equal: caps, narrow-oblong. Trop. Afr. Gt. 42:1391 and p. 323. Gn. 47:133; 74. p. 103; 79, p. 13. G.M. 37:62; 55:97. G.C. 111.13:685. Gn.W. 25:345. G.W. 10, p. 343. R.H. 1893, p. 321. Var. grandifldra, Hort., has much larger fls. than the type, the fls. intense violet. Var. variegata, Hort., has the Ivs. variegated with light yellow turning to white.
kewensis, C. B. Clarke. Lvs. entire, with numerous long white hairs: calyx-lobes oblong-linear : caps. 2 or 3 times as broad as the preceding and more shaggy, white-hairy. Trop. Afr. B.M. 7408. R.B. 20:109 (both as S. ionantha). — Very closely related to S. ionantha and confused with it.
S. pusilla, Engler, and S. Goetzeana, Engler, of German East Africa, appear not to be in cult. p TRACT HlJBBARD.
3050
SALAD PLANTS
SALIX
SALAD PLANTS are those with soft and edible leaves or stems, or both, that may be used raw or in the preparation of uncooked dishes.
The principal salad plant in America is lettuce, which is used exclusively, but not always expertly, for salads. For full directions for growing lettuce in the garden and under glass, see Lettuce and Forcing. Next to lettuce the best-known salad plant in this country
3522. Pistillate cat- kin of Saliz discolor.
(Natural size.)
3521. Stamina te catkin of Saliz discolor.
(Natural size.)
is probably endive, which is excellent, especially when well-blanched plants are to be had in the winter. Chicory is much like endive, as regards its treatment either in the garden or in the salad-dish. Like endive, it is frequently seen in the larger city markets. The com- mon dandelion should be mentioned in this category. When forced and blanched it makes a salad fit for the most cultivated epicure. For ordinary home cultiva- tion and use, however, the common garden cress (Lepidium sativum, not water-cress, nor upland cress) ranks next to lettuce in value. Its rapid growth and high flavor equally recommend it. This plant is said to be a great favorite in English gardens and forcing- houses, where it is grown in mixture with white mustard and is pulled very young and eaten roots and all. Corn salad is another plant sometimes grown in gardens and used for salad-making. It is most acceptable to those who do not relish the pungency of mustard and cress. Chives is used by many persons as an ingredient of let- tuce and other salads; also young onions. Many other plants are used in various places and by various persons for salads.
Besides the salad plants proper, many vegetables are used in a cooked or raw condition for salads. Such are cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, potatoes, lima beans, beets, Jerusalem artichoke, and the like. With salad plants may also be included pot-herbs, or "greens." The plants especially to be mentioned in this category are swiss chard, beet-tops, spinach, kale, endive, wit- loof and mustard. Many other plants find occasional or local favor. See Greens.
The only general cultural directions which can be given for salad plants are that blanching is often desir- able and a quick unchecked growth is always a requisite. An abundance of rapidly available fertilizer and plenty of water are therefore to be insisted on. A warm light soil, in the best mechanical condition, is necessary for the same reasons. F A WAUGH<
SALIC6RNIA (Latin, salt and horn; saline plants with horn-like branches). Chenopodiacese. GLASSWORT. MARSH SAMPHIRE. A group of about 12 widely scat- tered species of leafless seashore herbs, hardy or tender, annual or perennial. This and other chenopods which grow in large quantities in the Medit. region were formerly used in making soap and glass, as they yield a large percentage of soda. The ashes of such plants were known to the trade as barilla. The species have probably never been regularly in cult, and have no horticultural interest.
SALISBURIA: Ginkgo.
SALIX (ancient Latin name of willow). Salicacese. WILLOW. Dioecious trees and shrubs, planted for the foliage and interesting habit, for shade, screens, and cover; flowers in catkins, mostly in spring and in many species very early.
Erect, or some arctic and alpine species prostrate, glabrous, pubescent or tomentpse: Ivs. simple, alter- nate, mostly elongated and pointed, the stipules per- sistent and prominent or caducous: buds with a single bud-scale: fls. in lax scaly spikes (aments or catkins), each fl. subtended by a single entire scale and nearly or quite destitute of perianth; the staminate fl. with 1, 2, or 3-6 stamens; the pistillate fl. of a single pistil composed of 2 carpels and 2 more or less divided stigmas; at matu- rity the pistil dehisces, setting free the small appendaged seeds. — Species and species-like hybrids probably 300, widely spread in the northern hemisphere and a few in the southern hemisphere; no native species are reported in New Zeal, and Austral. In temperate regions, they are mostly plants of water-courses, shores, and swamps; but a good number run into the far N. and the high elevations where conditions of moisture are maintained. The wood is light, soft, and porous. For the stami- nate and pistillate fls. of willow, see Fig. 1528, Vol. III. The catkins or "pussies" are also shown in Figs. 3521 and 3522 herewith. In rare cases, a willow may be monoecious.
Many hybrids have been described based on speci- mens found in nature that presented characters inter- mediate between recognized species. Artificial hybrids have also been made between many species. The dice- cious habit of the species seems to facilitate cross- pollination, and it is probable that the intermediate forms so frequently met with and designated in the monographs as varieties are natural hybrids. Upward of one hundred hybrid willows have been described as
3523. White willow on a stream, holding the bank from washing. (See No. 7.)
growing in Europe. Although as many or even more species occur in America, fewer hybrids have been detected here. The hybrids described as growing in America are for the most part between native species and those introduced from Europe. Because of the hybridity and the fact that the sexes are separated, the genus Salix is considered to be very critical and difficult for the systematist.
SALIX
SALIX
3051
The role that the willow plays in the north temperate regions is to a certain extent analogous to that of the eucalyptus in subtropical regions; it flourishes in wet ground and absorbs and transpires immense quantities of water. It has been used to plant around cesspools for sanitary effect. But while most of the species occur spontaneously in wet ground or along stream-banks, the willows may be cultivated in various situations. The white willow (S. alba) has been used very effectively to fix stream-banks against erosion. (Figs. 3523, 3524.) Its root-system is very extensive and when well estab- lished withstands the effect of heavy rapid streams as well as wave-action. S. arctica and several allied spe- cies are among the few woody plants extending into extreme arctic regions. The arctic species are among the most diminutive of woody plants. As one goes south the species increase in size. Some of the species of North Temperate, Tropical and South Temperate zones are large trees. The arborescent species all form wood very rapidly. Specimens of white willow which may not be of great age look venerable from their great thickness of trunk and size of top. The wood is light in weight and color, finely and evenly porous. The wood has been extensively used in manufacture of gunpowder. It has also been used for many other purposes. Certain species have been extensively cultivated for many years in Europe for materials with which to manufacture baskets. S. viminalis appears to be the favorite species for this purpose. Basket willow is now extensively planted in central New York, and considerable manu- facturing of this material is under way. It is probable that the Chinese and Japanese willows recently described will yield useful forms for American plant- ing; in Plant® Wilsonianae, III, pt. 1, describing Chinese plants, Schneider admits regularly 183 species.
As ornamental trees the willows present little variety. The bright yellow catkins of some species are attractive in spring. They are considerably used as "nurse trees"
nigra), is an adaptation to facilitate the natural dis- tribution of the species. Certain it is that twigs broken from the tree by the wind are carried down streams and, becoming anchored in the muddy banks, grow readily. It is one of the most aggressive trees in occupying such places. Willows may also be propagated by seed. The
'
3524. Same tree as in Fig. 3523, in summer dress.
for slower-growing trees that require partial shade while young. The red and yellow branches of certain willows are very bright and cheering in winter. The weeping forms are very popular, but they are often planted with little sense of fitness. The cultural remarks under Populus will apply to willows.
The species of willows are readily propagated by cut- tings. It has been suggested that the brittleness at base of twigs of some species, notably the black willow (S.
3525. Old roadside trees of Saliz alba.
seeds are very small and contain a green and short- lived embryo. A very short exposure of the seeds to the air will so dry them out that they will not germinate. The safest way to secure seedlings is to plant the seeds as soon as the capsule opens.
|
alba, 7. |
fragilis, 6. |
pyrenaica, 35. |
|
americana, 30. |
herbacea, 33. |
ramulis aureis, 8. |
|
amygdaloides, 3. |
Hindsiana, 15. |
regalis, 7. |
|
annularis, 9. |
Humboldtiana, 5. |
repens, 36. |
|
argentea, 7, 36. |
humilis, 20. |
reticulata, 37. |
|
argophylla, 15. |
incana, 29. |
retusa, 38. |
|
aurantiaca, 8. |
interior, 14. |
rigida, 27. |
|
aurea, 8, 9. |
irrorata, 28. |
rosmarinifolia, 29. |
|
babylonica.8,9,10, 11. |
Jacquinii, 34. |
rostrata, 19. |
|
balsamifera, 16. |
japonica, suppl. list. |
rubra, 14. |
|
Bebbiana, 19. |
lauri folia, 5. |
Russelliana, 6. |
|
blanda, 8, 11. |
longifolia, 14, 15. |
Safsaf, 13. |
|
Bonplandiana, 1. |
lucida, 4. |
Salamonii, 10. |
|
britzensis, 8. |
muliinerris, 17. |
sepulcralis, 10. |
|
Candida, 25. |
myreinites, 34. |
sericea, 22. |
|
Caprea, 17. |
myrtilloides, 26. |
serpyUi folia, 38. |
|
cordata, 27. |
nigra, 2, 30. |
Sieboldii, 12. |
|
Cottetii, 32. |
palmsefolia, 17. |
sitcbensis, 31. |
|
decipiens, 6. |
pendula, 8, 9, 17, |
splendens, 7. |
|
discolor, 18. |
27,30. |
tricolor, 17. |
|
dolor osa, 11. |
pendulina, 11. |
tristis, 21. |
|
elegantissima, 12. |
pentandra, 5. |
viminalis, 24 |
|
falcata, 2. |
petiolaris, 23, 29. |
viridis, 6. |
|
Forbyana, 30. |
Petzoldii, 11. |
vitellina, 8. |
|
Jlutiatilis, 14, 15. |
purpurea, 30. |
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Species of the usual upright kinds. B. Scales of ament green, deciduous:
mostly trees. c. Stamens more than 3.
D. Foliage persistent ............
DD. Foliage not persistent. E. Buds small.
F. Lvs. green beneath ........
FF. Lvs. glaucous beneath .....
EE. Buds large: hs. very shiny above ...................
CC. Stamens 2 or 8. D. Large trees
1. Bonplandiana
DD. Shrubs
2. 3.
4. 5.
6.
7.
8.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
nigra amygdaloides
lucida pentandra
fragilis
alba
vitellina
babylonica
Salamonii
blanda
elegantissima
Safsaf
longifolia
argophylla
balsamifera
3052
SALIX
SALIX
BB. Scales of ament black above, persistent: mostly shrubs. c. Stamens 2.
D. Caps, hairy 17. Caprea
18. discolor
19. rostrata
20. humilis
21. tristis
22. sericea
23. petiolaris
24. viminalis
25. Candida IJD. Caps, glabrous 26. myrtilloides
27. cordata
28. irrorata
29. incana cc. Stamen 1 30. purpurea
31. sitchensis
AA. Species of the arctic-alpine kinds: dwarf often pros- trate shrubs 32. Cottetii
33. herbacea
34. myrsinites
35. pyrenaica
36. repens
37. reticulata
38. retusa
1. Bonplandiana, Kunth. A branching shrub or low tree with coriaceous Ivs. 5-6 in. long, dark green above and glaucous beneath: aments usually precocious in the axils of mature Ivs. Native of Mex. and the S. W. U.S.
2. nigra, Marsh. BLACK WILLOW. Fig. 3526. Tree, 30-40 ft. high: bark flaky, often becoming shaggy: twigs brittle at base: buds small: Ivs. lanceolate, green both sides, finely and evenly serrate: aments 1-2 in. long; scales oblong, deciduous; stamens 3-6; ovary ovate-conical, glabrous; style short but dis- tinct. E. N. Amer. Var. falcata, Pursh. Lvs. elongated, narrow and falcate.
3. amygdaloides, Anders. PEACH -LEAF WILLOW. Tree, 30-40 ft. high: bark longi- tudinally furrowed, less inclined to be flaky: Ivs. broader, glaucous beneath, on rather long, compressed petioles: aments loosely fld.; ovary lanceolate-conical; style very short. Cent, and W. N. Amer.
4. lucida, Muhl. Shrub or low bushy tree, 6^-15 ft. high: branches yellowish brown and highly polished: buds large, flattened, and recurved at the apex: Ivs. large, broadly lanceolate - acuminate, serrate, dark green, shining above: aments large, appearing with the Ivs.; scale pale green, deciduous; stamens 4-5; ovary pedicelled, rather obtuse, gla- brous. E. N. Amer. — A beautiful plant, de- serving of more extensive cult.
5. pentandra, Linn. (S. laurifolia, Hort. S. Humboldtiana, Hort. not Willd.). BAY-LEAP or LAUREL-LEAF WILLOW. Shrub or small tree, 8-20 ft. high: branches chestnut-color: Ivs. large, elliptic to broadly oblanceolate, acuminate, shining and dark green above, paler beneath: aments appearing after many of the Ivs. are fully developed, not conspicu- ous. Eu. and Asia.
6. fragilis, Linn. (S. viridis, Fries. S. Rus- sellidna, Smith). BRITTLE WILLOW. Fig. 3526. Tree, 50-60 ft. high, excurrent in habit and of very rapid growth: branches brown, obliquely ascending: buds medium size, pointed: Ivs. large, lanceolate-acuminate, glabrous or slightly hairy when young, scarcely paler beneath, glandular serrate: aments appearing with the Ivs. (the staminate
3,
3526. Leaves of willow. 1, Salix petio- laris ; 2, S. Candida; 3, S. purpurea; 4, S. myrtilloides ; 5, S. nigra; 6, S. fragilis. (Xjfl
tree rare in Amer.), seldom bearing good seed, slender; scales deciduous. Eu., N. Asia. Gn. 19, p. 517; 55, p. 89.— Frequently cult, and also growing spontaneously in many places. A company of promoters induced many American farmers to plant hedges of this willow some 50 years ago. Many of these occur now throughout the country, the trees being 40-50 ft. high. A stake cut from a tree and driven in the ground will soon establish itself and grow into a tree. Var. decipiens, Hoffm. Twigs yellow: buds black in winter: Ivs. smaller and brighter green. Probably a hybrid with another species.
7. alba, Linn. WHITE WILLOW. Fig. 3527; also Figs. 3523-3525. Large tree, with short and thick trunk, not excurrent in habit: branches yellowish brown: Ivs. ashy gray and silky throughout, giving a white appearance to the whole tree, 2-4 in. long, elliptical. Eu. Gn. 55, p. 87; 61, p. 7. — Heretofore associated with the next species, from which it differs in color of twigs and vesture and color of Ivs., as also in its general habit. It is only occasionally seen in Amer. Var. splendens, Anderss. (S. alba var. argentea, Wimm. S. regalis, Hort.). Lvs. densely silky on both sides, nearly silvery-white while young. The forms of this species not easily distinguish- able from one another, can be readily distin- guished from the following species.
8. vitellina, Linn. (S. bldnda, Anderss.). YELLOW WILLOW. Becoming a very large and venerable appearing tree, the rather short trunk often 4 ft. or more in diam. It is often pollarded. The crown is deliquescent and rounded in outline. Branches yellow: Ivs. silky-hairy when young, glabrous when ma- ture, glaucous beneath, the whiteness inten- sified after the Ivs. fall: aments appearing with the Ivs. Abundant in E. N. Amer. Mn. 8, p. 25 (erroneously as S. alba). — Dis- playing many variations, the most obvious of which are: Var. aurea, Salisb. (var. aurantiaca, Hort.), branches golden yellow, especially just before the Ivs. appear in spring. Var. britzensis, Hort., bark red. These as well as other choice varieties are grafted. Var. pen- dula, Hort. (S. aiirea pendula, Hort. S. alba var. vitellina pendula, Rehd. S. babylonica aurea&udS. babylonica ramulis aureis, Hort.). Tree of weeping habit, similar to S. babylon- ica, with yellow branches. M.D.G. 1898:88. Gn. 55, pp. 15, 22. S.H. 2:361, 371.
9. babylfinica, Linn. (S. pendula, Moench). NAPOLEON'S WILLOW. Fig. 3527. A tree of weeping habit, 30-40 ft. high, with long slender olive-green or purplish branches: buds small, acute: Ivs. 2-6 in. long, atten- uate at base and apex : aments appearing with the Ivs., slender, the pistillate green, 1 in. long, caps, small. China. Gn. 1, p. 371; 34, p. 527; 39, p. 73; 55, p. 92. S.H. 1:261. F.E. 19:574. G.W. 2, p. 31. — Long known in cult, and often grown in cemeteries. Tender N. Var. annularis, Forbes, Ivs. twisted back so as to form a sort of ring.
10. Salam6mi, Carr. (<S>. babylonica var. Salambnii, Carr.; sometimes erroneously spelled Salcmonii or Salmonii). Hybrid be- tween S. alba and S. babylonica. Similar to
S. babylonica, but less pendulous: tree with ascending branches and pendulous branchlets: Ivs. similar to those of S. babylonica, but sparingly silky-pubescent on both sides: pistillate catkins with more pubescent
6.
SALIX
SALIX
3053
axis and long-ciliate scabs. Originated in M.D.G. 1898:89. Gn.55,p. 19. S.H.2:373.— S. sepulcralis, Simonkai, belongs here.
11. bUnda, Anderss. (S. Petzoldii, Hort. S. babylonica var. dolor osa, Rowen; possibly also S. penduhna). WISCONSIN WEEPING WILLOW. A hybrid of S. babylonica and S.
Jragilis. Tree with spreading limbs and pen- dulous branches; branches brownish green or brown: Ivs. lanceolate or narrow-lanceolate, long - acuminate, serrulate, glabrous, dark green above, glaucous beneath, 3-6 in. long and }'3-?4Ui- broad: fls. with the Ivs.; stamens 2; ovary short-stalked, glabrous, with one gland at the base, half as long as the pedicel. Of garden origin.
12. elegantissima, Koch (S. Sieboldii, Hort.). THURLOW'S WEEPING WILLOW. Tree with more spreading habit and larger crown than S. babylonica: branches long and pen- dent, yellowish green, sometimes blotched with brown: appears to be more hard}' than S. babylonica. Origin unknown. M.D.G.
- :88. Gn. 55, p. 24. S.H. 2:363.— Said to be of Japanese origin; probably only a form of S. blanda.
13. Safsaf, Forsk. EGYPTIAN WILLOW. A tree in general appearance like S. alba or S. babylonica. Several varieties have been de- scribed. The mature Ivs. are bright green above and glaucous beneath, 3-5 in. long and over J^in. wide. X. E. Afr., where it is fre- quently cult, along highways. — Intro, into Italy many years ago.
14. longifolia, Muhl. (S. rubra, Rich., not Huds. 5. interior, Rowlee. S.flundtilis,S®rg., and other recent authors in part, not Xutt.}. Fig. 3527. Varying in stature from a low shrub to a small tree, usually growing along streams and lake-shores: twigs smooth and brown to densely tomentose and gray: buds plano-convex, with an obtuse and rounded apex, very small: Ivs. nearly or quite smooth, sparsely canescent to extremely canescent, sessile, linear-elliptical, remotely dentate, the teeth narrow, sometimes quite spinulose: stipules conspicuous, ear-shaped, obscurely denticulate, deciduous: aments of late spring on short lateral peduncles, which bear 4-6 Ivs.. those borne later in the season on much longer leafy branches, very loosely fld.: fls. fascicled in clusters of 2-5 on the axis, a dis- tinct interval between the fascicles, first ap- pearing in May and often bearing a second set of aments in early summer; scales usually glabrous or somewhat hairy toward the base, narrowly oblong, yellowish, deciduous after flowering; filaments crisp-hairy below, smooth above: caps, sessile, clothed when young with appressed silvery hairs, becoming nearly smooth at maturity; stigmas short, sessile. Cent. X. Amer. — The pistillate ament, lax at anthesis, becomes more so as the caps, mature, and by this character the species can easily be distinguished from related species.
15. argophylla, Xutt. (8. longifolia var. argophylla, Anders. S. fluvidtilis var. argo- phylla, Sarg. S. Hindsiana, Benth.). Tree or large shrub, 12-18 ft. high, forming dense thickets but not growing in clumps: branches nearly glabrous and exceedingly tough: bark turning from brown to bright yellow or orange just before blooming, making a thicket of it a most conspicuous object : Ivs. narrowly lan- ceolate, closely sessile, entirely or rarely min-
France. Probably
,7
3527. Leaves of willows. 7, Salizalba; S. S. babylonica; 9, S. longifolia; 10, S. ros- trata; 11, S. tristis; 12, S. discolor. (XM)
utely and remotely denticulate, clothed equally on both sides with an appressed silky pubescence, which more or less conceals the veins; stipules obsolete: scales oblong and obtuse in the staminate ament, narrower and more acute in the pistil- late; lower half of the filament densely crispy hairy: caps, lanceolate, covered with straight appressed silky hairs, closely sessile; stigmas sessile; mature caps, often nearly glabrous. — Occasionally the Ivs. remain upon the plant over winter, the young shoots appearing in then* axils in spring. Ament surpassed in length by its leafy peduncles; appearing in May in Ore. and X. Calif, and flowering intermit tenth- all summer. This species is dis- tinguished by its narrowly lanceolate, entire Ivs., obsolete stipules, small and rather nar- row aments, erose scales, and hairy caps. S. argophylla occurs on the Pacific slope from S. Calif, to Brit. Col. It is a western repre- sentative of the long-lvd. willows. Xot ad- vertised, but a beautiful species common along streams and irrigation ditches.
16. balsamifera, Barr. Fig. 3528. A much- branched clean-looking shrub, with shining colored twigs, sometimes almost tree-like: glabrous: Ivs. short -oval to lance -oblong, rounded and sometimes somewhat cordate at base, glandular-serrulate, thinnish and fra- grant, dark green above and pale or glaucous and also prominently reticulate beneath: fertile aments becoming lax and open, the slender pedicels of the carpels much longer than the glands, the style short. Along the northern borders of the U. S. and far north- ward ; an attractive species. G. F. 6:29 (reduced in Fig. 3528).
17. Caprea, Linn. GOAT WILLOW. Fig. 3529. A small tree, 12-25 ft. high, with up- right branches: Ivs. large, 2-5 in. long, 1-3 in. wide, rounded or subcordate at base, rugose, very variable: aments appearing be- fore the Ivs., large and showy, especially the staminate ones. Eu., Asia. — The typical" form often occurs in yards where it has sprouted from the stock upon which the more popular but scarcely more ornamental variety, pen- dula, has been grafted. Var. pendula, Hort. KILMARNOCK WILLOW. Dwarfed form, grafted on stock about 4 ft. high, and forming a weeping shrub. Often planted in yards. S. multinerris is supposed to be a hybrid, and probably belongs with S. Caprea. S. Caprea var. tricolor, Hort., is said by F. W. Kelsey to be a round-headed tree, with ''tricolored foliage;" probably a form of S. aurita. S. palmsefolia, Hort., is said by F. W. Kelsey to be of vigorous growth, with large, deep green Ivs. and reddish purple young wood.
18. discolor, Muhl. PUSSY WILLOW. Figs. 3521, 3522, 3527. A shrub or short-trunked tree. 10-20 ft. high: buds very large and nearly black: Ivs. smooth and bright green above, whitish beneath, irregularly crenate- serrate: aments appear early in spring, before the Ivs., closely sessile, enveloped in long, silkj- hairs. E. X. Amer. — Worthy of more extended cult, and thriving in dry ground.
19. rostrata, Rich. (P. Bebbiana, Sarg.). Fig. 3527. A small tree, 10-20 ft. high, with short but distinct trunk: buds of medium size, conical, brown: Ivs. dull green and downy above, prominently veined and hairy beneath: aments appearing with the Ivs., the staminate beautiful golden when in flower; scales narrow
3054
SALIX
SALIX
and shorter than the pedicels : caps, long-rostrate. E. N. Amer. — Prefers dry soil and can be used to good advan- tage against walls and in rockeries.
20. hfcmilis, Marsh. PRAIRIE WILLOW. A shrub, 3-8 ft. high, varying much in stature, and in size and shape of Ivs. : branches hairy: Ivs. oblanceolate to oblong, nearly entire, more or less
revolute: aments densely and many- fld. E. N. Amer. — Grows in driest situations.
21. tristis, Ait. DWARF WILLOW. Fig. 3527. A diffuse shrub, 1-1 ^ ft., with long deep-set root: branches gray, slender: Ivs. small, 1 in. long, linear- X; lanceolate, very short-petioled: aments small and rather few-fld.; stamens orange-red. E. N. Amer.
22. sericea, Marsh. SILKY WILLOW. A shrub usually 4-8 ft. high, diffusely spreading from base: branches often reddish: buds obtuse and rounded at
apex, cylindrical: Ivs. very silky beneath, sometimes becoming less so at maturity: aments densely fld., appearing with the Ivs.; stamens often orange-red: caps, short-pedicelled, ovate-oblong, nearly truncate at apex. N. E. N. Amer.
23. petiolaris, Smith, not Hort. Fig. 3526. A low shrub, 3-5 ft. high: branches slender, the whole plant much slenderer than S. sericea, with which it frequently grows : buds smaller and more pointed : Ivs. only slightly silky when young, soon glabrous, more evidently toothed : aments rather loosely fld.: caps, rostrate and pointed, distinctly pedicelled. Cent, and N. E. N. Amer. — S. petiolaris of the trade is S. incana.
24. viminalis, Linn. OSIER WILLOW. A shrub or small tree, 10-20 ft. high: branches slender and straight: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, beautifully silvery, 4-10 in. long; margins revolute, entire: aments appearing before the Ivs., golden yellow. Eu., Asia. — Most often seen in plan- tations for basket material, for the production of which the plants are cut near the ground every year. Willow- culture in experienced hands is often profitable. (For
details, see Simpson, Osier Culture, Bull. 19, Div. of For., U. S. Dept. Agric. 1898.) This species does not thrive in this country as well as in Eu.
25. Candida, Fluegge. HOARY WILLOW. Fig. 3526. A shrub, 2-5 ft. high: young branches hoary, becoming smooth and red with age: buds reddish, rounded at the
(Xfc)
3529. Staminate catkins of goat willow. — Salix Caprea (X1A)- No. 17.
apex: Ivs. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2-4 in. long, dark green and wrinkled above, covered below with dense white tomentum, revolute: aments sessile, appear- ing before the Ivs.; staminate of reddish anthers: caps, densely white-woolly, with red style and stigmas. N. Amer. — This species hybridizes freely with S. cordata, and several natural hybrids have been described.
26. myrtilloides, Linn. Fig. 3526. A shrub, 2-5 ft. high, with rather slender brown twigs: Ivs. oblong or elliptic-oboyate, usually obtuse at both ends, entire and smooth, reticulate-veined : aments rather few-fld.: caps, reddish, glabrous. N. E. N. Amer. and Eu. Usually grows in cold peat-bogs. — Probably not in cult. The plant sold under this name is probably some form of S. purpurea, which S. myrtiUoides closely resembles in general appearance.
27. cordata, Muhl. (S. rigida, Muhl.). HEART- LEAVED WILLOW. Fig. 3530. A large shrub or small tree, 10-30 ft. high: branches stout: buds large, flat- tened against the branch: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, green on both sides, finely serrate, glabrous and rather rigid at maturity: aments rather slender, appearing with the Ivs.: caps, glabrous, greenish or brownish. N. Amer. — This is a variable species and undoubtedly some of the forms included in it are hybrids; several supposed natural hybrids have been described. Var. pendula, Hort., is a decumbent form.
28. irrorata, Anders. COLORADO WILLOW. A dense diffuse shrub, 8-12 ft. high: branches stout, covered with a white bloom: buds large: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 3-4 in. long, J^in. wide, green above, glaucous beneath, undulate serrate: aments all appearing before the Ivs., sessile, very densely fld.; staminate golden yellow: caps, glabrous, nearly sessile. Rocky Mts.
29. incana, Schrank (S. petiolaris, and S. rosmarini- folia of American gardeners, but not of botanists). Shrub or small round-topped tree, with long, slender branches: Ivs. linear, revolute, 2-5 in. long, very narrow, green above, white-tomentose beneath: aments long and slender, appearing with the Ivs.: caps, glabrous; filaments of stamens more or less connate. Eu. — This species is frequently grafted upon hardy stock (S. Caprea) when sold from nurseries.
30. purpurea, Linn. (S. Forbyana, Smith. Vetrix pur- purea, Rafin.). PURPLE OSIER. Fig. 3526. A shrub or small tree, spreading at base, with long, flexible branches : Ivs. oblanceolate, serrulate, glabrous, veiny, 3-6 in. long, often appearing opposite: aments sessile, slender; pistil- late recurved; scales purple; stamen 1: caps, small, ovate. Eu. — Planted as an ornamental shrub and escaped in many places. Also grown as a basket-willow. Var. pendula, Dipp. (S. nlgra pendula, Hort. S. ameri- cdna pendula, Hort.) . Branches pendent. Gng. 4 : 243.
SALIX
SALPICHROA
3055
31. sitchensis, Sans. SITKA WILLOW. A shrub, 10-12 ft. high and more: Ivs. obovate, glabrous, clothed beneath with silky hairs which have a beautiful satiny luster: aments appearing with Ivs., long, cylindrical and graceful, also satiny. N. W. N. Amer. — This willow, which, so far as known, has not been used as an orna- mental plant, is one that would be at once novel and beautiful. The characteristic luster of the Ivs. is preserved in plants in cult.
32. Cottetii, Kerner. A low shrub differing from S. retusa mainly in the larger size of the whole plant as well as its Ivs. Cent. Eu. G.W. 9, p. 542.
33. herbacea, Linn. A very dwarf species usually not more than an inch or so in height, forming dense mats: Ivs. orbicular, serrate, usually emarginate at both base and apex. Alpine regions of Amer. and Eurasia, White Mts.. X. H.
34. myrsinites, Linn. (S. Jdcquinii, Host). An alpine shrub a foot or less high, either erect or more or less creeping: Ivs. short-petioled, lanceo-
3530. Leaves of late, coriaceous, shining, green both Salix cordata show- sides. Arctic and alpine regions, in* stipules. (XH) 35. pyrenaica, Gouan. A dwarf caulescent shrub usually more or less depressed in habit, with slender brown shining twigs : Ivs. membranous, about 1 in. long and half as wide, entire, ciliate on the margin. In the alpine regions of the Pyrenees.
36. repens, Linn. A shrub of variable stature and vesture: Ivs. oval to linear, entire or remotely serrulate, shining above, silver-silky or glabrous beneath, stip- ules wanting. X. Eu. and Asia. Var. argentea has silvery-silky Ivs. G.L. 22:325.
37. reticulata, Linn. A depressed shrub with few oval or orbicular Ivs. glaucous beneath, green above, rugose-reticulate: aments slender, borne on a long peduncle. Arctic regions of both hemispheres.
38. retusa, Linn. (S. serpyllifblia, Scop.). A de- pressed shrub: Ivs. characteristically "parallei"-veined, obtuse or slightly retuse at the apex, entire, less than J^in. wide. Alpine regions of Eu. and Asia.
S. aglaia, Hort.=S. daphnoides. — S. amygdalina. Linn. (S. triandra. Linn.). Usually shrubby, to 12 ft.: branchlets glabrous, rarely slightly silky: Ivs. lanceolate, glabrous, pale green or bluish below, to 5 in. long: fls. shortly before or with the Ivs.; stamens 3; ovary long-stalked, glabrous. Eu. — S. B&keri, Seemen, is probably a form of S. lasiolepis. — S. Bockii, Von Seemen. An ornamental dwarf species: Ivs. oblong or oval, Ji-J^in. long, mucronate, dark green and glabrescent above, silvery with silky appressed hairs beneath: aments 1-2 in. long, produced in Oct. and Nov. before the fall of the Ivs. China. — S. chrysocoma, Dode, is a hybrid between S. babylonica and S. vitellina.— S. daphnoides, Vill. Ten to 20 ft. high: twigs violet: Ivs. narrow-oblong or linear-lanceolate, very acuminate, 3-6 in. long. — S. Hdnkensonii, Dode. Apparently a natural hybrid between a species of the group of S. nigra and one of the group of S. babylonica. — S. heter&ndra, Dode. Possibly hybrid between a species of the S. purpurea group and one allied to S. pentandra. Shrub: Ivs. lanceolate-obovate or narrowly lanceolate, 3-4 in. long, remotely serrate, glabrous, light green above, whitish- glaucous beneath: male aments about 1 '4 in. long: Caucasus. — S. hypoltiica, Seemen. Shrub, to 10 ft. : Ivs. elliptic to lanceolate, acute, glabrous at maturity, glaucous below, 1-2 in. long: aments with the Ivs. 1-2 in. long. Cent. W. China. — S. japdnica, Thunb. (S. baby- lonica var. japonica, Anderss.). Shrub, to 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong to lanceolate, remotely serrate, glabrous, grayish green beneath, to 3 in. long: aments slender, 2 >£-3 V£ in. long; ovary glabrous. Japan. — S. lasiolepis, Benth. ARROYO WILLOW. Shrub or tree, .8-25 ft. high: Ivs. oblong, suborbicular, obovate or linear acute, obscurely serru- late, 1 12-5 in. long: aments appearing before the Ivs., sessile, densely silky-tomentose in the bud, suberect: caps, glabrous or puberulent, short-pedicelled. Calif. — S. lispocladus, Dode. Lvs. ovate-lanceo- late, about 2H in. long, serrate, light green and shining above, whitish glaucous beneath: male aments appearing late. Caucasus. — •S. magnified, Hemsl. Shrub, to 20 ft. : Ivs. oval to obovate, shortly and obtusely acuminate, glabrous, pale beneath, to 8 in. long and to 5 in. wide; petiole purplish: stammate aments to 7 in., pistillate to 11 in. long. W. China. A remarkable willow, but tender X. J.
H.S. 39, p. 137, fig. 148.— S. MatsuMna, Koidzumi (S. baby- lonica var. pekinensis, Henry). Tree, to 40 ft.: branchlets ascend- ing or pendulous, greenish: Ivs. narrowly lanceolate, serrulate, glabrous, 2-1 in. long: aments with the Ivs., about Viin. long. N. E. Asia. — S. Medemii, Boiss., of the Armenia-Persia region is an upright species 12 ft. and more high with oblong somewhat serrate Ivs. abruptly pointed. — S. Medwedewii, Dode. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. very narrow, up to 4 in. long: female aments appearing late, cylin- dric, 1 & in. long. Caucasus. — P. oxica, Dode. Lvs. large, glauces- cent, giving the tree a bluish appearance. Cent. Asia. — S. persica, Boiss. Similar to P. babylonica. Trunk pale ashy gray or brownish: Ivs. very shortly stalked, somewhat falcate, long-acuminate, serru- late. Persia.-^->S. RehderiAna, Schneid. Shrub, to 10 ft.: branchlets sparingly hairy or glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate, crenulate, whitish and silky beneath, with yellow midrib, 2-5 in. long: aments precoci9iis, about 1 in. long; anthers purple at first ; ovaries glabrous. W. China. — S. renecia is a hybrid, of which S. cinerea is a parent. — S. Tominii, Dode. Tree with spreading branches: Ivs. obovate to lanceolate, 3Ji~^ in. long or more, remotely serrate: male aments at first coni- cal and rosy at apex, afterward ovate-cylindric, Ji'in. long. W. Asia. — S. trfdndra, Linn.=S. amygdalina.— S. Wallichiana, Anderss. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, entire, silky beneath like the young branchlets, 2-3 in. long: stamina te aments 1 in. long, pistillate 3-5 in.: caps slender, silky. Himayalas, Cent, and W. China. — S. zygostemon. Hook. f. & Thorn. Probably a natural hybrid between S. purpurea and S. Medeniii.-piS. Wtnt- icorthii, Hort., is described as a tall upright rapid-growing willow with brignt red bark: botanical position to be determined.
W. W. ROWLEE.
SALPICHROA (Greek, tube and skin; in reference to the form and texture of the flower). Syn. Scdpichroma. Solanacex. Shrubs, subshrubs, or herbs, sometimes grown in the warmhouse and now used for outdoor planting in southern California.
Leaves often small, entire, long-petioled: fls. white or yellow, 2-3 in. long (Section Eusalpichroa) or only about y<$&. long (Section Perizoma); calyx tubular or short, 5-cleft or -parted, the lobes linear; corolla tubular or urn-shaped, without a crown in the throat; lobes 5, acute, often short induplicate-valvate: berry ovoid or oblong, 2-celled; seeds numerous, compressed. — About 10 species, extra-trop. S. Amer. The species described below is said to have the advantage of being an exceed- ingly rapid climber, covering walls within one season with a thick mass of foliage and will thrive in alkali soil and under intense heat. The small white berries are sold everywhere in Paraguay as "cock's eggs." It grows with astonishing rapidity from the fleshy roots, which, however, are destroyed by frost. If black scale secures a foothold, it is well to cut the plant down to the roots.
rhomboidea, Miers (Salpichrbma rhom- baideum, Miers). A half-hardy climber, somewhat woody, with green, flexuous branches: Ivs. small (blade J^-%in. long), ovate - rhomboid: fls. small, usually less than Kin- long, soli- tary, nodding, white; corolla short, con- stricted at the middle and at the throat, and bearing on the inside a fleshy, woolly ring: berry ovate - oblong, yellowish or white, edible, but of poor flavor. Argentina. G.C III. 24 : 450. R. H. 1897:531. Gn. 35, p. 367. F.E. 32:448.— The plant appears to be offered as Withania origanifolia, although the genus Withania itself has good stand- ing.
F. W. BARCLAY. 3531. Salpiglossis sinuata.
3056
SALPIGLOSSIS
SALSIFY
SALPIGLOSSIS (Greek, tube and tongue; alluding to the form of the corolla and the appearance of the style). Solanaceae. Viscous-pubescent half-hardy annual, bien- nial, or perennial herbs, chiefly used for garden flowers, but sometimes also grown in the greenhouse; of rich and attractive colors.
Plants about 18 in. high, erect, covered with short glandular hairs: Ivs. entire, wavy-margined, dentate or pinnatifid : fls. long-stemmed, large, funnel-shaped, rang- ing in color from various shades of purple and blue through numerous reds and yellows to creamy white, and usually beautifully marbled and penciled with several colors; calyx tubular, 5-cleft, corolla funnel- form, widely bell-shaped at the throat; lobes 5, plicate, emarginate; stamens 4, didynamous: caps, oblong or ovoid; valves 2-cleft. — About 8 species, natives of Chile.
The usual species in cultivation is S. sinuata, which was formerly divided into about 6 species mainly on the color of the flowers. S. sinuata has greatly improved in size of flowers and range of color until it is at the present time " amongst the very finest half-hardy annuals. The varieties of salpiglossis require the general treatment given half- hardy annuals. They pre- fer a deep light rich soil not given to sudden ex- tremes of moisture and dryness. The seeds may be sown indoors by the middle of March or later, or may be sown outdoors in early spring. Care must be taken that the early sown plants do not become stunted before being planted out. They bloom for several weeks in late summer. The flowers are useful for cut- ting and last well. The plant is also excellent as a greenhouse annual for late winter bloom. Seeds for this purpose may be sown in late summer. (F. W. Barclay.)
sinuata, Ruiz and Pav.
(S. varidbilis, Hort. S.
Barclayana, Sweet. S.
hybrida, Hort. S. grandi-
flbra, Hort.). Fig. 3531.
Hardy annual, 1-2 ft.
high, suberect, branched,
sticky-pubescent, with fls. 2 in. long and wide, rang- ing from straw-color and yellow through scarlet nearly to blue, with great variation in venation and markings: lower Ivs. petiolate, elliptic-oblong, wavy- toothed or pinnately cut; upper Ivs. more nearly entire: bracts sessile, entire. Vars. azurea, aurea, coc- cinea, ptlmila, nana, Hort., are offered. V. 23:129. Gn. 29:166; 40, p. 75. R.H. 1849:361. G. 14:269. Gn.W. 22:659; 25:586. J.F. 4:395. Var. superbis- sima, Hort., has a more columnar manner of growth with a thick, unbranched stem. G.C. III. 22:363. A.G. 18:860.
S. atropurpiirea, Graham. St. procumbent at base, then erect, about 2 ft. high : Ivs. scattered, various in shape, lanceolate-elliptical, elliptical, or ovate-elliptical, flaccid, sinuated, the segms. generally blunt and entire: fls. deep rich purple on rather long pedicels. Chile. B.M. 2811. Included in S. sinuata by many authorities. — S. stra- minea, Hook. (S. picta, Sweet. S. straminea var. picta, Hook.). Included in S. sinuata by many authorities from which it differs in the color of the corolla, which is whitish tinted yellow at the throat and often purple-veined. The top of the style of S. straminea is toothless while that of S. sinuata is toothed. Chile. B.M. 3365. Probably not in the trade. R TRACY HTJBBARD f
3532. Salsify or vegetable oyster. (X1A)
SALPINGA (Greek, trumpet, referring to the shape of the calyx). Melastomacese. Erect glabrous branch- ing herbs, including the warmhouse foliage plant known to the trade as Bertolonia margaritacea.
Leaves often unequal, oblong or lanceolate, long- petioled, under surface plum-colored: fls. spicate, on terminal, simple or dichptomously branched peduncles, secund, sessile or pedicellate; calyx glabrous, tube tubular or campanulate, 10-ribbed, the lobes short, tuberculate outside; petals 5, oblong or obovate; stamens 10; ovary free, oblong, 3-celled: caps. 3-edged, included in the terete, thickened, ribbed calyx. — Four species, Guiana, Brazil, and Peru.
margaritacea, Triana (Bertolonia margaritacea, Hort. Bull. Gravesia guttdta var. margaritacea, Nichols.). Tender perennial herb: st. 1^-4 in. high, erect, obtusely 4-angled, simple: Ivs. long-petiolate, thin- membranaceous, ovate, base rounded or frequently distinctly emarginate-cordate, upper surface dark dull green, white-spotted between the veins, lower surface pale green, reddish or bright rose: cymes terminal, slender-branched, the branches red, rather long; fls. white or sometimes whitish rose; calyx-tube purplish, 10-ribbed, the ribs red; segms. green with pink tips; petals erect or erect-spreading, acute or rather obtuse: caps, pale, obscurely 3-sided. Brazil. F.S. 16:1697.
S. longifdlia, Triana (Bertolonia longifolia, Cham.). St. short, herbaceous: Ivs. oblong, rarely ovate-oblong, base rounded or slightly cordate, upper surface bright green, glabrous, lower surface paler, scurfy-pubescent: cymes terminal; fls. white: caps, pale, 3-sided. Brazil. — S. secunda, Schrank & Mart. St. subshrubby, erect: Ivs. narrow-ovate or ovate-oblong, base rather obtuse or short-alternate, upper surface light green, lower surface paler: cymes terminal and axillary; fls. unknown: caps, pale red-brown, narrowly oblong, subcylindrical. Brazil.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
SALSIFY (formerly sometimes spelled salsafy) is Tragopogon porrifolius, one of the Compositae. Fig. 3532. A garden esculent, grown for the fleshy root. This root has the flavor of oysters, hence the plant is sometimes called vegetable oyster and oyster plant.
Salsify is perfectly hardy. The seeds (which are really fruits) are sown in early spring, about as soon as the soil can be prepared, in drills where the plants are to stand. The drills may be 2 to 3 feet apart, if tilled by light horse-tools, or half that distance if tilled only by hand. In the rows, the plants are thinned to stand 3 to 6 inches apart. The plant requires the entire sea- son, in the North, in which to grow. The roots may be allowed to remain in the ground until spring, for freezing does not harm them. In fact, they are usually better for being left in the ground, because they do not shrivel and become tough as they often do in storage. If they are kept cool and moist in storage, however, the quality is as good as when the roots remain in the ground. At least a part of the crop should be stored, for the table or the market during winter and early spring.
The plant is biennial. The second spring, a strong stalk 2 to 3 feet tall is sent up from the crown of the root, and in spring or early summer an abundance of light purple flower-heads are produced. The flowers, or heads, close about noon. The leaves are long, linear, and grass-like.. The roots are small, well-grown speci- mens being about 1 foot long and unbranched, and about 2 inches in diameter at the top. The skin is grayish white. Salsify is easy to grow, and it has no serious pests. It is a vegetable of secondary importance commercially, although it should be in every home- garden, particularly in the North, where it thrives best. Eight to ten pounds of seed is sown to the acre. There are few varieties, and these have no marked charac- teristics except in size. The Mammoth Sandwich Island and Improved French are probably the best varieties. Salsify is native to southern Europe. In some places it has escaped as a weed. See Tragopogon.
Black salsify is Scorzonera; Spanish salsify is Scolymus. L. H. B.
SALSOLA
SALVIA
3057
SALSOLA (Latin, salsus, salty; the plants grow in salty places). Chenopodiacex. Weedy annual and per- ennial branching herbaceous plants of some 50 species of very wide distribution, mostly on seashores and in saline "soils, of no horticultural interest. Lvs. narrow, usually awl-shaped or long-pointed, commonly fleshy: fls. very small, sessile in the axils (Fig. 3533), perfect, provided with 2 bractlets; calyx 5-parted, the segms. winged on the back; petals 0; stamens usually 5; styles 2: fr. a flattened utricle, with a horizontal seed. Of inter- est because it includes the Rus- sian thistle, S. Kali, Linn., var. tenuifolia, Mey. (S. pestifer, Xels.), now a widespread weed along railway rights of way and very abundant in the prairie and plains regions; of relatively recent intro. from Eurasia. With good tillage and short rotations it is not to be feared; when young or growing, it may have some value as forage. It is a bushy annual (Fig. 3534), and when broken off in autumn forms one of the tumble-weeds, and is carried long distances before the wind.
SALVIA (Latin name used as far back as Pliny, meaning to be well or healthy, referring to the medicinal properties of some species). Labiatse. SAGE. Herbs, subshrubs, and shrubs, certain of which are of economic use, such as sage and clary, while others are grown for ornament both indoors and out.
Leaves entire, dentate-incised or pinnatisect; the floral Ivs. are frequently changed to bracts, rarely similar to the cauline Ivs.: floral whorls 2- to many- fld., variously arranged, spicate, racemose, paniculate or rarely all axillary: fls. variously colored, rarely yellow, and vari- ous-sized from large and showy to minute: calyx ovoid, tubular or campanulate, 2- lipped; corolla-tube included or exserted, limb 2-lipped; perfect stamens 2, the connective linear, transversely articulate with the filament: nutlets ovoid-3-edged or rather compressed, smooth. — Upward of 500 species widely distributed in the temperate and warmer regions of both hemispheres. Sal via was monographed in 1848 by Bentham in DC. Prod., vol. 12, and an index to the 407 species therein described is found in Buek's Genera, Species et Synonyma, etc., pars iii. In 1876, Hemsley gave an account in The Garden (9:430-4) of 65 species which had been in cult, up to that time. See also A Synopsis of the Mexican and Central American Species of Salvia, by M. L. Fernald (Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., vol. 35, 1900, and Contrib. Gray Herb. Harvard Univ. X. S. Xo. 19). In the work just cited 209 species are described and there is an elaborate key. Within the generic limits of Salvia the variation is astonishing. The color of the fls. ranges from scarlet through purple and violet to azure-blue, white and even pale yellow, but there seems to be no good pure yel- low. Fig. 3535 indicates something of the range in form of corolla and calyx. Some fls. gape wide open, others are nearly tubular. In some the upper lip is longer than the lower, in other cases the lower lip is
3533. Sprig of Russian thistle, i Natural size)
longer than the upper. The lower lip is always 3-lobed, but frequently it does not appear to be so, for the lateral lobes are much reduced while the midlobe is greatly enlarged, often deeply lobed, and becomes the showy part of the fl. The ca^oc is small and green in some, large, colored, and showy in others. In many cases, as S. leucantha, the corolla and calyx are of different colors. The bracts range from minute and deciduous to a larger size and more attractive color than the fls. There are usually about 6 fls. in a whorl, sometimes 2, sometimes many. In spite of these and many other wide variations, few attempts have been made to split up Salvia into many genera, presumably from the feel- ing that the structure of the stamens makes the Salvias a natural, not an artificial group.
Cultivation of salvias. (Wilhelm Miller.)
Three salvias are cultivated for their leaves, which are used in seasoning and also in medicine. These are the common sage, S. officinalis; clary, S. Sdarea; and S. Horminum. For commercial cultivation of S. offi- cincdis, see Sage.
Clary is a perennial plant, but is cultivated as an annual or biennial. The plants run to seed the second year, after which it is better to pull up the old plants. The seed may be sown in spring, in drills 12 to 20 inches apart or in a seed-bed, from which the seedlings are pricked out in May. In August the first leaves may be gathered and the plants will continue to yield until June or July of the following year.
Clary (S. Sdarea) and its near relative, S. Hor- minum, are plants of exceptional interest. They are cultivated for their culinary and medicinal value and also for ornament, but their ornamental value lies not in the flowers (which are usually insignificant) but in the colored bracts or floral leaves at the tops of the branches. The various varieties are known as the Purple-top clary, Red-top clary or White-top clary; also Red sage and Purple sage. The two species (S. Sdarea and S. Horminum) seem to be much confused in the cata- logues.
Among the salvias grown for ornament there are two large cultural groups, the hardy and the tender. The hardy species are mostly border plants, blooming in spring and early summer. The tender species are
3534. Plant of Russian thistle.
generally used for summer bedding, sometimes for con- servatory decoration in winter. Many of them bloom in summer and late fall, especially when they are treated as half-hardy annuals.
As regards color of flowers, there are also two impor- tant groups, the scarlet-flowered, and the kinds with blue, purple, violet, white, or variegated flowers. Of the scarlet kinds, S. splendens is the most called for; of the blue-flowered kinds, S. patens is the most popular of the bedding class, and S. pratensis the most sought of the hardy class. S. patens probably has the largest flowers of any of the blue-flowered kinds in cultivation.
The most widely used of all salvias cultivated for ornament is Salvia splendens, or scarlet sage. This is
3058
SALVIA
SALVIA
one of the most brilliant red-flowered bedding plants in cultivation. It is generally grown in large masses. It does best in full sunshine, but may be used in shady places to light up dark woody recesses. It should have a dark background of some kind by way of contrast. A well-managed mass of scarlet sage may be maintained in full splendor from the middle of July to frost. It is propagated by either cuttings or seed. It is rather troublesome to keep cuttings or plants over winter, as they are particularly liable to attacks of aphis and red- spider. It is, therefore, important to get seed of an early-blooming variety of compact habit, and to sow the seed early indoors or in a frame in time to get good plants to set outdoors in May. A good raceme is over a foot long, with 30 or more flowers in a raceme, and 2 to 6 flowers in a whorl, each flower being 2 inches or more long. Some varietes have erect racemes, others pendu- lous, and there are white varieties, together with some intermediate colors. A poorly managed bed of scarlet sage gives a few flowers in September and is cut off in a short time by frost. Wet seasons delay the bloom, and, if the soil is too rich in nitrogen, the plants will make too much growth and the flowers will be late and rela- tively few. The same principles of cultivation apply to other tender salvias used for bedding. Florists some- times lift a few plants of scarlet sage before frost, pot them and find that they make attractive plants under glass for a month or two. One advantage that S. splendens has over many other red-flowered salvias is that its calyx is as brilliant scarlet as the corolla.
INDEX.
|
acuminata, 27. |
fulgens, 36. |
porphyrata, 50. |
|
sethiopis, i4. |
gesnerffiflora, 37. |
pratensis, 20. |
|
alba, 12, 20, 21, 22, |
gesnerix folia, 37. |
prostrata, 32. |
|
23, 27, 28, 32, 35, |
gigantea, 21. |
Przewalskii, 11. |
|
45, 51. albiflora, 2, 20. |
glutinosa, 7. Goudotii, 42. |
pseudo-coccinea, 43. punicea, 43. |
|
albo-cserulea, 39. |
Grahamii, 34. |
purpurascens, 2. |
|
amarissima, 30. |
grandiflora, 3, 27, 32. |
purpurea, 12, 32. |
|
angustifolia, 27. |
Greggii, 35. |
pyramidalis, 32. |
|
argentea, 15. |
hians, 10. |
ringens, 4. |
|
aristulata, 44. |
himalayaca, 10. |
Roemeriana, 43, 50. |
|
atropurpurea, 32. |
Horminum, 12. |
Roezlii, 33. |
|
atrosanguinea, 32. |
Hoveyi, 40. |
rosea, 20, 43. |
|
atroviolacea, 20. |
ianthina, 40. |
roseo-carminea, 32. |
|
aurea, 2, 5. |
icterina, 2. |
rubicunda, 20. |
|
azurea, 27. |
involucrata, 38. |
rubra, 12. |
|
Baumgartenii, 20. |
Issanchon, 32. |
rubriflora, 2. |
|
Bethellii, 38. |
japonica, 51. |
salicifolia, 2. |
|
bicolor, 18, 32, 43. |
kurdica, 16. |
sahatori, 20. |
|
Boucheana, 36. |
lactea, 43. |
Sclarea, 13. |
|
bracteata, 13. |
lantanx folia, 42. |
semperflorens, 32. |
|
brasiliensis, 32. |
latifolia, 2. |
Sessei, 33. |
|
Bruanti, 32. |
leucantha, 31. |
Simsiana, 13. |
|
cacalisrfolia, 46. |
lilacina, 45. |
Souchetii, 32. |
|
canariensis, 6. |
longistyla, 44. |
spelmina, 25. |
|
Candelabrum, 1. |
lupinoides, 20. |
Spielmanni, 25. |
|
cardinalis, 36. |
lyrata, 49. |
splendens, 32, 43. |
|
carduacea, 47. |
major, 43. |
sturnina, 2. |
|
carminea, 43. |
microstegia, 16. |
euperba, 13, 20, 43. |
|
clandestina, 25. |
Milleri, 2. |
sylvestris, 22. |
|
coccinea, 43. |
Montbretii, 17. |
Tenorii, 20. |
|
colorans, 32. |
nana, 32, 43, 45. |
tenuior, 2. |
|
columbarise, 48. |
nemorosa, 23. |
tricolor, 2. |
|
compacta, 32, 43, 45. |
nipponica, 8. |
turkestanica, 13. |
|
controversa, 26. |
nubicola, 7. |
uliginosa, 29. |
|
crispa, 2. |
nutans, 24. |
variegata, 2, 20. |
|
cyanea, 41. |
officinalis, 2. |
verbascifolia, 16. |
|
Deschampsiana, 38. |
patens, 45. |
Verbenaca, 25. |
|
dichroa, 19. |
patula, 15. |
verticillata, 52. |
|
erecta, 32. |
pendula, 32. |
violacea, 12, 32. |
|
farinacea, 28. |
Pitcheri, 27. |
virgata, 21, 23. |
|
filamentosa, 43. |
plectranthifolia, 10. |
vulgaris, 12. |
|
flore-aWo, 22. |
porphyrantha, 50. |
yunnanensis, 9. |
KEY TO SUBGENERA AND SECTIONS.
A. Corolla without a hairy ring inside.
B. Anterior portion of connectives deflexed, linear, longitudinally connate or closely approximate.
Subgenus III. JUNGIA. Section 7. CALOSPHACE. Species 27-46. BB. Anterior portion of connectives deflexed, abruptly dilated, connected at the callous extremity. Subgenus II. SCLAREA.
C. Calyx ovoid, the upper lip concave, 2-grooved, teeth 3, very short and connivent.
Section 6. PLETHIOSPHACE. Species 18-26.
CC. Calyx tubular or campanulate.
D. Upper lip of calyx truncate, the teeth small and remote; upper lip of corolla erect and concave. Section 4. HORMINUM. Species 12. DD. Upper lip of calyx 3-toothed, the teeth straight, scarcely connivent, the middle one often very small.
Section 5. ^ETHIOPIS. Species 13-17. AA. Corolla with a hairy ring inside.
B. Anterior portion of connectives connected, con- nate or approximate. Subgenus I. SALVIA. C. Calyx-teeth scarcely altered in fr., the upper lip of calyx subentire, somewhat 3-toothed. D. Upper lip of corolla erect, almost straight,
concave. Section 1. EUSPHACE. Species 1-4. DD. Upper lip of corolla bent or falcate, com- pressed.
Section 3. DRYMOSPHACE. Species 7-11. CC. Calyx-teeth membranaceous - dilated in fr., the upper lip of calyx 8-cleft or 3-toothed; upper lip of corolla erect or weakly bent, not or scarcely compressed.
Section 2. HYMENOSPHACE. Species 5, 6. BB. Anterior portion of connectives remote.
Subgenus IV. LEONIA. c. Connectives very short, deflexed and subulate
anteriorly. Section 12. HEMISPHACE. Species 52. CC. Connectives directed forward, bearing fertile
anther-cells anteriorly. D. Floral Ivs. deciduous; bracts minute.
E. Upper lip of calyx entire or minutely 3- toothed.
Section 11. NOTIOSPHACE. Species 51. EE. Upper lip of calyx truncate, 3-toothed.
Section 10. HETEROSPHACE. Species 49, 50. DD. Floral Ivs. persistent and imbricated. E. Lvs. and bracts spiny.
Section 8. ECHINOSPHACE. Species 47. EE. Lvs. and bracts not spiny.
Section 9. PYCNOSPHACE. Species 48.
Subgenus I. SALVIA. All Old-World species.
Section 1. EUSPHACE. Shrubs or subshrubs, rarely herbs.
A. Lvs. all entire.
B. Calyx viscous-pubescent 1. Candelabrum
BB. Calyx villous or pubescent but not
viscous. c. Base of the oblong Ivs. narrow-
rotundate 2. officinalis
cc. Base of the ovate Ivs. broad-rotun-
date or cordate 3. grandiflora
AA. Lvs., at least the lower, pinnatisect 4. ringens
1. Candelabrum, Boiss. Subshrub, half-hardy: st. shrubby at base, villous: Ivs. entire, petiolate, oblong, both surfaces villous, canescent-tomentose beneath:
Sanicle elongated, lax; the floral whorls remote, 3-5- d.; calyx pedicellate, campanulate, somewhat 2- lipped, 5-toothed, viscous-pubescent; corolla with the upper lip yellowish, whitish streaked, the lower violet. July. S.Spain. B.M. 5017. F.S. 13:1344.
2. officinalis, Linn. SAGE. Hardy, white-woolly subshrub, 6-12 in. high: sts. shrubby, the flowering branches tomentose-pubescent: Ivs. entire, 1-1 H in. long, petiolate, oblong, base narrowed or rotund, the lower white-tomentose or lanate beneath or on both surfaces; the floral Ivs. sessile, ovate, acuminate at the base, membranaceous, striate: racemes subsimple; floral whorls few, many-fld., distinct; calyx campanu- late, membranaceous-colored, striate, pubescent or villous, the teeth subulate-acuminate; corolla purple, blue or white. Medit. region. June. — A common and variable species. Var. albifldra, Alef., has Ivs. 3-4 times as long as broad: fls. white. Var. aurea, Hort., is a compact rather dwarf form about 1 ft. high, with golden yellow foliage. Var. aurea varie- gata, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. crispa, Alef., has broad, crisped and variegated Ivs. Var. icterina,
SAL VIA
SAL VIA
3059
Alef., has green-and-gold Ivs. Var. latifdlia, Alef., has Ivs. twice as long as broad; one of the common cult, forms. Var. MflJeri, Alef., has rather red and spotted Ivs. Var. purpurascens, Alef., has somewhat reddish foliage and is said to be preferred in England for kitchen use on account of its strong and pleasant taste. Var. rubriflora, Alef., has Ivs. 3-4 times as long as broad, and red fls. Var. salicifdlia, Alef., has Ivs. 4-7 times as long as broad. Var. sturnina, Alef., has green-and-white Ivs. Var. tricolor, Vilm. (S. tricolor, Hort., not Lem.), has Ivs. of three colors, gray-green, veined with yel- lowish white and flesh-pink, later becoming velvety rose-red or deep red.
Var. tenuior, Alef., has Ivs. about 3—4 times as long as broad and blue fls. This is the form commonly cult, as a kitchen herb.
3. grandifldra, Etling. Shrub, 2 ft. or more high: st- woody, white-lanate; the flowering branches tomentose: Ivs. entire, petiolate, ovate, acute, the base broad- rotund or cordate, pubescent, the lower ones lanate beneath; floral Ivs. herbaceous
or the uppermost membranace- ous, ovate, acute: racemes sub- simple; floral whorls 6-10-fld., distinct ; calyx campanulate, colored, striate hispid; corolla blue. June, July. Asia Minor. — Rare in cult. The name is some- times used in horticulture for plants which belong under S. azurea var. grandiflora or S. splendens var. grandiflora.
4. ringens, Sibth. & Smith. Hardy shrub, 1-2 ft. high: sts. glabrous or spreading, pilose at base, viscous-pubescent above : Ivs. petiolate, irregularly pin- natisect, the segms. unequal, ovate -oblong, base rotundate, both surfaces villous, scarcely canescent beneath, the petioles long-cilia te ; floral Ivs. membran- aceous, deciduous: raceme sim- ple: floral whorls about 6-fld., lax, remote; calyx nodding, tubular - campanulate, striate,
villous-viscous, the teeth rather acute; corolla reddish purple or light blue, the tube recurved-ascending, the throat very broad. Summer. Greece. Gt. 2:226.
Section 3. DRYMOSPHACE. Herbs, usually tall and glutinous. A. Corolla yellow.
B. Plant about S ft. high: Its. ovate- oblong 7. giutinosa
BB. Plant 6-12 in. high: Its. otate-tri-
lobed or triangular g. nipponica
AA. Corolla blue or purplish.
B. Raceme simple, spike-like: Its. pur- ple beneath 9. yunnanensis
BB. Raceme more or less branched.
c. Floral whorls 6-fld 10. hians
cc. Floral whorls about 2-fld 11. Przewalskii
See S. flora, G. Forest, in supplementary list, which probably belongs to this section.
7. glutindsa, Linn. (S. mibicola, Wall.). Perennial, about 3 ft. high: st. herbaceous, erect, glutinous- pilose, divaricately branched: Ivs. petiolate, the lowest 7-8 in. long, the upper smaller, ovate-oblong, acumi- nate, dentate, the base cordate-sagittate; floral Ivs.
EL
Section 2. HYMEXOSPHACE.
Shrubs or subshrubs, rarely herbs. Oriental and African species.
A. Lrs. orate-subrptund 5. a urea
,**- Lts. hastate-triangular 6. canariensis
5. aurea, Linn. Shrub, 3 ft. or more high, white- tomentose: Ivs. }-j-l in. long, petiolate, ovate-sub- rotund, obtuse, entire or sinuate, leathery, hoary; floral Ivs. sessile, villous, persistent: racemes dense, 2-4 in. long, somewhat branched; floral whorls 2-fld., approxi- mate: calyx broad-campanulate, villous, the lips mem- branous dilated, veined, and colored, the lobes ovate- rotundate; corolla very beautiful, golden yellow, the galea somewhat falcate. July. S. Afr. * B.M. 182. G.C. II. 26:745. — Intro, into Calif. According to one grower the fls. are at first sulfur-yellow turning very quickly to a rusty color.
6. canariensis, Linn. Shrub, about 6 ft. high: st. shrubby, white-lanate: Ivs. petiolate, lanceolate, has- tate-triangular, subglabrous; floral Ivs. ovate-lanceo- late, membranaceous and colored: racemes branched; floral whorls approximate, distinct, about 6-fld.; calyx incurved-campanulate, the lips dilated membranaceous, colored: corolla purplish, the galea somewhat falcate. Canary Isls. — Probably not in common cult.
194
3535. Types of Sal via. At the left S. car duacea; unique for its fringed flowers. Next is S. leucantha, example of kinds in which the flower does not gape widely. The two at the right, S. hians and S. Sessei, are interesting for the size and lobing of the middle lobe of the lower lip. (A11XH)
ovate, acuminate: racemes simple; floral whorls dis- tant, laxly few-fld.; calyx tubular; corolla pale yellow, often 1^ in. long, the tube exserted with its throat broadened. July. Eu. and Asia.
8. nipponica, Miq. Herb, 6-12 in. high, slightly branched: sts. ascending-erect: Ivs. petiolate, opposite, ovate-trilobed or triangular from a truncate cordate- hastate base, the basal lobes horizontal-spreading, the midlobe ovate, larger or equal, all short-acuminate, dentate-crenate, sparsely birtellus-pubescent above and especially so on the nerves beneath; cauline Ivs. 1-33^ in. long; floral Ivs. ovate, entire:- racemes rather lax, 2-4 in. long; floral whorls frequently 4-fld.; calyx obconic- or subcampanulate-tubular, pilose, glandular- punctate; corolla whitish glandular, puncticulate when dry, tube hah* exserted. Japan.
9. yunnanensis, C. H. Wright. Perennial herb, about 1 ft. high: rhizomes creeping, bearing fusiform tubers: Ivs. 1 J^-3 x %-l in., the radical frequently very long and slender-petioled, oblong, crenate, green above, purple beneath: spikes simple; floral whorls 4—6-fld.; calyx glandular; corolla cobalt-blue, 1 in. long, pubes- cent outside. China.
10. hians, Royle (S. himalayaca, Hort.). Fig. 3535. Hardy perennial, about 2 ft. high: st. herbaceous, erect, villous: Ivs. long-petiolate, ovate, base broadly cor- date-sagittate or truncate; floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate: racemes somewhat branched; floral whorls 6-fld.; calyx campanulate, striate, bluish, glutinous; corolla
3060
SALVIA
SALVIA
showy, blue, tube exserted, broad, the limb short, gaping, the upper lip falcate. June. Cashmere. B.M. 6517. B.R. 27:39. R.H. 1845:145. Gt. 35: 1221. Var. plectranthifdlia, Paxt., has fls. which are rather smaller, less hairy and deeper violet than the type.
11. Przewalskii, Maxim. Sts. ascending, 3-5 ft. high, herbaceous, pubescent, glandular above: radical Ivs. long-petioled, crenate-dentate, hoary-tomentose beneath, acute, cordate-oblong; cauline Ivs. acute, hastate-cordate; floral Ivs. ovate, acute: racemes com- posite, spike-like; floral whorls distant, about 2-fld.; calyx campanulate, striate, glandular, the teeth acute, short-triangular; corolla violet, the tube long-exserted. June. China.
Subgenus II. SCLAREA.
All Old-World, herbaceous species.
Section 4. HOBMINUM.
Annual herbs.
12. Horminum
12. Horminum, Linn. Annual, about 1^ ft. high: st. herbaceous, erect, villous: Ivs. petiolate, oval-oblong, base rotund or cuneate, obtuse, crenate, villous; floral Ivs. very broad, acute, persistent, the upper ones variously colored: racemes simple; floral whorls dis- tant, about 6-fld.; calyx tubular, pubescent; corolla light lilac or pale violet to reddish violet or purple. June-Aug. S. Eu. Var. alba, Hort., has white floral Ivs. Var. purpurea, Hort., misspelled purpureum f(S. Horminum var. rubra, Hort.), has bright carmine- red to brilliant purple-red floral Ivs. darker veined. Var. violacea, Hort. (S. Bluebeard, Hort.), has light violet- blue floral Ivs. somewhat larger and darker veined. Var. vulgaris, Hort., has violet-blue floral Ivs., with darker veins.
Section 5. ^ETHIOPIS.
A. Lvs. or lobes of the Ivs. oblong-lanceolate
or linear 17. Montbretii
AA. Lvs. or lobes of the Ivs. broad-ovate.
B. The Ivs. hoary-tomentose 13. Sclarea
BB. The Ivs. green, the white wool lax.
c. Floral Ivs. all ftoriferous 14. sethiopis
cc. Floral Ivs., the uppermost, sterile. D. Plant about 2 ft. high: panicle
strongly branched 15. argentea
DD. Plant scarcely 1 ft. high: panicle
slightly branched 16. verbascifolia
13. Sclarea, Linn. (S. bractedta, Sims, not Soland., in Russ. S. Simsiana, R. & S.). CLARY. Biennial, 2-3 ft. high: st. herbaceous, stout, erect, villous: Ivs. often 8-9 x 4-5 in., petiolate, broad-ovate, erose-crenate, base cordate, hoary, the uppermost clasping; floral Ivs. very broad, acuminate, concave, membranaceous, colored, their base white, their tips rose: racemes paniculate; floral whorls distant, about 6-fld.; calyx campanulate, striate, pubescent-hispid, the teeth rather spiny- acuminate; corolla whitish blue, the tube included. Aug. S. Eu. B.M. 2320. B.R. 1003. G.C. III. 44:268. Gn. 64, p. 249. G.M. 57:173. Var. turkestanica, Hort. (AS. turkestanica, Hort. S. turkestanidna, Hort.), grows 3 ft. high, has quadrangular sts. tinged with pink, basal Ivs. on long petioles and long spikes, 2^ ft. high, of large white fls., tinged with pink. There is a form offered in the trade under the name of S. turkes- tanica superba, Hort., which has "dense branched pyramids of silky foliage and conspicuous rosy bracts, and white fls." S. bracteata, Soland., in Russ., is a valid species belonging to Section 1. It is a subshrub about 1-1 Yt ft. high, with purplish fls. and a native of Asia Minor and Syria. Probably not in cult.
14. aethidpis, Linn. Perennial, 6-12 in. or more high: st. herbaceous, erect, white-lanate : lower Ivs. petiolate, narrow at base; cauline Ivs. cordate-clasping; all incise-dentate, densely white-lanate on both sur-
faces; floral Ivs. very broad, acuminate, persistent, concave, lanate: racemes paniculate; floral whorls dis- tinct, 6-10-fld.; calyx campanulate, leathery, lanate, plicate-striate, the teeth aU subulate-spinose; corolla white, the upper lip often reddish, tube contracted at the middle; connectives not toothed. S. Eu., N. Afr., and the Orient. — Probably not common in cult. S. sethiopis, Brot., not Linn., equals S. argentea, which see. 15. argentea, Linn. (S. pdtula, Desf.). Biennial, 2-4 ft. high: sts. herbaceous, erect, villous: Ivs. radical and lower cauline, 6-8 x 4-6 in., broad-ovate, sinuate- lobate, the lobes erose- crenate, lanate; floral Ivs. very broad, acuminate, con- cave, persistent: panicles divaricate-branched; floral whorls remote, 6-10-fld., the uppermost abortive; calyx campanulate, striate, the teeth all subspinose; corolla showy, rose-white, whitish, purplish or yellow- ish, the galea or upper lip much longer than the lower. June. Medit. region of Eu. and Afr. F.C. 3:112. Gn. 73, p. 517. — For some reason this species is considered a hardy perennial by Ameri- can seedsmen. The foliage is white-woolly, making it a very decorative plant.
16. verbascifdlia, Bieb. (S. microstegia, Boiss. & Bal.). Perennial: st. her- baceous, erect, viscous-vil- lous: lower Ivs. petiolate, broadly ovate, base cordate, sinuate-lobate, erose, thick, very wrinkled, scarcely lan- ate above, white tomen- tose-lanate beneath; floral Ivs. very broad, acuminate, concave, persistent, vil- lous: panicles twiggy branched; floral whorls 2-6-fld., approximate, distinct, the uppermost abortive; calyx campanulate, striate, viscous- villous; corolla white, beset with blue hairs, galea very large and falcate. Caucasus region. Var. kurdica, Hort., is offered in the trade.
17. Montbretii, Benth. Perennial subshrub, low: sts. erect, the base white-lanate, the top viscous- villous: Ivs. lanceolate, the lower petiolate, the upper clasping, crenulate or obscurely pinnatifid-dentate, laxly white- lanate above, densely so beneath; floral Ivs. very broad, lanate beneath: racemes simple; floral whorls 6-10- fld.; calyx oblong-tubular, viscous-pubescent; corolla blue. Asia Minor and Syria.
Section 6. PLETHIOSPHACE.
A. Corolla 1 in. or more long.
B. Pedicels longer than the calyx.
c. Lower Ivs. incise-palmatifid 18. bicolor
cc. Lower Ivs. oblong-orate or ovate- lanceolate, sinuate-serrate 19. dichroa
BB. Pedicels shorter than the calyx.
c. Sts. subsimple, 1-3 ft. high 20. pratensis
cc. Sts. 4-6 ft. high: panicles branched,
very large 21. virgata
AA. Corolla Y-iin. or less long, rarely as much as %in.
B. Lvs. incise-pinnaiifid 26. controversa
BB. Lvs. entire, crenate or erpse-dentate. C. Racemes erect and strict.
D. The Ivs. all oblong-lanceolate or
narrowly oblong. E. Under surface of Ivs. canes- cent 22. sylvestris
3536. Salvia pratensis.
SALVIA
SAL VI A
3061
EE. Under surface ofhs. pubescent
but not canescent 23. nemorosa
DD. The hs., at least the lower ones,
broad-orate or ovate-oblong. E. Plant scarcely 2 ft. high: cor- olla scarcely Jim. long. . . .25. Verbenaca EE. Plant 4-6 ft. high: corolla
usually about J-i'in. long. . .21. virgata cc. Racemes nodding at the top 24. nutans
18. bicolor, Lam. Biennial, sometimes perennial (?), hardy: sts. herbaceous, erect, 2-3 ft. high, scarcely branched: Ivs., the lowest petiolate, broad-ovate, incise-dentate. pinnatifid or palmate-lobate ; the upper sessile, lanceolate, all cordate at base and glutinose- pubescent; floral Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, reflexed: racemes 1 J^-2 ft. long, many-fld.; floral whorls distinct, about 6-fld.; calyx campanulate, striate, glutinose-hispid, the teeth subulate-acuminate; upper fip of corolla hooded, bluish violet dotted with yellow, the lower one white, but said to fade quickly to a rusty brown. May-July. Spain and X. Afr. B.M. 1774. G.M. 40:487. P.M. 9:271.
19. dichroa, Hook. f. Half-hardy perennial: sts. 2-3 ft. or more high, quadrangular with obtuse thickened yellowish angles, which are retrorsely ciliate: radical Ivs. petioled, 6-8 in. long, oblong-ovate or ovate- lanceolate, obtusely and very irregularly sinuate- serrate, pubescent; upper cauline Ivs. sessile-oblong or elliptic-oblong; floral Ivs. ovate, long-acuminate, reflexed: raceme 1 ft. or more long, many-fld.; floral whorls 2-3-fld.; calyx subcampanulate, glandular- pubescent, strongly ribbed, green; corolla 1-1 K in. long, upper lip bright blue, arcuate, pubescent, lower lip 3-lobed, the lateral lobes pale blue, the midlobe orbicular, pendulous, white. Aug. Atlas Mts. of X. Afr. B.M.C004. G.C. III. 40:177. Gn. 72, p. 78.— By some authorities this is considered the same as S. bicolor.
20. pratensis, Linn. Fig. 3536. Hardy perennial, 2 ft. or more high: root sometimes tuberous: sts. herba- ceous, erect, subsimple, pubescent: Ivs., especially in the southern varieties, more or less blood-red maculate; radical Ivs. petiolate, oblong-ovate, obtuse, crenate or incised, base cordate, bullate-rugose, glabrous above, pubescent beneath along the petiole and nerves; cauline Ivs. few, sessile; floral Ivs. cordate-ovate: racemes vis- cous, subsimple; floral whorls 6-fld., distant; calyx sub- sessile, campanulate, viscous- villous; corolla bright blue, rarely reddish or white, large, 1 in. long. June- Aug. Eu. Var. alba, Hort., has pure white fls. Var. albiflora, Hort., is a white-fld. form; perhaps this and the preceding are the same. Var. atroviolacea, Hort., has dark violet fls. Var. Baumgartenii, Hort. (S. Baumgdrtenii, Heuff.), has violet fls. Var. lupinoides, Hort. (S. lupinoides, Hort.), is said to grow 2 ft. high and to have bluish purple and white fls. Var. rdsea, Hort. (S. salratdri, Hort.), has rosy purple fls. Var. rubicunda, Hort. (5. rubicunda, Wender.), has rose-red fls. Var. superba, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. Tenorii, Hort. (S. Tenorii, Spreng.), is said to grow 2 ft. high and to have deep blue fls. Var. variegate, Hort. (S. variegata, Waldst. <fc Kit.), has light blue fls. with the midlobe of the lower lip white.
21. virgata, Ait. (S. gigantea, Desf.). Hardy peren- nial, 2 ft. or more high: sts. herbaceous, erect, branched, pubescent- villous: radical Ivs. petiolate, broad-ovate, base cordate; lower cauline Ivs. short-petioled, broad ovate-oblong, base rotund or cordate, upper ones ses- sile and smaller, the uppermost cordate, clasping; all the Ivs. erose-crenate, rather glabrous above, pubescent or hispid on the nerves beneath; floral Ivs. ovate-acumi- nate somewhat reflexed: racemes branched, elongated, few-fld.: floral whorls 6-fld., distant; calyx short -pedi- celled, campanulate. striate, villous- viscous; corolla light blue, the tube included. S. E. Eu. and the Orient. Var. alba, Hort., a white form, is offered in the trade.
22. sylvestris, Linn. Hardy perennial, 6 in. to 3 ft. high: sts. herbaceous, paniculate above: Ivs. often small, scarcely 2 in., sometimes 3-4 in. or more long, the lower petiolate, the upper sessile, all oblong-lanceolate, cre- nate, base rounded or frequently cordate, glabrous above, paler, pubescent or canescent beneath; floral Ivs. orbiculate, acuminate, colored: racemes elongated, some- what branched; floral whorls 6-40-fld., distinct; calyx ovate-tubular; corolla purple-violet. Aug. Eu. and Asia. Var. alba, Hort. (S. sylvestris var. flore-dlbo, Hort.), is a white-fld. form.
23. nemordsa, Crantz (S. virgata, Hort., not Ait. S. virgata nemordsa, Hort.). Fig. 3537. Perennial, 2-3 ft. high, much branched: radical Ivs. short-petioled, cauline sessile, lanceolate, 2J^-3 in. long, the upper Ivs. gradually reduced in size, glabrous and dull green above, pale and finely pubescent beneath: fls. small, in very long slender spikes terminating all the branches, up to 16 in. long; floral whorls approximate, 6-fld.; corolla bright violet or purple. June-Oct. Eu. and W. Asia. G.M. 56:714. R.H. 1913, p. 471.— The fls. are some- times described as being bronzy purple. Var. alba, Hort., is said to grow 18 in. high and to have short spikes of white fls. This may be the same as S. sylvestris var. alba, as 'S. nemorosa, Linn., is a synonym of S. sylvestris.
24. nutans, Linn. Hardy perennial, 2-3 ft. high: sts. herbaceous, subsimple, pubescent to nearly naked: Ivs. few, the lower long-petioled, ovate-oblong, 4-5 in. long, double-crenate, the base subcordate; floral Ivs. minute, orbicular: racemes short, 1-1 % in. long, pan- iculate, long-peduneled, nodding after anthesis; floral whorls about 6-fld., approximate; calyx reflexed, pubescent; corolla violet, the galea straight and spread- ing. July. S. E. Eu. B.M. 2436.
25. Verbenaca, Linn., also spelled verbenacea. (S. Spielmanni, Willd.). Hardy perennial, 1-2 ft. high: sts. herbaceous, erect, pubescent or villous: Ivs. often
3-4 in. long, broad-ovate or oblong, crenate, gla- brous; the lower long- petioled, base narrowed; the upper broader, ses- sile, base cordate, floral Ivs. ovate-rotund, acu- minate, villous, persist- ent: racemes elongated, simple or somewhat branched; floral whorls remote, about 6-fld.; calyx ovate, hirsute; co- rolla blue, rarely white, galea straight or some- what falcate. June- Sept. Eu. and Orient. Var. clandestina, Bri- quet (S. clandestina, Linn.), is a smaller and more slender form than the type, with narrower Ivs. and more purple fls. and the upper lip of the corolla is longer arched. Eu. — S. spelmina, Hort., is a name appearing in American trade-lists for a plant which grows 2 ft. high and with deep blue fls. in July. Presumably an error for Spielmanni.
26. controversa, Ten. St. herbaceous, pubescent or yillous: Ivs. oblong, incisely pinnatifid, the lobes oblong- linear, very obtuse, incise-crenate, bullate-rugose, the margin revolute, both surfaces somewhat pilose; floral Ivs. ovate-rotundate acuminate: racemes branched, long, white- villous; floral whorls 6-10-fld., the lower remote, the upper approximate; calyx ovate, very long
3537. Salvia nemorosa. ( X Ji)
3062
SALVIA
SALVIA
hirsute-lanate, the teeth minute; corolla small, some- times minute. Medit. region. — Not common in cult.
Subgenus III. JUNGIA. All American species.
Section 7. CALOSPHACE. Herbs, subshrubs or shrubs.
A. Lvs. rugose: corolla-tube slightly ex- serted, straight, ventricose or broad- ened above, the lips subequal or the upper longer.
Subsection ERIANTH^E.
(See also Nos. 36, 39, 43 and 44.)
31. leucantha AA. Lvs. seldom rugose (rugose in Nos. 36,
39, 48, and 44).
B. Corolla about %in., occasionally a little longer.
Subsection BRACHYANTH.E.
c. The Ivs. cordiform 30. amarissima
cc. The Ivs. linear, lanceolate, or ovate- lanceolate. D. Calyx densely white or violet-
lanate 28. f arinacea
DD. Calyx pubescent or slightly to-
mentose but not densely lanate.
E. Floral Ivs. lanceolate-linear:
floral whorls about 6-fld. ... 27. azurea EE. Floral Ivs. broad-ovate: floral
whorls 10-20-fld 29. uliginosa
BB. Corolla %-5 in. long.
Subsection LONQIFLORE.
c. Base of some or all the Ivs. hastate
or angulate-cordate. D. Under surface of If. hispid or
pubescent 45. patens
DD. Under surface of If. spft-villous
and reddish or whitish 46. cacaliaef olia
cc. Base of Ivs. sometimes cordate, but
not angulately so.
D. Calyx inflated-campanulate . . . .33. Sessei DD. Calyx not inflated, usually tubu- lar-campanulate.
E. Lvs. membranaceous 32. splendens
EE. Lvs. more or less coriaceous. F. Tube of corolla not ventri- cose.
G. Base of Ivs. narrowed. . .42. Goudotii GG. Base of Ivs. rounded or
cordate. H. Calyx glabrous, the
teeth acute 43. coccinea
HH. Calyx soft-pubescent, the teeth long seta- ceous-acuminate . . .44. longistyla FT. Tube of corolla ventricose. G. Corolla usually bluish,
purplish, or violet. H. The Ivs. cuneate or
narrowed at base. . .39. albo-cserulea HH. The Ivs. round, round- truncate, or cordate at base.
I. Under surface of If.
glabrous 40. ianthina
II. Under surface of If.
pubescent 41. cyanea
GO. Corolla usually scarlet or crimson, sometimes turning purple with age (cf. No. 33). H. Lvs. %-l in. long. i. Blade of If. ovate or
broad-oblong 34. Grahamii
ii. Blade of If. narrow- oblong to linear- lanceolate 35. Greggii
HH. Lvs. more than 1 in. long.
I. Lower surface of If.
pubescent 36. f ulgens
37. gesneraeflora ii. Lower surface of If.
glabrous 38. involucrata
Subsection BRACHYANTILE.
27. azurea, Lam. (S. acuminata, Michx., not Cav.). Perennial, 1-6 ft. high: sts. herbaceous, erect, glabrous: Ivs. petiolate, oblong-lanceolate or linear, rather obtuse or acute, base long-narrowed, somewhat serrate, both surfaces green and glabrous; floral Ivs. lanceolate-linear, deciduous: racemes simple, elongated; floral whorls distant, about 6-fld.; calyx green or bluish, subsessile, tubular, striate, the 3 teeth broad, rather acute; corolla blue. Aug. S. C. to Fla. and Texas. B.M. 1728. Var. grandifldra, Benth. (S. Pitcheri, Torr.), which differs in being cinereous-puberulent, in its denser infl. and tomentulose-sericeous calyx. G.C. II. 14:685. Gn. 19:600; 61, p. 309. G.Z. 26:121— Probably the plant formerly offered as S. Pitcheri var. angustifolia, Hort., belongs here. It is quite probable that some of the material in the trade as S. azurea var. grandiflora is in reality S. farinacea. Var. grandiflSra filba, Hort. (S. azurea var. alba grandiflora, Hort.), is a white-fld. form of the variety.
28. farinacea, Benth. Perennial, 2-3 ft. high: st. herbaceous, erect, tomentose: Ivs. petiolate, ovate- o.blong, or lanceolate, rather obtuse, irregularly serrate- crenate, rather glabrous, both surfaces green or the lower canescent; floral Ivs. small, deciduous: racemes elongated, simple; floral whorls many-fld., subsecund, remote or the uppermost approximate; calyx subsessile, tubular, purplish colored, densely white-lanate; corolla purple or violet, the tube scarcely exserted. Summer. Texas, where it is reported as growing in rich soil. Gn. 9:430; 28, p. 59; 78, p. 226. R.H. 1873:90— A showy frequently cultivated species, the fls. quite attrac- tive, the darker corollas being set off by the mealy lighter violet-white calices. Var. alba, Hort., is a white-fld. form with the midlobe of the lower corolla-lip obcordate, 2-lobed.
29. uligindsa, Benth. Sts. herbaceous, erect, 2-6 ft. high, virgate, branched, glabrous or villous: Ivs. 2-4 in. long, petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate, base narrowed, glabrous or pubescent; floral Ivs. membranaceous, broad-ovate, acuminate, deciduous: racemes dense, long-peduncled, somewhat branched; floral whorls many-fld.; calyx campanulate, variable, sometimes colored; corolla blue or white, tube some- what or nearly included. Brazil, Argentina, and Uru- guay. B.M. 8544. Gn. 77, p. 484. G.M. 56:711. R.H. 1912, p. 469.
30. amarissima, Ort. Perennial, about 2 ft. high: sts. herbaceous, erect, branched, pilose-hispid: Ivs. petiolate, ovate-cordate, crenate, canescent below; floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate, deciduous : racemes simple, densely fld.; floral whorls distinct, subremote, about 10-fld.; calyx tubular-campanulate, striate-villous, the 3 teeth rather acute; corolla blue. Aug. Mex. B.R. 347. — Probably rare in cult.
Subsection ERIANTHJE.
31. leucantha, Cav. Fig. 3535. Shrub, about \V~2, ft. high: st. shrubby, with elongated branches which are subterete, and white-lanate, the wool finally caducous: Ivs. short-petioled, lanceolate-linear, acute, crenate, base rotundate, pubescent and rugose above, white- lanate beneath; floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate, deciduous: raceme elongated, often purplish, 6-10 in. long; floral whorls many-fld., the lower remote; calyx subsessile, ovate, densely lavender- or violet-lanate ; corolla white, white-lanate outside. June. Mex. B.M. 4318. Gn. 21:328. — Probably not very common in cultivation, at least in N. Amer.
SALVIA
SALVIA
3063
Subsection LONGIFLORE. NobUes.
32. splendens, Ker-Gawl. (S. cdlorans, Hort. S. brasiliensis, Spreng.). SCARLET SAGE. Figs. 3538, 3539. Tender shrub or subshrub, treated as an annual, about 3 ft. high: st. shrubby with glabrous branches: Ivs. petiolate, ovate, acuminate, crenate-serrate, base cuneate, rotundate or cordate, both surfaces glabrous; floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate, colored: racemes terminal, spikelike, 6 in. or more long; floral whorls about 2-fld. (2- rarely 6-fld.), about 30 fls. in a raceme; calyx cam- panulate, membran- aceous, scarlet, gla- brous or villous, teeth 3, broad-ovate, acute; corolla scarlet, gla- brous. Autumn. Brazil. B. R. 687. L.B.C.11:1089. Var. alba, Hort., has creamy white fls. Var. atropurp&rea, Hort., a form with dark violet-purple fls. Yar. atrosanguinea, Hort., has deep crim- son fls. Var. bicolor, Hort., with large spikes of scarlet-and- white fls. Var. Bru- dnti, Hort., dwarfer than the type hi habit and brighter scarlet fls. G.C. II. 14:781; III. 6:653. Gn. 21:328 (good). A. F. 5:331. Var. compdcta, Hort., dwarfer habit, ra- cemes thicker and more numerous, fls. brilliant scarlet. Var. compacta alba, Hort., a whitish variant of the preceding variety. Var. compacta erecta, Hort., a dwarf form with dark scarlet fls. Var. grandiflora, Hort., is a tall-grow- ing large-fld. form. G.M. 43:853. R.B. 27:12. The following variants of this va- riety are offered : Var. grandiflora erecta, Hort. Var. grandi- flora nana, Hort. Var. grandiflora pen- dula, Hort. Var. grandiflora prostrdta, Hort. Var. Issanchon, Hort. (S. brasiliensis var. Issdnchon, Hort.), has the calyx white, striped red and a rose-white corolla, habit similar to var. compacta. Var. nana, Hort., is a dwarf form, rather early flower- ing, the fls. bright red. Var. purpurea, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. pyramidalis, Hort., is offered in the trade. F.E. 31:325. Var. roseo-carminea, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. semperfldrens, Hort., is characterized as an early and continuous -flowering form. Var. Souchetii, Planch. (S. Souchetii, Hort.), is probably the same as var. compacta. There is a white- fld. variant of this variety known in the trade as S. Souchetii var. alba, Hort. Var. violacea, Hort., is
3538. Salvia splendens.
offered in the trade. — S. nana, HBK., is a valid species belonging to Section 7. It is herbaceous, with a per- pendicular, thickened tuberous root, almost stemless, with subsessile radical lys. forming a rosette, and blue fls. Mex. Probably not in cult.
Inflate.
33. Sessei, Benth. (S. Roezlii, Scheidw.). Fig. 3535. Subshrub, about 1J^ ft. high: sts. shrubby with rather glabrous branches: Ivs. 2-3 in. long, somewhat leathery, petiolate, broad-ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, base rounded cuneate or narrow, both surfaces gla- brous or pubescent; floral Ivs. smaller, the uppermost minute, deciduous: panicle short, lax; floral whorls few-fld.; calyx inflated-campanulate, scarlet, glabrous; coroUa scarlet, almost 2 in. long, pubescent. Summer. Mex. F.S. 14:1407.
Fulgentes.
34. Grahamii, Benth. Shrub, 2r-3 ft. high: st. shrubby with glabrous or very slightly pubescent branches: Ivs. petiolate, oval, obtuse, base rounded or cuneate, irregularly crenate in the center, subglabrous; floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate, ciliate, deciduous: racemes elongated, more than 1 ft. long; floral whorls 2-fld.; calyx tubular, striate-nerved, pubescent, frequently colored; coroUa deep crimson or when older purple, the midlobe of the lower lip, which is large and obcordate, has two small white spots. Summer. Mex. B.R. 1370. L.B.C. 18:1798. G.W. 15, p. 48.
35. Greggii, Gray. Shrub, 1-3 ft. high: sts. glabrous or obscurely farinaceous; the branches slender: Ivs. coriaceous, 1 -ribbed, almost veinless, oblong, entire, base narrowed to a short petiole: racemes 2-3 in. long, 6-8- fld.; calyx narrowly campanulate, slightly pubescent or glandular; corolla red or pur- plish red, about 1 in. long, the tube strongly ventricose-gibbous, the throat abruptly con- tracted, the lower lip large and showy. Autumn. Texas and Mex. B.M. 6812. Var. Slba, Hort., is a white-fld. form.
36. fulgens, Cav. (S. cardindlis, HBK.). CARDINAL SALVIA. MEXICAN RED SALVIA. Perennial shrub, 2-3 ft. high: the numerous branches almost glabrous or pilose-hirsute: Ivs. petiolate, 1-3 in. long, ovate, acute, cre- nate-serrate, base cordate, pubescent above, white-tomentose or lanate beneath; floral lys. sessile, ovate, deciduous: racemes 6-12 in. long; floral whorls 6-fld., rather distant; calyx
Dpr pedicelled, tubular-campanulate, pubescent; corolla showy scarlet, about 2 in. long, villous. July. Mex. B.R. 1356. L.B.C. 20: 1910. — The fls. are darker red than those of S. splendens and the calyx is said to be dull colored and conspicuously striate. Appar- ently not very frequently cult. Var. Bou- cheana, Benth. (S. Bouchedna, Kunth), has the Ivs. narrowly deltoid-ovate, truncate or subcordate at the base. Mex.
37. gesneraefldra, Lindl. & Paxt. (S. ges- neriaefolia, Lem.). Perennial herb about 2 ft.
high (possibly sometimes a subshrub): the branches numerous and glandular -pilose: Ivs. ovate-cordate, short-acuminate, crenulate-dentate, puberulent-ciliate and rugose-plicate above, densely long-pubescent-canes- cent beneath: floral whorls 5-^6-fld., with very short pedicels; calyx green, tubular-dilated; corolla scarlet, 2 in. or more long, the tube globose-inflated, throat slightly constricted, short- pubescent. Said to flower in April and again in Nov. Colombia. F.S. 20:2131. I.H. 1:32. J.F. 2:179. J.H. III. 48:191.— Considered by many to be only a variety or form of S. fulgens which it closely resembles.
3064
SALVIA
SALVIA
38. involucrata, Cav. Half-hardy subshrub, several feet high: sts. shrubby; the branches elongated: Ivs. petiolate, 2-3 in. long, ovate, acuminate, crenate- serrate at the middle, the base rotund-cuneate, gla- brous; floral Ivs. bract-like, sessile, broad-ovate, acumi- nate, colored, deciduous after anthesis: racemes spicate, in fl. subglobose, at length 4-6 in. long; floral whorls about 6-fld., approximate; calyx tubular-campanulate, striate, viscous, often colored, the teeth setaceous-acu- minate; corolla rose, tube ventricose, generally long- exserted, sometimes short, galea villous. Aug. Mex. and Cent. Amer. B.M. 2872. B.R. 1205. R.H. 1858, p. 239. H.F. II. 2:204.— The floral Ivs. are large, showy, and rather a rose-purple, the fls. frequently shading toward purple. Var. Bethellii, Hort. (S. Bethellii, Hort.), is a horticultural form with large, cordate -oval Ivs. and bright rosy crimson or puce fls. borne in large terminal whorled spikes. F.M. 1881:464. G.C. II. 15:49. Var. Deschampsiana, Verl., grows 3 ft. or more high: Ivs. cordate-acuminate: fls. in ovate spicate terminal clusters: bracts ovate, caducous, they and the calyx bright red; corolla bright rose. French garden origin. R.H. 1869:134, desc.
Cyaneae.
39. filbo-caerillea, Lind. Subshrub, about 3 ft. high: sts. erect: Ivs. petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, long- acuminate, 4-6 in. long, crenate-serrate, decurrent into the petiole, nearly glabrous above, softly pubescent beneath: racemes simple, 6-12 in. long; floral whorls 4- to many-fid.; calyx green, campanulate-tubular, glandular-pubescent; corolla-tube and upper lip cream- colored, lower lip rich indigo-blue sometimes tinged with violet or purple. Summer. Mex. F.S. 13:1340. Gt. 7:96.— Rare in cult.
40. ianthina, Otto & Dietr. (S. Hdveyi, Hort.). Perennial, about 2 ft. high: sts. herbaceous, erect, puberulous: Ivs. ovate-subcordate, acuminate, crenate, rugose, paler beneath; floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate, colored: infl. terminal; floral whorls 6-fla., clustered; corolla large, intense purple-violet. June. Habitat uncertain, probably Mex. or Peru. F.S. 9:884. R.H. 1854:61. G.C. II. 15:145.
41. cyanea, Benth. St. shrubby: branches 4-angled, hoary-pubescent or glabrous: Ivs. petiolate, ovate, acuminate, serrate-crenate, pubescent, or frequently canescent beneath; floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate, mem- branaceous, deciduous: racemes simple; floral whorls laxly 6-10-fld., subsecund; calyx tubular, bluish, glandular-villous; corolla blue, the tube exserted and ventricose. Mex. and Cent. Amer.
Tubuliflorx.
42. Goudotii, Benth. (S. lantansefblia, Hort., not Mart. & Gal.). Shrub, about 2 ft. high, with the branches red-puberulent or glabrous: Ivs. about 3 in. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate- crenate, base narrowed, both surfaces pubescent; floral Ivs. lanceolate-subulate, deciduous: racemes simple; floral whorls 6-10-fld., subsecund; calyx tubular-cam- panulate, the teeth ovate, ciliate-margined; corolla red, more than 1 in. long. Colombia. R.B. 25:121.
43. coccinea, Linn. (S. rosea, Vahl). Annual or sometimes perennial and subshrubby: st. herbaceous, erect, 1-2 ft. high, canescent-pubescent : Ivs. petiolate, 1-2 in. long, ovate, acute, crenate, base cordate, pubes- cent above, hoary-tomentose beneath; floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate, deciduous: racemes simple; floral whorls remote, 6-10-fld.; calyx tubular-campanulate, striate, often purplish, the teeth acute; corolla scarlet, glabrous. July. S. C. to Fla. and Texas, Mex., W. Indies, Trop. Amer., and cult, and occasionally escaped in India and Austral. — Probably all of the material grown as this is not true to name, possibly the larger part of -it is in reality S. splendens. Var. tricolor, Hort., has the upper
lip white, the lower lip brilliant carmine-red. Var. lactea, Hort., has white fls. Var. major, Regel (S. filamentosa, Tausch. S. Roemeriana, Hort., not Scheele), becomes a subshrub up to 4J^ ft. high, is apt to be less canescent-pubescent and has larger bright scarlet-red fls. June to late autumn. Gt. 7:232. Var. nana, Hort., is a dwarf much-branched form. Var. nana carminea, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. nana compact a, Hort., is a dwarf er and more bushy form than the variety proper.
Var. psevldo-coccinea, Gray (S. pseiido-coccinea, Jacq.), grows 2^-4 ft. high, and has the st., petioles, and often the margins of the floral Ivs. conspicuously beset with hirsute hairs. Mex. and Cent. Amer. B.M. 2864.
&(
3539. Salvia splendens. No. 32.
J.F. 2:35. Var. punicea, Hort. (S. coccinea var. splendens, Hort. S. superba, Hort.), differs from the type in being larger, slenderer and later-flowering and in having fls. of a brighter red, more velvety and more closely placed. Var. punicea nana, Hort., differs from the variety proper in being dwarfer and the twigs more branched. Var. rosea nana, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. splendens, Hort., equals var. punicea, Hort.
44. longistyla, Benth. (S. aristulata, Mart. & Gal.). Plants reaching a height of 14—15 ft. : sts. herbaceous(?), erect, tomentose-villous: Ivs. petiolate, broad-ovate, 3-5H x 2-4J^ in., acuminate, crenate, the base broad- cordate, rugose, both surfaces soft pubescent- villous; floral Ivs. ovate, long-acuminate, ciliate, deciduous: racemes 15-25 in. long; floral whorls 6-16-fld.; calyx elongate-tubular, base striate, soft-pubescent, the teeth long setaceous-acuminate; corolla red-pink, long- exserted, rather more than 1 in. long. Mex. B.M. 8590.
Hastatae.
45. patens, Cav. Half-hardy perennial, 1-2 % ft. high: sts. herbaceous, erect, pilose: Ivs. petiolate, ovate-
SALVIA
SALVIA
3065
deltoid, crenate, base hastate or in the upper Ivs. rotund, both surfaces hispid; floral Ivs. lanceolate- linear: floral whorls few. remote, with large fls.: calyx campanulate, villous, the teeth setaceous-acuminate; corolla blue, 2 in. or more long, the tube broad. Sept. Mountains of Mex. B.M. 3808. B.R. 25:23. B. 3:109. F. 1840:222. F.S. 5:503. P.M. 6:1. R.B. 26:85. R.H. 1909:156. H.U.I, p. 39.— The most commonly cult, blue salvia. Var. alba, Hort., differs only in having white fls. F.S. 5:503. Var. compacta nina, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. lilacina, Hort., has lilac-blue fls.
46. cacaliaefdlia, Benth. Tender perennial: sts. herba- ceous, erect, about 3 ft. high, pubescent: Ivs. petiolate, broad-deltoid, the base angulate, broad subhastate- cordate. rather thick, pubescent above, reddish or whitish and soft-villous beneath; floral Ivs. small: racemes branched; floral whorls 2-fld.; calyx campanu- late, pilose, the teeth aristate-acuminate; corolla deep blue, pubescent, the tube very broad. June. Mex. B.M. 5274. F.S. 22:2318. Gn. 21:328.
Subgenus IV. LEOXIA. Section 8. ECHTXOSPHACE.
47. carduacea, Benth. Fig. 3535. Perennial, 1 ft. or more high: sts. herbaceous, erect, subsimple, white- lanate: Ivs. petiolate, pinnatifid, laxly lanate beneath, the lobes ovate, sinuate-dentate, with spiny, acuminate teeth; floral Ivs. and bracts imbricate, very spiny: floral whorls remote, densely many-fld. ; calyx inflated, lanate; corolla lilac, the midlobe of the lower lip fimbri- ate. July. Calif. B.M. 4S74. G.C. II. 19:56. Gn. 65, p. 365; fO, p. 238. A.G. 25:589. — A unique species on account of its thistle-like foliage.
Section 9. PYCXOSPHACE.
48. columbariae, Benth. Half-hardy annual :st. erect, slightly branched, 6-12 in. high: Ivs. deeply pinnatifid, wrinkled, rather glabrous, the lobes oblong-linear, obtuse, erose-dentate or incised; floral Ivs. bract-like: floral whorls solitary or 2, capitate, far remote from the cauline Ivs., densely many-fld., hemispherical; bracts broad-ovate, membranaceous, acuminate; calyx ovate, pubescent; corolla blue, the midlobe of the lower lip crenulate. Summer. Calif, and adjacent Mex. B.M. 6595 (fls. lilac). — Not showy and appar- ently not in common cult.
Section 10. HETEROSPHACE.
A. Lrs. lyrate 49. lyrata
AA. Lrs. pinnatifid, they or the terminal Iff.
roundish or reniform-cordate 50. Roemeriana
49. lyrata, Linn. Hardy perennial with a thickened root: sts. herbaceous, erect. 8-24 in. high, subsimple, pilose: radical Ivs. 2-3 in. long, lyrate, erose-dentate, both surfaces hispidulous; cauline Ivs. few, oblong- lanceolate, the base long-narrowed; floral Ivs. oblong- linear: racemes subsimple, interrupted; floral whorls 6-fld., lax, distant; calyx tubular-campanulate, nod- ding, pilose; corolla blue-purple, about 1 in. long. May and June. Conn, to 111., south to Fla. and Texas. — Not frequent in cult.
50. Roemeriana, Scheele (S. porphyrdntha, Decne. S. porphyrata, Hook.). Perennial, 1-2 ft. high: sts. sparsely long, spreading, hirsute: Ivs. or terminal n't. roundish or reniform-cordate, coarsely repand-toothed or crenately incised: lower Ivs. usually with 2 or 3 sim- ilar but smaller (subsessile or slender-pet iolulate) Ifts.; floral Ivs. mostly shorter than the pedicels: raceme loose and elongated; floral whorls few-fld.; calyx some- what pubescent; corolla deep scarlet, puberulent, about 1 in. or more long, tubular-funnelform. Julv. Texas and Mex. B.M. 4939. F.S. 11:1080. R.H. 1854:301.
Section 11. NOTIOSPHACE.
51. japonica, Thunb. Perennial subshrub, about 1J^ ft. high: sts. herbaceous, erect, branched, glabrous: Ivs. 3-4 in. or more long, petiolate, pinnatisect, the segms. ovate, acuminate, the base narrowed, incise- dentate or pinnatifid, glabrous; floral Ivs. lanceolate: racemes 4-^5 in. long, many-fld., subsimple; floral whorls distinct, about 6-fld.; calyx tubular-campanu- late, glabrous, striate; corolla dark lilac or blue(?), the tube scarcely exserted. Japan. Var. alba, Hort., is a wbite-fld. form.
Section 12. HEMfsFHACE.
52. verticillata, Linn. Perennial, 2-3 ft. high: sts. herbaceous, erect, pilose-hispid: Ivs., the base cordate, lyrate, the uppermost lobe the largest, ovate-rotund or entire, sinuate-crenate, both surfaces hispid or lanate; floral Ivs. deflexed and bract-like: racemes branched, often a foot or more long; floral whorls 20-40-fld., remote; calyx villous, corolla lilac-blue, the tube included. July and Aug. Eu., Asia Minor and Cau- casus region.
The following species have been in cult, or are not sufficiently known to be classified: S. amaena, Sims=S. lamiifolia. — S. angugti- fdlia, Cay. (Sec. 7). Perennial herb, about 2 ft. high, with subsessile oblong-linear Ivs.: calyx often bluish; corolla blue. Mex. B.R. 1551. — S. arbdrea, Hort., is offered in the American trade, as like the scarlet sage, but growing in a tree-like form. Possibly only a variant of S. splendens. — S. asperata, Falc. (Sec. 5). Stout herb, about 2 ft. high, with broad subcordate-ovate Ivs. : corolla yellowish white. Himalaya. B.M. 4884. — S. austriaca. Linn. (Sec. 6). Per- ennial herb, about 2-3 ft. high, with broad-ovate Ivs. : corolla yellow- ish, the upper Up spotted red. S. Eu. B. R. 1019. — S. boliviano, Planch. (Sec. 7). Subshrub about 4 ft. high, with ovate-cordate Ivs.: calvx dull purple or green and purple; corolla bright scarlet, 3 in. long. Bolivia. B.M. 6714. F.S. 11:1148.— S. Cdmertonii, Regel (Sec. 7). Subshrub, 3-5 ft. high, with ovate or cordate-ovate Ivs.: corolla brownish purple, 1 in. long. Probably Mex. Gt.4:180. Con- sidered by some as probably the same as S. elegans. — S. eam- phorata, Hort., is offered in the trade. — S. candidissima, Vahl (S. odorata, Willd.) (Sec. 5). Subshrub or herb, about 3 ft. high, with ovate, lanceolate or orbicular Ivs.: corolla white. Orient. — S. conescens, Mey. (Sec. 5). Sts. herbaceous, 2 ft. high, white-lanate at base: Ivs. lanceolate-oblong, entire or sinuate-lobate: corolla purple. Caucasus. B.R, 24:36. — S. Celotiana, Hort. Shrubby, with dark bronze-green foliage: corolla reddish violet. Hardy in S.W. England and Ireland. Botanically unknown. — S. ceratophyUa, Linn. (Sec. 5). Sts. herbaceous, white-lanate at base: Ivs. deeply pinnatifid, 7-8 in. long, with linear lobes, both surfaces lanate: cor- olla about 1 in. long, yellowish white. Orient and Asia Minor. F.C. 1:5. — S. chamxdry aides, Cav. (Sec. 7). Subshrub about 1 ft. high, with ovate-oblong Ivs. which are hoary-tomentose beneath: calyx often purplish; corolla blue, the lower lip very broad. Mex. B.M. 808. L.B.C. 6:576. — S. confertiflara, Pohl (Sec. 7). Subshrub, about 3 ft. high, with ovate-oblong Ivs., base cuneate: racemes elon- gated, up to 2 ft.; floral whorls numerous, many-fld.: calyx reddish; corolla small, not gaping, reddish inside, vellowish or reddish out- side, covered with yellow wool. Brazil. B.M. 3899. H.U. 3, p. 203. — S. ctmfiusa, Benth. (S. interrupta, Hort., not Schousb.) (See. 1). Hardy shrub, about 4ft. high, with tomentose-pubescent branches: Ivs. interrupted pinnatisect, white-lanate beneath: calyx colored, striate and pubescent ; corolla whitish. S. Eu. — S. dlicolor, HBK. (S. mexicana minor, Hort.) (Sec. 7). Shrub, 2-3 ft. or more high; with ovate-lanceolate Ivs.: spikes S-9 in. long; calyx striate; corolla shining violet. Mountains of Peru. B.M. 6772. G.C. II. 19:341. — S. elegans, Vahl (Sec. 7). Perennial herb, 3-4 ft. high with ovate acuminate serrate Ivs. hispidulous pubescent or tomentose above, glabrous beneath: corolla blood-red, more than 1 in. long. Mex and Guatemala. B.M. 6448. — S. eriocalyx, Bert. (Sec. 7). Shrub with divaricate hoary-pubescent branches: Ivs. oblong- lanceolate: racemes simple and short: calyx densely lanate, fre- quently reddish: corolla white. Japan. R.H. 1844:1. — S. flata, , G. Forest. Plant, 8-20 in. high: sts. ascending, erect, more or less pilose above: basal Ivs. long-petiolate, 1 J*-6 H x 1-3 ^ in., hastate-tri- angular or hastate-ovate, more or less pilose on both surfaces, cre- nate, double crenate, or crenate-serrate: racemes composite; floral whorls 4-8, subremote, generally 4-fld.; calyx pilose; corolla canary- yellow with purple markings, about 2 H in. long: galea slightly lanu- ginose. W.China. — S. Forskdhki, Linn. (Sec. 3). Hardy perennial, 1H ft. high: st. herbaceous, somewhat viscous-villous: Ivs. broad- ovate: corolla violet. Orient. B.M. 988.— S. Gardneridna, Hort., is offered in the trade. — S. globdsa, Hort. Biennial: Ivs. in a flattened rosette 16-18 in. long, 10-12 in. broad, deeply cut, clothed with a sil- very white tomentum: fL-st. 3 ft. or more high, much branched, the branches forming a sphere: fls. large, white. Asia Minor. R.B. 3< : 28. — S. Gretffii, Hort., is offered in the trade as a wooded snrub^ tfr 3 ft. high: fls. a soft shade of cerise, produced all summer. G.M. 57:713. — S. Heerii, Regel (Sec. 7, probably}. Subshrub, 2-5 ft. high, with cordate-ovate or lanceolate Ivs.: corolla scarlet. Peru. Gt. 4:115. — S. indica. Linn. (Sec. 5). Perennial herb, about 3 ft. high, with broad or oblong-ovate Ivs., the floral ones ovate-cordate, reflexed: corolla yellow spotted with purple. Syria. B.M. 395. — S. interrupta, Schousb. (Sec. 1). Hardy subshrub, 3-4 ft. high, with
3066
SALVIA
irregularly pinnatisect Ivs., the extreme segm. much larger than the others: corolla showy, dark violet-purple with a white throat. Morocco. B.M. 5860. — S. lamiifdlia, Jacq. (S. amcena, Sims) (Sec.
7). Shrub, about 2 ft. high, with ovate, serrate-crenate Ivs.: corolla
lue, the upper li B.M. 1294. B.R. 446. L.B.C. 4:377.— S. lavenduloides, HBK. (S.
. , . , .
blue, the upper lip covered with whitish blue wool. W. Indies.
lavenduliformis, Neum.) (Sec. 7). Perennial herb, with very short- petioled, oblong-lanceolate Ivs.: spikes 2-3 ft. long; corolla pale blue, small. Mex. R.H. 1845:445. — S. leonurcM.es, Glox. (S. formosa, L'Her.) (Sec. 7). Shrub, about 3 ft. high, with ovate or rhomboid Ivs.: the floral whorls in the axils of the cauline Ivs. not racemose; corolla scarlet. Peru and Brazil. B.M. 376. — S. macrostachya, HBK. (Sec. 7). Shrub, about 6 ft. high, with subrotund-ovate Ivs., their base deeply cordate, the auricles rounded; the floral Ivs. large, green: corolla blue, the lower lip longer than the galea. Peru. B.M. 7372.
— S. oaxac&na, Fern. (Sec. 7). Shrub, much branched: Ivs. ovate, pale green and strongly rugose above, white-tomentose beneath: floral whorls mostly 2-fld. ; corolla cardinal-red, nearly 1 ^4 in. long. Mex. — S. oppositifldra, Ruiz & Pav. (Sec.7). Half-hardy subshrub, about 2 ft. high, with ovate, pubescent Ivs.: floral whorls 2-fld., secund, calyx striate; corolla scarlet. F.S. 4:345. P.M. 15:53. Gt. 4:212. — S. princeps, Hort. (Sec. 7). Subshrub, 3-6 ft. high: Ivs. large, ovate- serrate, with the principal veins prominent: spikes large, terminating the branches; calyx colored; corolla brilliant carmine-rose, slightly ventricose, Ifts. small. Mex. R.B. 33 : 257. Resembles S. splendens.
— S. prunettoides, HBK. (S. brunellodes, Voss) (Sec. 7). Several herbaceous sts. from a perennial base: Ivs. ovate-oblong, both sur- facesgreen: corolla blue. Mex. P.M. 11:175. Var. purpurea, Hort., has the fls. purplish red. — S. rutilans, Carr. (Sec. 7). A plant with a small green calyx and usually 2-fld. floral whorls. Prob- ably a horticultural form of S. splendens. R.H. 1873:250. G.C. II. 15:117(?).— S. scabiossefdlia, Lam. (S. Habliziana, Willd.) (Sec. 1). Perennial herb, \-\lA ft. high, with pinnatisect Ivs.: segms. 3-5-jugate, frequently in pairs or 3's: corolla white. Tauria. B.M. 1429 and 5209. — S. scapiformis, Hance (Sec. 11). Perennial herb: Ivs. radical, broadly ovate or oblong-oordate: scapes 6-10 in. high; the floral whorls numerous; corolla amethystine. Formosa. B.M. 6980. — S. Sieheana, Hort., is described as perennial, and having large light lilac fls. — S. Soidiei, Duthie. Perennial, about 2 ft. high: sts. herbaceous: Ivs. dark green, triangular, rugose: fls. numerous, tubular-lipped, delicate shade of blue. China. — S. striciifldra, Hook. (Sec. 7). Shrub, about 2 ft. high, with ovate, pale green, slightly fleshy Ivs.: fls. stiffly erect, tubular and golden red. Peru. B.M. 3135. P.M. 11:247.— S. taraxacifdlia, Coss. & Bal. (Sec. 1). Sub- shrub, 6-18 in. high, with Ivs. 2-4 in. long, pinnatisect, terminal lobe 1-1 % in. long, ovate and irregularly sinuate-toothed, all white- tomentose beneath: corolla pale pink with a yellowish disk to the lower lip and a purple-speckled palate. Morocco. B.M. 5991. — S. tricolor, Lem. (Sec. 7). Half-hardy shrub, about 2 ft. high, with small ovate Ivs. rounded-obtuse at the apex, with a terminal tooth: corolla white, the lower part of the large lower lip reddish. Mex.
I.H. 4:120. F.S. 12:1237.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
SALVtNIA (Antonio Maria Salyini, 1633-1729, Italian scientist). Marsiliaceae. An interesting plant for the small home aquarium. Salyinia is a genus of fern-allies found mostly in the tropics and comprising about a dozen species, only one of which, S. natans, Linn. (Fig. 3540), is cultivated.
Plants floating, with slender sts. bearing apparently 2-ranked, oblong Ivs. 4-6 lines or even 1 in. long: upper surface of Ivs. covered with papulae or minute warts; lower densely matted with brown pellucid hairs. The plant is supposed to have no true roots. What look like roots are believed to be finely dissected Ivs. ; one of these occurs with each pair of the foliage-lvs. Many aquatic plants have these 2 types of foliage, e. g., the water buttercup, Ranunculus aquatilis. Salvinia looks much like a flowering plant but it is a spore plant and has
2 kinds of spores, large ones and minute ones. These spores are I produced in small oval bodies known £===_===- as sporocarps, i. e. 3540. Salvinia natans. (Xaboutl) "spore-fruits." Of
each cluster of
sporocarps, 1 or 2 contain 10 or more sessile macrospor- angia, each of which contains a solitary macrospore. The other sporocarps in the cluster contain numerous microsporangia, each of which contains numerous microspores.
The plant is of easy culture in summer, but many persons have lost it over winter by not understanding its habits. It is an annual and often dies in the winter after ripening a crop of spores. Secure a broad pan, fill it half full of loam and then fill the pan with water. After the water has cleared place the salvinias on the sur-
face. In the winter watch for the formation of the spore-capsules. These grow in masses near the top of the clusters of root-like leaves. After the plants die the spore-capsules will remain in the soil. The plant often passes the winter in greenhouses in a growing condition, producing no spores. R c BENEDICT.!
SAMANEA (a corruption of its native Spanish name of zamari). Leguminbsse. Spineless or rarely spiny trees or shrubs of the American tropics, where one or two of them are much planted for shade.
3541. Samanea Saman.
Leaves several- or rarely many-pinnate; Ifts. 1- to many-pinnate: fls. in globose heads: pods straight or somewhat curved, rigid, more or less constricted, flat, thickened or subterete, leathery or fleshy, indehiscent or rarely but slightly so; septate between the seeds. Dis- tinguished from Enterolobium by the nearly straight pods and from Pithecolobium by its indehiscent sep- tate pods. — About 30 species.
A. Lvs. 2-4-pinnate; Ifts. 2-8-pinnate.
Saman, Merrill (Mimosa Samdn, Jacq. Pithecolo- bium Samdn, Benth. Enterolobium Samdn, Prain). RAIN TREE. ZAMAN. SAMAN. Figs. 3541, 3542. A large tree, reaching a height of 60-80 ft., with wide- spreading branches; branchlets velvety pubescent: Ivs. 2-4-pinnate; Ifts. 2-8-pinnate, oblique, ovate-oblong or suborbicular, up to \Y<i in. long, shining above, pubescent beneath: peduncle 4-5 in. long: fls. in heads, in short pedicels; calyx J^in. long, pubescent; corolla about J^in. long, yellowish; silky, villous; stamens 20, light crimson, shortly connected: pod sessile, straight, thick -margined, [leathery-fleshy, glabrous, indehiscent, 6-8 in. long, J^-l in. broad, flattened or subterete. A native of Cent. Amer. and the W. Indies, but now widely distributed in the tropics as an ornamental shade tree. Blanco, Fl. Filip. 309. Jacq. Fragm. 9. G.C. III. 11:557.— The Ifts. fold together on the approach of rain. A rapid grower. The pods contain a rich sugar-pulp and are eagerly eaten by cattle and horses. The seeds are of little food value as they are not digested and often cause slight digestive troubles. The pods when eaten by cows are said to increase the quality of their milk.
AA. Lvs. 5-12-pinnate; Ifts. 20-30-pinnate.
arbdreum, Ricker (Mimosa arbbrea, Linn. Mimosa filicifblia, Lam. Pithecolobium filicifblium, Benth. Pithecolobium arbbreum, Urban). A magnificent tree, 50-75 ft. tall, ferruginous-tomentose : Ivs. 8-12- pinnate; Ifts. 20-30-pinnate, oblique, falcate-oblong, obtuse, %-%in. long, glabrescent: peduncles axillary or above the axils, 2-3 in. long: fls. white, sessile in globose heads, often pubescent; calyx 1 line long, corolla Mm- long: pod red, tomentose when young, becoming glabrous, terete, fleshy, constricted between the seed, slightly curved or twisted, 2-3 in. long, ^-J^m. broad, finally somewhat dehiscent; seeds black. Trop. Amer. p. L. RICKER.
SAMBUCUS
SAMBUCUS
3007
SAMBUCUS (old Latin name for the elder, also spelled Sabucus). Caprifolidcese. ELDER. Ornamental mostly woody plants grown for their handsome foliage, showy clusters of white flowers, and the attractive red or black berries.
Deciduous shrubs or small trees, with stout very pithy branches, rarely perennial herbs: Ivs. opposite, odd-pinnate, with serrate Ifts., with or without stipules and stipels: fls. small, usually perfect, white, in terminal compound cymes or panicles, usually 5-merous, rarely 3- or 4-merous; calyx-lobes minute; corolla rotate with short tube and oval to oblong-lanceolate lobes ; stamens with short filaments; ovary inferior, 3-5-celled; style short, 3-5-lobed: fr. a drupe with 3-5 1 -seeded nut- lets.— About 20 species in the temperate and subtropi- cal regions of both hemispheres. Some species, particu- larly S. nigra and S. canadensis, possess medicinal properties; the fr. of these species and also that of S. cterulea is used in cookery, also elderberry wine is made from it. The hard wood, the large pithy shoots which are easily hollowed and the pith are put to various uses. Monograph of the genus by Count Schwerin in M.D. 1909, pp. 1-56.
The elders are large and rather coarse shrubs, rarely tree-like, or perennials spreading by suckers, with pinnate foliage and large flat or panicled clusters of white or creamy white small flowers followed by red or black, rarely glaucous or in some varieties green or yellow fruits. They are well adapted for mass planting and are very effective as well in bloom as in fruit in their proper places. They prefer rich and humid soil and most species are hardy North; S. cserulea and its var. neo-mexicana are hardy at least as far north as Massa- chusetts. Propagation is by seeds which germinate readily and by hardwood and greenwood cuttings, also by root-cuttings; the perennial species and also S. cana- densis by suckers.
|
acutiloba, 2. |
latisecta, 1. |
purpurea, 4. |
|
albicocca, 5. |
leucocarpa, 5. |
pyramidalis, 1. |
|
albo-variegata, 1. |
linearis, 1. |
pyramidata, 1. |
|
arborescens, 5. |
maxima, 2. |
racemosa, 4, 5. |
|
aurea, 1, 2, 4. |
nana, 1, 4. |
rosiflora, 4. |
|
cserulea, 3. |
neo-meiicana, 3. |
rotundifolia, 1. |
|
canadensis, 2. |
nigra, 1. |
Schweriniana, 6. |
|
chlorocarpa, 1, 2. |
ornata, 4. |
serratifolia, 4. |
|
delicatissima, 2. |
pendula, 1. |
submollis, 2. |
|
dissecta, 5. |
plumosa, 4. |
tenuifolia, 4. |
|
flavescens, 4. |
plumosa-aurea, 4. |
velutina, 3. |
|
glauca, 3. |
pteridifolia, 4. |
virescens, 1. |
|
heterophylla, 1. |
pubens, 5. |
viridis, 1. |
|
intermedia, 3. |
pubescens, 5. |
xanthocarpa, 4, 5. |
|
laciniata, 1, 2, 4, 5. |
pulverulenta, 1. |
A. St. woody.
B. Berries black or dark purple, rarely green or white:
pith white: cymes fiat.
c. Fr. not glaucous.
1. nigra, Linn. EUROPEAN ELDER. Large shrub or tree, to 30 ft., with deeply furrowed bark: all parts when bruised exhaling a disagreeable odor: branches gray, strongly lenticellate: Ivs. dark green, usually pubescent beneath while young; Ifts. 3-7, usually 5, short-stalked, elliptic, acute, serrate, 2-6 in. long: cymes 5-rayed, to 5 in. across: fr. black, lustrous, 3- celled, 34~Mm- across. May, June: fr. Aug., Sept. Eu., W. Afr., W. Asia. S.E.B. 4:637. R.F.G. 12:780. H.W. 3, p. 132. G.C. III. 10:405. Many varieties: Var. pyramidata, Lav. (var. pyramidalis, Dipp.). Habit columnar. Var. pendula, Dipp. Pendulous or pros- trate. Var. nana, Schwerin. Forming a globose bush about 3 ft. high; weak-growing. Var. rotundifdlia, Endl. Lfts. 3, rarely 5, broadly ovate to suborbicular. Var. laciniata, Willd. (S. laciniata, Mill.). Lfts. regu- larly and finely dissected. R.F.G. 12:780. A handsome and distinct form. Var. heterophylla, Endl. (var. linearis, Kirchn.). Lfts. irregularly cut and erose and partly reduced to the midrib; slow-growing form. Var. latisecta, Hesse. Lvs. broadly Iqbed. Var. albo- variegata, Endl. Lvs. variegated with white. J.H.S. 33, p. 360, fig. 47. G.W. 11, p. 474. Var. pulverulenta, Sweet. Lvs. finely dotted and sprinkled with white. Var. atlrea, Sweet. Lvs. golden yellow. G.W. 2, p. 565. Var. viridis, Ait. (var. chlorocdrpa, Hayne. Var. virescens, Sweet). Fr. pale green, striped whitish. M.D. 1908:8, fig. 2.
2. canadensis, Linn. AMERICAN or SWEET ELDER. Fig. 3M3. Shrub, to 12 ft., stoloniferous: branches pale yellowish gray, slightly lenticellate : Ivs. bright green ; Ifts. usually 7, short-stalked, elliptic to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, sometimes pubescent on the veins beneath, 2-5 in. long: cymes 5-rayed, to 10 in. across: fr. purplish black, usually 4-celled. June, July; fr. in Sept. Nova Scotia and Man. to Fla. and Texas. B.B. (ed.2)3:268. G. 27:541. M.D.G. 1899:169. Var. submollis, Rehd. Lvs. grayish green and soft-pubes- cent beneath. 111. to Ark. and Texas. Var. mfixima, Hesse. Lvs. larger: cymes to 18 in. across. Very vigor- ous grower. G.W. 11, p. 397. G.M. 51:451. Var. acutiloba, Ellwanger & Barry (var. laciniata, Cowell). Lvs. much dissected, the lower Ifts. pinnatifid, the upper ones incisely serrate and narrowly lanceolate. A very handsome and distinct form. F.S.R. 1, p. 151. Var. aurea, Cowell (var. delicatissima, Schwerin). Lvs. golden yellow: berries cherry-red. F.E. 22:433. Var. chlorocfirpa, Rehd. Fr. greenish: Ivs. pale yellowish green. — The handsomest and most effective of the elders in bloom, also attractive when weighed down with its large clusters of purplish black berries.
cc. Fr. glaucous.
3. cserulea, Raf. (S. glauca, Nutt.). Large shrub or small tree, occasionally to 50 ft.: branchlets rather slender, bloomy when young: Ifts. 5-7, oblong, long- acuminate, coarsely serrate, the lower Ifts. often 3- parted or pinnate, bright green, glabrous, 2-6 in. long: fls. yellowish white, in flat cymes 4-6 in. wide: fr. sub- globose, Jim. thick, blue-black, whitened by a thick bloom. June, July; fr. in Aug. and Sept. Brit. Col. to Calif., east to Mont, and Utah. S.S. 5:222. G.W. 8:116. Var. velutina, Schwerin (S. velidina, Durand). Young branchlets and Ivs. covered with a dense and short whitish pubescence. Calif. Var. neo-mexicana, Rehd. (S. glauca var. neo-mexicana, A. Nels. S. inter- media, Carr.). Lfts. 3-5, narrow-lanceolate, grayish green, slightly pubescent beneath. New Mex., Ariz. M.D. 1909:8, fig. 1.— This species is similar to S. canadensis, but habit looser and taller, very striking with its large clusters of bluish white frs.; the typical
3068
SAMBUCUS
SAMPHIRE
form and var. neo-mexicana have proved hardy as far north as Mass.
BB. Berries red, rarely yellow: pith light brown: cymes convex or paniculate.
4. racemdsa, Linn. RED-BERRIED ELDER. Shrub, to 12 ft.: branches light brown; young branchlets gla- brous or nearly so, 2-3 J^ in. long: infl. ovate or oblong, dense: Ifts. 5-7, ovate or elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, 2-3 in. long: fls. yellowish white: fr. scarlet, %in. across, 3-seeded; nutlets yellowish white, minutely rugose. April, May; fr. in June, July. Eu. to E. Asia. H.W. 3, p. 133. R.F.G. 12:781. Var. nana, Carr. Dwarf compact form. Var. plumosa, Carr. Lfts. incisely serrate to about the middle, teeth long and
3543. Sambucus canadensis.
narrow, purplish when unfolding. Var. plumdso-attrea Weezelenburg (var. serratifdlia aiirea, Barbier). Foli- age like that of the preceding form, but golden yellow. Var. ornata, Carr. (var. pteridifolia, Carr.). The first Ivs. of the shoot are like those of var. plumosa, the later ones more finely dissected like var. laciniata. Var. laciniata, W. Koch (var. serratifdlia, Hort.). Lfts. regularly and deeply dissected, green when unfolding. R.F.G. 12:781. Var. tenuifdlia, Carr. Lvs. finely and deeply dissected with very narrow segms., purplish when unfolding. Var. purpfcrea, Sweet (S. rosiflora, Carr.). Fls. purplish or pink outside, purple in bud. G. 3 : 175. Var. flavescens, Sweet (var. xanthocdrpa, Zabel). Fr. yellow with orange cheek. M.D. 1909:8, fig. 6. — This species, like the following, is not conspicu- ous in bloom, but the clusters of scarlet fr. are very attractive in June and July. The cut-leaved forms are very graceful.
5. pubens, Michx. (S. pubescens, Pers. S. racemosa var. pubens, Koehne. S. racembsa var. pubescens, Dipp., not Miq.). Shrub, to 12 or sometimes to 25 ft. : branch-
lets and Ivs. on both sides finely pubescent while young, sometimes nearly glabrous at maturity; Ifts. 5-7, ovate- oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate, pubescent beneath, rarely nearly glabrous: infl. ovate or pyram- idal, looser and broader at the base than that of the preceding species, to 4 in. long: berries scarlet; nutlets minutely rugose. May: fr. in June, July. New Bruns. to Alaska, south to Ga., Colo, and Brit. Col. B.B. (ed. 2) 3:268. Var. dissecta, Brit. (S. racembsa var. lacini- ata, Rob. & Fern., not W. Koch). Lfts. deeply and regularly dissected. Var. leucocarpa, Bernh. (var. albicdcca, Brit. Var. xanthocdrpa, Cock.). Fr. whitish or amber-yellow. Var. arborescens, Dipp. Tree-like; less pubescent.
AA. St. herbaceous: plant stoloniferous: cymes flat: fr. red.
6. Schweriniana, Rehd. Herbaceous or suffruticose, stoloniferous, glabrous, 3-5 ft.: Ifts. 5-7, oblong-lanceo- late, the lower ones short -stalked, the upper ones adnate and decurrent, acuminate, very unequal at the base, serrate, 3-5 in. long: cymes flat, long-stalked, 5-rayed. puberulous: fr. salmon-red, 3-seeded, Kin. thick, nutlets broadly ovoid, smooth. W. China. — Hand- some with its clusters of bright red fruit; it spreads rapidly by suckers and may become a weed difficult to eradicate, therefore it should not be planted where it is likely to become troublesome.
S. callicdrpa, Greene (S. leiosperma, Leiberg. S. racemosa var calliearpa, Jepson). Allied to S. pubens: shrub to 10 ft.: Ifts. oblong to lanceolate, pubescent on the veins beneath while young: infL broadly pyramidal or hemispherical : nutlets smooth. Alaska to Calif . Japan. M.D. 1909:8, fig. 5. G.F. 10:175. Mn. 2:21 (as S. pubens). — S. chinensis, Lindl.=S. javanica. — S. fibulus. Linn. Herbaceous, stoloniferous, to 5 ft.: Ifts. 5-9, elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, pubes- cent; stipules large: cymes flat, 3-rayed; fls. white or pinkish, anthers purple, fragrant: fr. black, J4in. across. Eu., Afr., W. Asia. R.F.G. 12:779. S.E.B. 4:638. — S. Fontenaysii, Carr. (S. cserulea X S. nigra). Intermediate between the parents: Ivs. bluish green: cymes large: fr. black, bloomy. Garden origin. — S. javanica, Reinw. (S. chinensis, Lindj. S. Thunbergiana, Blume). Suffruticose, to 6 ft.: Ifts. 5-7, elliptic-lanceolate, the upper ones sometimes decurrent, long-acuminate, sparingly pubescent while young, to 8 in. long: cymes flat, 5-6 in. across, with scattered large aborted fleshy fls. : fr. ovoid, red. Japan, China to Malay Archipelago. — S. leiosperma, Lei- berg=S. calliearpa. — S. melanocdrpa, Gray. Allied to S. pubens. Shrub, to 12 ft.: Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, pubescent beneath while young, 4-5 in. long: infl. ovate: fr. Min. thick, black, rarely reddish brown. Brit. Col. to Calif. G.F. 10:135. M.D. 1909:8, fig. 4. I.T. 5:173. — S. mexicana, D.C. (S. canadensis var. mexicana, Sarg.). Tree, to 30 ft.: Ivs. 5-9-foliolate, sometimes bipinnate; Ifts. ovate- lanceolate, long-acuminate, pubescent on both sides while young, later only below, 2-6 in. long: cymes flat, 6-8 in. across: fr. nearly black, ribbed, J4in. across. W. Texas to S. Calif., Mex. 8.8.5:221. In Mex. planted sometimes near houses as a shade-tree and for its fr. — S. microbotrys, Rydb. Allied to S. pubens. Shrub, to 6 ft., glabrous Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, to 5 in. long: infl. small nearly hemispherical, about 2 in. long: fr. scarlet. Calif, to Colo, ano Nev. — S. Sieboldiana, Graebn. (S. racemosa var. Sieboldiana Miq.). Closely related to S. racemosa: Ifts. oblong-ovate to lanceo- late, smooth, not rugulose above, more finely serrate, to 4 or occa- sionally to 8 in. long: fls. and frs. smaller. Japan, China. S.I.F. 2 : 74 (as S. racemosa). — S. Slmpsonii, Rehd. Allied to S. canadensis. Small tree, to 15 ft., with deeply furrowed bark: Ifts. usually 5. elliptic to elliptic-oblong, lustrous above, glabrous, 1 J-£-3 in. long cymes with 4 or 5 rays, the central ray as long or longer than the lateral rays: ovary 5-celled. Fla. S.T.S. 2:175. — S. Thunbergiana, Blume=S. javanica. The plant cult, under this name is S. racemosa or possibly sometimes S. Sieboldiana. ALFRED REHDER.
SAMPHIRE (Crithmum maritimum, which see) is the name corrupted from sampier, itself a corruption of the French Saint Pierre (St. Peter), given to a succulent- stemmed half-hardy perennial, well known as sea-fen- nel, parsley-pert, and St. Peter's herb upon rocky coasts above high tide in Great Britain. It belongs to the family Umbelliferae. The plants, which attain a height of 1 to 2 feet, have somewhat linear glaucous-green fleshy leaves, J^ inch long, small white or yellowish flowers, which appear in umbels during July, and oblong yellowish fennel-like smallish seeds of light weight, which ripen in early autumn and lose their germinating power within a year. For more than three centuries the crisp and aromatic leaves and young stems gathered in August or September have been used in salads and vinegar pickles. Samphire rarely reaches perfection in gardens far from the seacoast, unless
SAMPHIRE
SANGUINARIA
grown upon sandy or gravelly soil, and watered fre- quently and plentifully with weak salt- and soda-solu- tions. " It may be propagated by root-division, but better by sowing the seed as soon as ripe, the plants being thinned to stand from 1 to 1J^ feet asunder in rows 2 to 1Yi feet apart.
Golden samphire (Inula crithmifolia) , a native of the marshes and seacoast of Great Britain, is an erect hardy perennial, Ito 1 J 2 feet tall, with small, fleshy leaves and 'yellow flowers in small; umbel-like clusters. Though grown and used like true samphire, for which it is often sold, it lacks the pleasing, aromatic taste of the genuine. It belongs to the family Composite.
For marsh samphire, see Salicornia. M. Q. KAINS.
SAMUEL A (Sam Farlow Trelease, who participated in field-studies of the species). Liliacex, tribe Yuccex. Yucca-like large plants.
Short-trunked mostly unbranched soft-pulped trees, resembling the baccate yuccas except in their gamophyl- lous perianth which in one species has a long slender tube resembling a tuberose. As in Yucca Treculeana, but to a greater extent, the bracts of the ample panicle are long and add much to its attractiveness. — Two species, one Texan and the other of the Mexican tableland. Hardy only in the S. where, as in Calif, and along the Riviera, they are said to be beginning to be cult. Monograph by Wm. Trelease in Kept. Mo. Bot. Card., vol. 13, pp. li6-19.
Faxoniana, Trel. Lvs. in a dense round head, 2-3 in. wide and 3 ft. long, nearly smooth, deeply concave, pungent, with long coarse curving white marginal fibers: infl. loosely branched, 3 ft. or more long; fls. white, 2-4 in. across, with conical tube about %in. long: fr. 1 by mostly 2-3 in. S. W. Texas. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 4:4, 5: 13:73-5, 82, 85. S.S. 10:499.
carnerosana, Trel. Infl. 5-6 ft. high, compactly branched, with very large white bracts; fls. white, 3-4 in. across, with cvhndrical tube }^-l in. long: fr. 1J^ x 2-3 in. E. Mex. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 13:7&-9, 80, 85, 87, and frontispiece to p. 27. WILLIAM TRELEASE.
SANCHEZIA (after Jos. Sanchez, professor of bot- any at Cadiz). Acanthacfie. Showy warmhouse plants, grown for flowers and foliage.
Strong erect herbs or half-shrubby plants: Ivs. large, opposite, entire or slightly toothed: fls. orange, red, or purple, united into heads or spikes at the ends of the branches, or rarely paniculate; calyx deeply 5-parted, segms. oblong; tube of the corolla long, cylindrical, somewhat ventricose above the middle, limb of 5 equal, short, rotund lobes; perfect stamens 2, inserted below the middle of the tube, with 2 aborted stamens between them; anther 2-celled, the cells mucronate in front; style long, with one division small, spurlike; ovary on a thick disk, 2-loculed. with 4 ovules in each cell. — About 11 species in Peru, Colombia, and Brazil.
nobilis, Hook. Plants stout, erect, smooth, except the infl.: st. 4-angled: Ivs. 3-9 in. long, oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, obtusely toothed, narrowed into winged petioles, connate: fls. 2 in. long, yellow, in heads subtended by bright red bracts, the heads forming a panicle. Ecuador. B.M. 5594. F.S. 23:2437. G.W. 10, p. 610. G.Z. 11:16. H.F. II. 9:346. Var. glau- cophylla, Lem. (var. variegata, Hort.). Lvs. varie- gated with pale yellow or white along the veins. F. 1867, p. 154. I.H. 14:528 (as S. nobilis); 16:580.— A hothouse plant which is very attractive when well grown, but which becomes straggling and weedy if neglected. Grown mostly for its foliage. S. parvibrac- teata, Sprague & Hutch. Allied to S. nobilis, from which it differs in having wingless petioles, smaller bracts with fewer (3-5) fls. and longer staminodes. Corolla yellow. Trop. Amer.
HEINRICH HASSELBRING.
SANDERSONIA (named after John Sanderson). Liliacex. Herb, suitable for the greenhouse: sts. sub- erect, simple, leafy: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls. showy, orange, solitary in the axils, without bracts; perianth persistent, urn-shaped to globose, somewhat inflated; stamens 6; ovary sessile: fr. unknown. — One species, S. Afr. Treatment the same as for gloriosas.
aurantiaca, Hook. Rootstock tuberous: st. simple, 1-2 ft. high, leafy to the apex: Ivs. sessile, alternate, linear or lanceolate, 2—4 in. long: perianth bright yellow, y*-\ in. long. Nov. Natal. B.M. 4716. R.H. 1868, p. 311. J.F. 4:408.
SANGUINARIA (Latin, blood; referring to the yel- lowish red juice of the plant). Papaveraces. BLOOD- ROOT. Low spring-blooming perennial used for borders and for rock-gardens.
3544. Bloodroot. — Sanguinaria canadensis. ( X H)
Rootstock several inches long, about Hm- thick, hori- zontal: Ivs. radical, cordate or reniform, usually only 1 from each root-bud, on petioles about 8 in. long: fls. white, often tinged with pink, 1-3 in. across, mostly solitary, on scapes about 8 in. long, appearing just preceding the full-grown Ivs.; sepals 2, fugacious; petals 8-12, in 2 or 3 rows, oblong or obovate, early deciduous: caps. 1 in. long, oblong, 2-valved. — A single species common in woods of E. N. Amer., running into several forms (see Fedde in Engler's Pflanzenreich, iv, 104).
The bloodroot is a showy spring flower usually found in woodland, but not a true shade-loving plant, since its growth is made, to a great extent, before the foliage of the trees expands. In cultivation it prefers a rather light soil, biit will grow anywhere. It will do as well in sunlight as in shade and will even grow amongst grass, if care be taken not to mow down the leaves until it has perfected the root growth and buds for the follow- ing season. The roots are best transplanted after the leaves have ripened, August-dug and -planted roots being best, but they may be moved when the plants are in flower. The roots are offered at such low prices by collectors that the plant should be used to a much greater extent for spring gardening.
canadensis, Linn. BLOODROOT. REB PUCCOON. Fig. 3544. Described above. April, May. B.M. 162. G.F. 8:215. G.C. III. 51:284. G. 31:447; 34:329. Gn.M. 3:134. Var. major, Hort., is merely a form with large fls. J.H. III. 52:457. Var. plena, Hort., has more numerous narrower petals. f\ \y. BARCLAY.
3070
SANGUISORBA
SANSEVIERIA
SANGUISORBA (Latin, blood and drink up, from reputed styptic properties in folk-medicine). Rosacese. Chiefly perennial herbs, grown as salad plants and also sometimes used in the hardy border.
Leaves unequally pinnate; stipules adherent to the petiole: fls. small, often polygamous or dioecious, crowded in a dense head or spike at the summit of a long, naked peduncle; calyx-tube persistent, with 4 broad petal-like spreading deciduous lobes; petals none; stamens 4-12: achene (commonly solitary) inclosed in the 4-angled dry and thickish calyx-tube. — About 35 species, natives of the North Temperate Zone. See Poterium.
minor, Scop. (Poterium Sanguisdrba, Linn.). BURNET. Perennial, growing in clumps, glabrous or sparsely hairy: Ivs. long, odd-pinnate, narrow, the small Ifts. 6-10 pairs and orbicular to oblong and deep- toothed :sts. 1-2 Yi ft. tall, terminating in small globular or oblong heads: lower fls. in the head staminate, the others perfect, the stigmas purple, tufted and exserted. Eu., Asia, and naturalized in this country. — Sometimes grown in the herb-garden for the fresh young Ivs., which are used in salads. It is also an interesting plant for the hardy border. Also recommended as a pasture plant, particularly for sheep. It thrives in dry soils.
canadensis, Linn. Taller, larger in every way than the above: Ifts. oblong to almost triangular-oblong, truncate or cordate at the base, long-stalked, obtuse, sharp-toothed: fl.-heads cylindrical, 2-6 in. long, the fls. all perfect, whitish. Low grounds, Mich., east and south. — An interesting plant, worthy a place in the hardy border, and sometimes sold for that purpose. It pro- duces much foliage. Grows 5-6 ft. tall.
S. atrosangutnea, Hort., is a form listed in the trade as having wiry sts. 3 ft. high bearing heads of rich crimson fls. Possibly the European S. omcinalis, Linn. F TKACY HuBBARD.f
SANICULA (name said to be from sanare, to heal; or perhaps from San Nicolas). Umbelliferse. SANICLE. BLACK SNAKEROOT. Perennial rather tall glabrous herbs, useful sometimes as a ground-cover.
Leaves few, palmately lobed or parted, those from the base long-petioled : umbels irregular or compound; fls. greenish or yellowish, capitate in the umblets, per- fect and with staminate ones intermixed; involucre and involucels few-lvd.: fr. globular, carpels not separating spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles. — About 39 species (Wolff, Das Pflanzenreich, hft. 61), temperate regions of the world. The sanicles have no particular horticultural merit, being rather weedy in habit; but they are useful in wild-gardens and for colonizing hi woods.
A. Fls. yellow.
Menziesii, Hook. & Arn. St. solitary, 1-2% ft. high, branching: Ivs. round-cordate, 2-3 in. across, very deeply 3-5-lobed: fr. about 1 line long, becoming dis- tinctly pedicellate. Calif, and northward.
AA. Fls. purple (rarely yellowish).
bipinnatifida, Douglas. About 1 ft. high, with a pair of opposite Ivs. at the base and 1-3 above, long-petioled, triangular to oblong in outline, 2-3 in. long, pinnately 3-5-lobed: fr. sessile. Calif, to Brit. Col.
AAA. Fls. greenish white.
mariUndica, Linn. St. stout, lJ^-4 ft. high: Ivs. bluish green, the basal long-petioled, the upper sessile, 5-7-parted: fr. sessile. Atlantic to Brit. Col. Common fr woods. Fi TRACY HuBBARD.f
SANSEVIERIA (after Raimond de Sangro, Prince of Sanseyiero, born at Naples 1710. The spelling Sanse- viera is not the earliest). Lilidcese. BOWSTRING HEMP. Herbaceous perennials, essentially tender foliage plants, although beautiful in flower, adapted to the
coolhouse. They are grown for the stiff erect Ivs., which are usually variegated.
Rhizome short, thick, sometimes stolonif erous : Ivs. in a basal rosette, thick cartilaginous, frequently elongated, rather flat or terete: scape simple, tall, stout: fls. greenish white, medium-sized or long, clustered in an often dense raceme; perianth-tube slender, some- times very long; stamens 6; ovary free, 3-celled. — Trop. and S. Afr. and India; the most recent treatment is by N. E. Brown in Kew Bulletin, 1915, where 54 species are described. The genus is important in yielding fiber.
Sansevierias are easily propagated by division or they may be raised from leaf-cuttings about 3 inches long. These cuttings form roots in sandy soil after about one month, after which a long stolon-like bud is formed, which produces the new plant at some dis- tance from the cutting. Sansevierias are well adapted to house decoration, since they do not require much sunlight. A rather heavy soil suits them best.
A. Lvs. fiat or nearly so.
thyrsifldra, Thunb. (S. guineensis, Willd:). Lvs. 2-4 to a growth, from a stout creeping rootstock, erect and smooth, to \Yi ft. long and 3K in. broad, lanceolate, acute or obtuse, on both sides marked with pale green transverse bands which become obscure with age, tapering into a channelled petiole: fls. greenish white, fragrant. Trop. Afr. B.M. 1179 (properly 1180).
AA. Lvs. concave.
zeyldnica, Willd. Lvs. 1-3 ft. long, 8-15 in a cluster, sword-shaped, subterete, variegated with transverse markings of a grayish white: scape longer than the Ivs. : bracts many : fls. whitish green, l%in. long. India. B.R. 160. Var. Laurentii, Hort. (S. Laurentii, Wildem.) has a band of creamy yellow ^-^in. or more wide along the If .-margins in addition to the regular variega- tion. Trop. Afr. G.W. 13, p. 125. R.B. 30:169. AAA. L^s. cylindrical.
cylindrica, Bpjer. Lvs. often 3-4 ft. long, 8-10 in a tuft, terete, solid within, dark green, often banded with paler lines, acuminate, occasionally furrowed: scape with infl. shorter than the Ivs.: raceme about 1 ft. long; fls. creamy white, tinged with pink. Trop. Afr. B.M. 5093. G.C. III. 16:222. R.H. 1861, p. 448, 450.
The following species have been grown in various botanical gardens but are not known to be in general cult, unless otherwise specified. S. xthidpica, Thunb. Succulent, stemless subshrub: Ivs. somewhat rosulate, suberect or erect-spreading, 5^-16 in. long, thick, linear-lanceolate, acute, running out into white awl-like tips 2-3 in. long, concave-channeled, back strongly convex, sometimes trans- versely dark green-banded, margins red or white, somewhat glau- cous: infl. 16-30 in. long; fls. white. S. Afr. B.M. 8487.— S. arbor- escens, Cornu, has sts. reaching a height of 4 ft., furnished entirely with short spreading Ivs. E. Trop. Afr. — S. conspicua, N. E. Br., is a stemless herb: Ivs. 3-5, lanceolate, 9-24 in. long, green on both surfaces, with dark lines above and rusty brown margins: fls. white, E. Trop. Afr. — S. Cornui, Ge>. & Labr., is stemless, the Ivs. not bor- dered and only a little striped at the base and on the outside. Senegambia; properly S. senegambica, Baker. — S. Crdigii, Hort., is offered in the American trade as a form with variegated Ivs. — S. fascidta, Cornu, is stemless: Ivs. flat, leathery, 2J4 ft. long, 5 in. broad in the middle, bright green, striped and bordered with brown. Congo. — S. glaiica, Hort., not Haw., resembles S. zeylanica, but the Ivs. are somewhat shorter and not striate. Cochin-China. — S. grdndis, Hook. f. Stemless: Ivs. few, rosulate, obovate-oblong, the largest 3-4 ft. long, 6 in. broad, dull green with broad bands of much darker green: scape 2 ft. high, bearing a densely fld. terminal spike- like panicle 2-3 ft. long: fls. pure white, about 2 in. across. Trop. Afr. B.M. 7877. It produces a very strong, silky fiber. — S. inter- media, N. E. Br., is very similar to S. cylindrica, but the Ivs. are channeled, the edges of the channel being acute below and obtusely rounded above. E. Trop. Afr. — S. liberica, G6r. & Labr. Lvs. more than 3 ft. long, bordered with ivory-white, not striped. W. Trop. Afr.— S. metdllica, G6r. & Labr., is closely allied to what is called S. guineensis having shorter and somewhat broader Ivs., which have a metallic tint and fewer markings. — S. rdrida, N. E. Br. (Sanseverina rorida, Lanza), is almost stemless: Ivs. 2-ranked, erect-spreading, horn-shaped, terete beneath, deeply channeled above: scape flexuous, longer than the Ivs.: panicle elongated with many short reflexed branches: fls. small. Italian Somaliland. — S. Stiickyi, Godefr., is stemless: Ivs. quite cylindric except a small furrow on the upper surface. E. Afr. — S. zanzibdrica, Ge>. & Labr., is short-stemmed: Ivs. in a distichous rosette, subterete, without furrows, very rigid, up to 5-6 ft. long. Zanzibar.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
SAXTALUM
SAP
3071
SANTALUM (from the Persian Chandal which in turn is derived from the Sanscrit Chandana, the name of the tree). Santalacex. Evergreen glabrous trees or shrubs, and one species, S. album, yields the sandal- wood: Ivs. opposite, rarely alternate, coriaceous: fls. axillary or in terminal trichotomous paniculate cymes, dioecious; perianth campanulate or ovoid, lobes 4, rarely 5, valvate with a tuft of hair on their face; stamens 5-4, short ; disk of scales between the stamens; ovary at first free, finally half-inf erior : drupe subglobose. — About 10 species, India, Malaya, Austral, and Pacific Islands. Plants more or less parasitic.
album, Linn. SANDALWOOD. A small evergreen gla- brous tree: Ivs. opposite, 1^-2 in. long, thin, elliptic- ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or subacute, narrowed into a slender petiole: panicles terminal and lateral; pedicels about equaling the perianth-tube: fls. at first straw-colored, then blood-red, inodorous even when bruised : drupe globose, size of a cherry, black when ripe. Deccan Penin. B.M. 3235. G.C. III. 49:20.— The •wood is white or citron-colored, sweet-scented when dry, and is esteemed in India, as a perfume.
SANTOLINA (derivation of name doubtful). Often, but incorrectly spelled Sanctolina. Composite. Shrubs or rarely herbs, natives of Eu. and Asia, mostly in the Medit. region, sometimes grown in the open for orna- ment.
Leaves alternate, aromatic; margins tuberculously dentate or pinnately lobed, often finely divided: fl.- heads yellow or rarely white, of disk-fls. only, many- fid.; involucre mostly campanulate, squarrose, imbri- cated, appressed. — About 8 species.
Santolina is valuable for its distinct foliage and is used in the South for specimen planting and in the North for summer bedding and borders. Cuttings for the latter purpose are usually taken in the spring from plants win- tered in a frame but may be taken before frost in the fall. Thej- are easily rooted in sand.
Chamaecyparissus, Linn. (S. incana, Lam.). LAVEN- DER COTTON. A hardy half-shrubby, much-branched plant, 1^-2 ft. high, with evergreen, silvery gray Ivs., having tiny ovate-oblong Ifts. and small globular heads of yellow fls., borne in summer: heads solitary, terminal about %in. diam. : branches and Ivs. canescent. Medit. region. Gn. 78, p. 21. Var. incana differs but little from the type: involucre pubescent.
S. alpina. Linn., is Anthemis montana, Linn., which makes a pretty ground-cover and has yellow fls., but appears not to be in the trade. Gn. 75, p. 595. — S. riridis, Willd. An erect shrub: branches leafless: Ivs. in 4 vertical ranks, toothed: involucral scales lanceolate. S. Eu. G. 36:25. F W BARCLAY.
SANVITALIA (after a noble Italian family). Com- posite. Usually low, much-branched herbs grown for their attractive yellow flowers.
Leaves opposite, petioled, mostly entire: heads of fls. small, solitary, with yellow or sometimes white rays; involucre short and broad, of dry or partly herbaceous bracts; receptacle from flat to subulate- conical, at least in fr.; its chaffy bracts concave or partly conduplicate : achenes all or only the outer ones thick-walled, those of the rays usually 3-angled, with the angles produced into rigid, spreading awns or horns, those of the disk often flat and winged. — About 4 species, natives of the S. W..U. S. and Mex. May be grown as an annual in the open, but if given protection it will sometimes flower the second year. Sanvitalias are of easy culture but prefer a light or sandy soil in full sunlight.
procumbens, Lam. A hardy floriferous annual, grow- ing about 6 in. high, trailing in habit: Ivs. ovate, about 1 in. long: fl. -heads with dark purple disk and yellow rays, resembling small rudbeckias, less than 1 in. across, numerous: achenes of the disk flattened and often winged and 1-2 aristellate. Summer to very late autumn. Mex. B.R. 707. R.H. 1860, p. 127. Var.
fldre-pleno, Hort. A double-fid, variety coming true from seed, and as vigorous as the type. R.H. 1866, p. 70. — Worthy of more extended use as a low border annual. F w. BARCLAY.
SAP, a term applied to the juices of living plants.
Sap is composed of water containing mineral salts absorbed from the soil, and organic substances chiefly constructed within living cells. The water taken from the soil by the roots or other absorbing organs may con- tain potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, and nitrates, phosphates, sulfates, and chlorids. The differ- ent processes and the different reactions that take place in separate tracts of tissue are responsible for the fact that the sap is not alike in composition throughout the body of the plant.
The mineral elements and their salts may be found in nearly all saps. The limits of this note do not permit the enumeration of the large number of organic sub- stances which may be found in the sap of various spe- cies. The more important of such compounds may be grouped under the acids, sugars, or carbohydrates and proteins. Many plants are of economic importance because of the materials dissolved in the sap. The sap of the sugar maple, for example, contains over 3)^ per cent of sugar, while the sugar-beet and sugar-cane have a sap in which the proportion is very much higher.
The popular expression of "ascent of sap" refers to the fact that water entering the living cells of the roots is forced into the woody tissues or non-living elements through which it passes upward to the leaves at a rate which may vary from a few inches to over a yard an hour. (See Transpiration.) The forces operative and the mechanism of the flow are not perfectly understood. Among other facts of interest it may be mentioned that the sap-current may pass through dead sections of stem, although it is equally certain that the activities of the living cells furnish at least a part of the motive power.
The flow of sap from the sugar maple and other trees in the early spring, before the soil has thawed and while it is yet too cold for the living matter of the plant to show any great activity, is not due to4;he bleeding pres- sure, but to the expansion of the gases and liquids in the trunk and branches of the tree due to the direct warming action of the sun's rays. During the daytime the bubbles of air in the wood-cells become heated and expand, driving the sap from the wood-cells into the auger-hole which has been bored into the tree. At night the trunk of the tree cools slowly and the flow ceases, to be begun again next day.
The exudation pressure by which water or sap is forced from the living cells is exhibited in the bleeding which ensues when stems and branches are cut away. The pressure which produces bleeding is often called root-pressure, although it is exerted by any part of the plant. Bleecling is exhibited by a large number of trees at the beginning of the growing season, 'and is also especially noticeable in the vine, dahlia, castor-oil plant, calla. nicotiana, and corn.
The amount of bleeding exhibited by any plant may be found if the stem is cut and bent over in such man- ner that the end is thrust into a tumbler or small ves- sel, which will serve to collect the escaping sap.
Interesting records of measurement of the amount of bleeding are available. A specimen of Betvla papy- racea gave off over sixty-three pounds of water in twenty-four hours; an Agave americana yielded twelve and one-half pounds in twenty-four hours. The pulque of Mexico is the preparation of sap which collects in the center of the mature rosette of agave when a cavity is cut into it.
The range of concentration of sap as denoted by its osmotic properties varies widely. Cacti and other suc- culents have a sap which would set up a pressure of only three to twelve atmospheres. Spinose desert shrubs may have a sap which would set up a pressure of over a
3072
SAP
SAPIUM
hundred atmospheres. The concentration is greatest in mature leaves, and in the lilac this may be from twelve to twenty-five atmospheres, while the roots of the same plant may not show more than four or six atmospheres.
D. T. MACDOUGAL.
SAPINDUS (Latin, soap and Indian, alluding to use of the fruit as soap in India). Sapindacese. SOAP- BERRY. Trees or shrubs, sometimes somewhat climbing, of economic use and sometimes used as ornamentals.
Leaves alternate, without stipules, abruptly pin- nate or simple, 1-lvd. in one species; the Ifts entire, rarely serrate : racemes or panicles terminal or axillary : fls. polygamous, regular; sepals 4-5, in 2 rows; petals 4-5, naked or bearing 1 or 2 glabrous or villous scales above the claw; disk annular; stamens 8-10: berry fleshy or leathery ; seeds frequently globose, with a bony testa and no aril, black or nearly so. — About 15 species, tropical regions of the world.
The fruit has an alkaline principle known as saponin which makes it useful for cleansing purposes. The fruit was much used in eastern countries before the introduction of soap and is still preferred for washing the hair and cleansing delicate fabrics like silk. The seeds of some species are used for making rosaries, necklaces, and the like.
The soapberry trees in cultivation are evergreen or rarely deciduous trees with pinnate, rather large foliage and with terminal large panicles of small whitish flowers followed by berry-like globose orange-brown to black fruits. With the exception of S. Drummondii, which has proved fairly hardy in sheltered positions as far north as Massachusetts, they can be grown in subtropical regions only, but S. Mukorossi is apparently somewhat hardier than the rest. They are sometimes planted for ornament in the southern states and in southern Cali- fornia and some, particularly S. Mukorossi var. carina- tus, may possibly be profitably planted for their fruits which are rich in saponin. They do well in rather dry and rocky or sandy soil. Propagation is by seeds which germinate readily and by hardwood cuttings in early spring.
A. Lfts. obtuse or acutish, 4~9; rachis usually broadly winged: petals without scales.
Saponaria, Linn. A small tree, to 30 ft., with rough grayish bark: Ifts. oblong-lanceolate and acute to elliptic-ovate and somewhat obtuse, opposite or alter- nate, entire, glabrous, veiny and lucid above, tomentu- lose beneath, 3-4 in. long; rachis usually winged:
Eam'cle 7-10 in. long; sepals rounded, petals ovate, airy: fr. %-%in. across, globose, keeled, orange- brown, translucent. Fls. in Nov. : fr. in spring. S. Fla., W. India, and S. Amer. Cult, in S. Fla. and S. Calif. S.S. 2:74, 75.
AA. Lfts. acuminate, 7-19; rachis with narrow margin or
marginless: petals with 2 scales.
B. Trees evergreen.
marginatus, Willd. A tree reaching ultimately 60 ft. in height: Ifts. very short-stalked or nearly sessile, 7-13, lance-oblong, acuminate, glabrous above, paler beneath and somewhat pubescent on the midnerve, 2-5 in. long, the upper nearly opposite, the lower alternate; rachis narrowly margined or marginless: fls. white, sometimes tinged with red, in pyramidal panicles; petals ciliate, ovate to ovate-lanceolate; filaments villous: fr. yellow, translucent, globose, keeled, %in. across. May, June. S. C. to Fla. S.S. 13:623.— Cult, for ornament in S. Fla.
Mukordssi, Gaertn. Tree, to 60 ft.: Ifts. 8-13, stalked, the stalk K-J^in. long, oblong-ovate to oblong- lanceolate, oblique and cuneate at the base, glabrous, reticulate beneath, 3-6 in. long; rachis with narrow margin: panicles 5-8 in. long; sepals suborbicular to ovate, obtuse, petals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute,
ciliate; filaments villous: fr. globose, yellow or orange- brown, about %in. across, slightly keeled. China, cult, in Japan. S.I. F. 1:71. Var. carinatus, Radlk. (S. utilis, Trabut). Fr. more fleshy, strongly keeled. — According to Trabut this variety is cult, in Algeria for its fr. which contains nearly 38 per cent of saponin ; the trees come into bearing in 8-10 years and a tree may yield 60-120 pounds of berries every year.
BB. Trees deciduous.
Drummondii, Hook. & Arn. WILD CHINA TREE. SOAPBERRY. Tree, to 50 ft., with scaly red-brown bark: branchlets pubescent while young: Ifts. 8-19, short- stalked, lanceolate, broadly cuneate and oblique at the base, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, 2-3 in. long; rachis marginless: panicles pubescent, 6-9 in. long; sepals acute, ciliate; petals much longer, ovate, pubescent inside; filaments villous: fr. subglobose, not keeled, J^in. across, yellow, finally black. May, June; fr. Sept., Oct. Ark., La. to Ariz, and N. Mex. S.S. 2:76, 77 (as S. marginatus). B.B.(ed. 2) 2:500.
ALFRED REHDER.
SAPIUM (the Latin name used by Pliny for a resiniferous pine). EuphorHacese. Tropical trees and shrubs cultivated for their economic products and sometimes for ornament.
Glabrous: juice milky and poisonous: Ivs. alternate or rarely opposite, simple, denticulate to entire; stipules small, 2 conspicuous glands at the apex of the petiole and on each of the scale-like bracts: fls. generally in terminal spikes, the pistillate singly below, the stami- nate in 3's above, all apetalous; calyx of staminate fls. 2-3-lobed, the lobes imbricate; stamens 2-3, filaments free; ovary 1-3-celled, 1 ovule in each cell; a 3-parted central column remaining after dehiscence of the caps.: seed without a caruncle. — Nearly 100 species, in the tropics of both hemispheres, but chiefly in Amer. Two intro. species are now found wild in S. Fla. Related to Stillingia, Hura, and Homalanthus.
In their native country a number of species of Sapium are utilized in many ways. They are chiefly important as a source of rubber. S. Jenmanii is the chief source of rubber in British Guiana, where it is found in the alluvial forests in humid situations. It does best in well-drained clayey peat. S. verum, once common in Colombia, has been cut for the rubber until it is now rare, but does well under cultivation in higher altitudes, yielding ten to eighteen pounds of raw rubber to each tree. A number of other species are used for rubber in South America. S. Pavonianum yields a medium grade. It is easily grown but is scarcely in cultivation. S. sebiferum is cultivated, especially in China, for the wax of the seed-covering which is used for candles, soap, and cloth-dressing. The wood of this and other species is utilized. Some of the "jumping beans" are seeds of sapium which contain insect larvae. Sapium may be propagated by seeds or by cuttings. The best varieties are sometimes top-grafted on seedling stocks.
Pavonianum, Huber (S. utile, Preuss. S. biglandu- losum, Muell. Arg. in part). PALO DE LECHE. Tree, 30^-50 ft. high: Ivs. oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate: spikes solitary, elongate: style cylindrical, not persist- ent on the caps. : the seeds with red, aril-like covering, soon separating from the central column. Colombia.
verum, Hemsl. VIRGIN RUBBER. CANCHO BLANCO. Tree, 60-75 ft. high: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate to elliptical, acute at the base, apex rounded: style persistent on the caps.: otherwise similar to the foregoing species. Col- ombia and Ecuador.
Jenmanii, Hemsl. A large tree: Ivs. oblong-lanceo- late, abruptly and obtusely acuminate; glands of the petiole short, sessile; lateral If .-veins more curved than in the preceding species and the ovary 1-celled: style not persistent. British Guiana.
SAPIUM
SAPODILLA
3073
sebiferum, Roxbg. (Croton seblferus, Linn. Excae- caria sebifera, Muell. Arg. Stillinffia sebifera, Michx.). CHINESE TALLOW TREE. VEGETABLE TALLOW. Tree, 25-30 ft. high: Ivs. broad rhombic-ovate, 1-3 in. broad, beautifully red-colored in age: racemes terminal: caps. Viva, thick: seeds long adhering to the central column," the aril-like coating white. China, and now cult, and naturalized in many tropical lands.
Among the species noted for their very poisonous juice are: 6. tndicum. Wild., with white bark and oblong willow-like Ivs., in India, and S. Hippomant, Mey., MILK THEE, Poisox TBEE, with thick elliptical Ivs. with the apex cucullate inflexed. W. Indies to
J. B. S. NORTON.
SAPODILLA is the name applied in the United States to Achras Sapota, Linn., of the family Sapo- tacfie. generally considered one of the best indigenous fruits of the American tropics. The tree is commonly cultivated, as well as naturalized, on the Florida Keys, and the fruit (Fig. 3545) is offered in south Florida markets.
Botanically the sapodilla is closely related to the mamey sapote (Lucuma mammosa), the ti-es (L. nervosa) and the star-apple (Chrysophyllum Caintio), fruits which are well known in various parts of tropical America. The tree is evergreen, stately, with a dense rounded or conical crown sometimes attaining a height of 50 to 60 feet, horizontal or drooping branches, and stiff, glossy leaves thickly clustered at the ends of the young branchlets. The wood is hard and very durable, timbers in an excellent state of preservation having been found in the Mayan ruins of Yucatan. The bark contains a milky latex known commercially as chicle,
3545. Sapodilla, the fruit of Achras Sapota. ( X about
which is secured by tapping the trunk, and is exported in considerable quantities from Mexico to the United States, where it forms the basis of chewing-gum. The leaves are borne upon slender petioles up to 1 inch long, the blades entire or emarginate. ovate-elliptic to ellip- tic-lanceolate in outline, rounded-cuneate at the base and commonly obtuse at the apex, 2 to 5 inches long, glabrous, of rich green color, the midrib prominent below. The small inconspicuous flowers are produced upon short finely pubescent pedicels in the leaf-axils toward the ends of the branchlets; the calyx is composed of six small ovate-acuminate hairy sepals, the corolla white, tubular or urceolate, lobulate at the top, the stamens six. opposite the lobules, with short flattened attenuate filaments and lanceolate-acuminate extrorse anthers; staminodes six, petaloid: style clavate, hairy at the tip, the ovary ten- to twelve-celled, each cell containing one ovule .
The fruit is very variable in form, commonly round, oval, globose-depressed, or conical, and 2 to 3 j^ inches in diameter. The skin is thin, rusty brown, somewhat scurfy, giving the fruit a striking resemblance to an Irish potato. The flesh is yellowish brown, translucent,
soft and melting when fully ripe, sweet and delicious, but when green containing tannin and a milky latex, so that it must not be eaten until it has become quite mellow. The seeds vary from none to ten or twelve, and are hard, black and shining, obovate, flattened, about % inch long, easily separated from the pulp.
The flavor of the sapodilla is difficult of description, likened to that of a pear by some writers, and with a peculiar character common to several sapotaceous fruits. Some of the early writers were enthusiastic in praising it, the Spanish historian, Oviedo, going so far as to call the sapodilla the best of all fruits. More recently Finninger, an Anglo-Indian horticulturist, wrote that "a more luscious, cool and agreeable fruit is not to be met with in this or perhaps any country in the world," while Descourtilz says it is "melting, and has the sweet perfumes of honey, jasmin, and lily-of-the valley." In Florida it is a general favorite, especially among residents of the keys, and in numerous other parts of tropical America it assumes considerable importance among cultivated fruits.
The tree is considered by Pittier to be indigenous in Mexico south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in Guate- mala, and possibly in Salvador and northern Honduras, being especially abundant in the lowlands of Tabasco, Chiapas, and the western part of Yucatan, which are the principal centers of production of chicle gum. The common name is derived from the Xahuatl word zapotl or tzicozapotl, the latter meaning "gum zapotl" and surviving to the present day in the precise form chicozapote, by which the tree is commonly known in southern Mexico; zapotl was the name given by the Aztecs to all soft sweet fruits. In Spanish-speaking countries the sapodilla is frequently called nispero, which name properly belongs to the European medlar. In the British West Indies the name naseberry is common. In Brazil one form of the fruit is called sapoti, another sapota. The German name for the tree is Breiapfelbaum, the French sapotillier, and the Dutch mispelbopm.
From its home in tropical America, the sapodilla has been carried around the globe, and though less com- monly cultivated in the Orient than the papaya, it is grown in many regions, particularly in some parts of southern India, where, according to MacmiUan, it thrives up to elevations of 3,000 feet, though in Ceylon it is seldom productive above 1,500 feet and succeeds best on the coast. In Ecuador its cultivation is said by Pittier to extend into the temperate belt at altitudes of more than 8,000 feet. Its culture in Florida is limited to the southern part of the state, approximately the sec- tion south of Palm Beach on the east coast and the Manatee River on the west. Mature trees have passed uninjured through temperatures of 28° F., according to Reasoner. A notable advantage of the tree for some parts of the West Indies is the fact that the branches are tough and not easily broken by hurri- canes. In California it has not yet fruited, though in favored locations specimens have occasionally attained an age of several years without being injured by frost. Even in the tropics, however, the tree grows very slowly, and in California the cool winters greatly hinder its development. It seems probable that it may yet be fruited in protected foothill regions, but its culture in most parts of southern California is not practicable.
The soil best adapted to the sapodilla seems to be rich sandy loam, but it thrives almost equally well on light clay and on the shallow sandy soil, underlaid with soft limestone, which is found on the lower east coast of Florida. Even though grown under the most favor- able conditions, the trees rarely come into bearing until six to eight years of age, if seedlings, and in some sections do not attain a greater ultimate height than 20 to 30 feet. They should not be set closer together than 25 to 30 feet, and require very little pruning, because of their close compact growth. As a general
3074
SAPODILLA
SAPONARIA
thing the trees bear heavily, and two crops a year are frequently produced; this, with the natural variation in season among seedling trees, results in ripe fruit being found in the markets of tropical America at nearly all times of the year.
Experiments have shown that the sapodilla can be shipped very successfully and without excessive care in packing; notwithstanding the delicate texture of the skin it keeps well, and if picked while still hard can be kept in good condition for ten days or more. Shipments have been made from the Florida Keys to New York, the fruit being placed in small baskets which hold half a dozen good-sized fruits, six of these baskets being packed in a tomato-crate. For local consumption or for shipping to short distances, the common procedure in Florida is to pull the fruits from the tree and throw them into boxes or baskets, in which they are carried to market, where the ripe ones are picked out and sold from day to day. The sapodilla is used almost exclusively as a fresh fruit, usually eaten out of hand, but is sometimes utilized in Brazil and Cuba to prepare a delicious sherbet. Little is known of its culinary possibilities. Due to its lack of acidity it is doubtful whether it will lend itself to many differ- ent uses.
The sapodilla is generally propagated by seed, but the variation among seedlings in productiveness as well as in quality, size, and shape of fruit necessitates some asexual means of propagation, if the most desirable seedling forms are to be perpetuated. Horticulturists have been as dilatory in applying vegetative propaga- tion to the sapodilla as they have with most of the other tropical fruits, but experiments in Florida have shown that it can readily be budded, using as stocks seedlings of the same species.
Seeds, if kept dry, will retain then- vitality for several years, and are easily transported through the mails to any distance. They should be planted in shallow flats of light sandy soil, covering them to the depth of Y^ inch. In warm weather germination takes place within a month, and the young seedlings, after they have made their second leaves, can be potted off and carried along in pots for the first year or two, when they are ready to be set out in the open ground. If to be budded, they may be planted in nursery rows about 3 feet apart, 18 inches apart in the row. In south Florida, May has proved to be a favorable season for budding; in strictly tropical regions the work can probably be done at any time, provided the stock plants are in active growth. Budwood should be chosen from young branches which have begun to lose their greenish color and assume a brownish tinge, and should be carefully examined to see that the eyes are well developed. Shield-budding is the method used, the details being practically the same as with the mango ; buds should be cut slightly more than an inch in length, and the wood removed if it comes out readily. After making the incision in the stock, the bud should be inserted and tied as promptly as possible, as the latex soon collects around the incision and renders it difficult to do the work properly. Waxed tape should be used for wrap- ping. After three or four weeks the stock may be headed back, and the wrap loosened, leaving the eye exposed so that it may start into growth.
Occasional seedlings produce fruits which are nearly or quite seedless; some produce fruits weighing more than a pound, while others do not weigh over two or three ounces; some are unusually prolific, or ripen their fruit at especially desirable times of the year. From such seedlings one should select the best for propaga- tion, having in mind the characteristics which it is most desired to perpetuate.
The tree seems to be remarkably free from insect pests and fungous diseases, and in Florida requires very little attention. While fertilizers are not commonly employed, their judicious use will doubtless improve
the size of the fruit and have a beneficial effect in those frequent instances where the tree brings to maturity so many fruits that some remain very small.
F. W. POPENOE.
SAPONARIA (Latin, soap, the mucilaginous juice forming a lather with water) . Caryophyllacese. SOAP- WORT. Hardy often coarse annual or perennial erect or decumbent herbs, used for borders and rockeries.
Habit either annual and resembling that of gyp- sophila or perennial* and similar to that of silene: Ivs. flat: fls. in dichotomous cymes; calyx ovoid or oblong- tubular, 5-toothed, nerves obscure; petals 5, narrow- clawed, blade entire or emarginate, the base with scales or naked; stamens 10; ovary 1-celled: caps, ovoid or oblong, very rarely subglobose. — About 40 species, Eu., principally the Medit. region and extra-Trop. Asia. Saponarias are readily established in any soil and require but little care. >S. ocymoides is an attractive plant for the rockery or for edging. Prop, by seed or division.
A. Plants annual.
B. Calyx 5-angled.
Vaccaria, Linn. (Lychnis Vaccdria, Scop. Vaccaria vul- garis, Hort.). COW-HERB. Annual: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, sessile: fls. paniculate, red; calyx pyramidal, 5-angled, glabrous; bracts membranaceous, acute. July, Aug. Eu. B.M. 2290. Var. alba, Hort., is a white-fld. form.
BB. Calyx not 5-angled.
calabrica, Guss. (S. multiflbra, Hort.). Annual, divaricate-branched, pilose-viscous above: Ivs. opposite, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, attenuate to the petiole, glabrous, ciliate at base: fls. in a dichotomous corym- bose panicle, solitary in the axils, pale rose; calyx cylindrical, segms. obtuse; petals entire, top orbiculate, throat naked. Spring, Italy and Greece. Gn. 71, p. 78. Gt. 1:100. R.H. 1851:281. Var. alba, Hort. (S. multiflbra alba, Hort.), is a form with white fls. There are horticultural forms of this species offered in the
trade under the names of S. multiflbra compdcta and S. multiflbra com- pdcta alba. — Seed should be sown in autumn for spring bloom or in April for summer-flowering.
AA. Plants perennial.
B. Fls. yellow. c. Lvs. linear: stamens
violet.
Ifitea, Linn. Cespi- tose: sts. 3-6 in. high, 2-lvd. : Ivs. subradical, linear, ciliate at base: fls. yellow, in dense heads; calyx round, hairy; petals linear, crenate; stamens violet. Eu.
cc. Lvs. spatulate-oblong:
stamens yellow. bellidif olia, Smith. Cespitose, glabrous: sts. 8-16 in. high: Ivs. spatu- late-oblpng, attenuate to the petiole; cauline Ivs. few, linear-spatulate : fls. yellow, sessile, congested in a small head at the top of the st. ; calyx subcylin- drical, teeth triangular; petals oblong-linear ; sta- mens yellow: caps, ob- 3546. Saponaria officinalis. (X*$) long. S. Eu. to Greece.
SAPOXARIA
SAPOTE
3075
BB. Fls. rose or white. c. The plants not cespitose.
D. St. stout, erect.
officinalis, Linn. BOUNCING BET. Fig. 3546. Per- ennial: sts. 1H~2J2 ft. high, leafy, simple, clustered, glabrous: Ivs. mostly oblong-lanceolate, 3-nerved: fls. light pink (nearly white in shady situations), in com- pact, corymbose, paniculate cymes; calyx glabrous, the teeth triangularly acumi- nate; petal -lobes obo- vate, entire,