\ THE STANDARD CYCLOPEDIA OF HORTICULTURE THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD, TORONTO THE JH^L STANDARD CYCLOPEDIC OF HORTICULTURE A DISCUSSION, FOR THE AMATEUR, AND THE PROFESSIONAL AND COMMERCIAL GROWER, OF THE KINDS, CHARACTERISTICS AND METHODS OF CULTIVATION OF THE SPECIES OF PLANTS GROWN IN THE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA FOR ORNAMENT, FOR FANCY, FOR FRUIT AND FOR VEGETABLES; WITH KEYS TO THE NATURAL FAMILIES AND GENERA, DESCRIPTIONS OF THE HORTI- CULTURAL CAPABILITIES OF THE STATES AND PROVINCES AND DEPENDENT ISLANDS, AND SKETCHES OF EMINENT HORTICULTURISTS BY L. H. BAILEY Illustrated with Colored Plates, Four Thousand Engravings in the Text, and Ninety-six Full-page Cuts IN SIX VOLUMES VOL. VI— S-Z AND SUPPLEMENT PAGES 3043-3639. FIGS. 3516-4056 THIRD EDITION THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD. 1919 The rights of reproduction and of translation are strictly reserved ** **< ' • " •- • ' ' '". » •* • " e* ? 2 c'*e i."8 ' V. fo COPYRIGHT, 1902 BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY REWRITTEN, ENLARGED AND RESET COPYRIGHT, 1917 BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Set Up and Electrotyped. Published March 28, 1917 Reprinted May, 1917; March, 1919 AGRJC. DEPT, J. HORACE MCFABLAND COMPAHY HARBISBURO, PENNSYLVANIA FULL-PAGE PLATES Facing page CI. Well-filled mixed border, with lilacs predominating (in color) . Frontispiece CII. Sambucus canadensis, the American sweet or summer-flowering elder . . 3068 CIII. Greenhouse group of parent and hybrid sarracenias . . ... . . 3084 CIV. Seed-growing in California. — Drying and turning lettuce stalks on the sheets; cutting onion heads (Photographs by C. C. Morse & Co.) . . . 3134 CV. Solidago ulmifolia, one of the Common goldenrods 3187 CVI. Spinach. — A plant of Long Season variety; spinach field near Norfolk, Virginia. 3205 CVII. Effective shrubbery border. — Spireas in good form 3235 CVIII. Strawberry.— The Climax variety (in color) - . . 3260 CIX. Sweet peas of the Spencer or waved type 3284 CX. Commercial field of sweet potatoes in the Middle South 3296 CXI. Syringa (lilac), Madame Lemoine 3325 CXII. A good type of commercial tomato. — Brinton Best (in color) .... 3352 CXIII. Tsuga canadensis. — The hemlock spruce of the northeastern United States and Canada 3383 CXIV. Tulip varieties bf the Tulipa Gesneriana type (in color) 3402 CXV. A market-garden of the modern type nea"r a city, with overhead irrigation . 3437 CXVI. Viburnum tomentosum . . . . . . . . .. . 3458 CXVTI. Victoria and nymphaea in a good setting 3480 C XVIII. Washingtonia filifera var. robusta . .~ ....... 3506 CXIX. Wisteria sinensis hi a striking effect 3517 CXX. Zinnia, Giant Yellow and Scarlet . . . . 3549 SUPPLEMENT Page General statement; statistics of the Cyclopedia 3553 Collaborators in the making of the Cyclopedia 3555 Cultivator's guide to the practice articles . 3562 Additional species 3565 New combinations in Latin names 3574 Finding-list of trade names 3575 Index to the six volumes, of synonyms, vernacular names, and others not in regular alphabetic sequence , 3611 (v) 497722 SABAL (possibly a native name in South America, but the author of the genus does not explain). Pal- maceae, tribe Coryphese. Spineless palms, low, tall, or almost stemless. Trunk slender or robust, ringed or nearly smooth, creeping or erect, ascending at the base, clothed above with dead If .-sheaths: Ivs. terminal, orbicular or cune- ate at the base, flabellately multifid; segms. linear, bifid, filamentous on the margins, induplicate in the bud; rachis short or long; ligule short, adnate to the rachis; peti- ole concave above, the margins smooth, acute ; sheath short : spadices large, elongated, decom- pound, at first erect, the branches and branchlets slender, recurving, pendent; spathes sheathing the branches and peduncles tubular, oblique at the throat: bracts and bractlets minute: fls. small, glabrous, white or green: frs. small, globose, black, the short style basal . — Spe- cies probably 20, if Inodes is not sepa- rated. Fla. to Ven- ezuela, and in Mex. Here belongs the palmetto or cabbage palm of the south- ern states. The best botanical ac- count of the genus is Beccari's, Le Palmae Americane della tribu delle Coryphese, pp. 10- 83 (1907). Most of the species can be cult, in the tem- perate house, but any that may come into the trade from S. Amer. would re- quire stove condi- tions. <S. Palmetto can be grown out- doors from Charles- ton southward. 5. texana and 5. exul are handsomer species, and hardy in parts of Texas. The arboreous species of Sabal have been separated by Cook (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 28:529) as Inodes. These species also differ in their foliage. "The leaves of Sabal are adapted for standing erect and avoid resist- ance to the wind by being split down the middle. The leaves of Inodes which are held horizontal from an erect axis have attained the unique adaptation of a 193 (3043) decurved midrib which braces the sloping sides of the leaf and effectively prevents the breaking above the ligule." The cabbage palmetto (5. Palmetto) grows in groups of a few specimens to several hundreds or even thous- ands in the rich black soil on the banks of the St. Johns and Ocklawaha rivers of Florida, forming a glorious sight. They are found northward to South Carolina, but they attain their fullest development in Florida, where they always form an important feature of the land- scape. Generally they grow in dense groups, but they are more beautiful in all their parts where they have room enough to spread. In south- ern Florida under- neath the crown of leaves is often found a dense wreath o'f ferns (Polypodium aureum), which heightens the charm of these palms con- siderably. On the St. Johns the trunk is often covered with the trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), or it is hidden by the dense foliage of the cross- vine (Bignonia capreolata), both of which form a beau- tiful ornament, especially when in flower. These sug- gestions of nature are often followed by planters who have a feeling for nat ure - like land- scape effects. The cabbage palmetto thrives even in the poor sandy soil, and it is greatly im- 3516. Sabal Palmetto, the cabbage palmetto of the southern states. proved by cultiva- tion. Even good- sized trees are not difficult to trans- plant if the whole stem is carefully dug out and all of the roots and leaves are cut off. If the stem has been set at least 3 feet deep and the soil is kept well watered after planting, the palmetto is almost sure to live. In addition to the palmetto, all of the sabals men- tioned in this work are cultivated by the undersigned on high pine land in southern Florida. Under these conditions the sabals have proved a great success, as also all species of Phoenix and all Cqcos of the australis type, while the species of Washingtonia, Erythea, 3044 SABAL SABAL Livisljona, and- Tmeh^carpus have been an entire failure." vS. Bl&ckbww&auti -is, in the judgment of some, the fiaest of. all the. fan-lea.ved-palms that can be grown ifr'FJoVdav 1A11 -the £pe$ies that 'form trunks are objects of great 'b'eaUly'wheh^fell "grown. They need to be well fertilized, or the lower leaves will suffer and finally die, thus detracting much from the elegance of the speci- men. They all grow naturally in rich black soil, but they all thrive exceedingly well in the sandy pine-woods soil if well fertilized and watered; in fact, they can hardly be fertilized too much, and the more nitrogenous manure and water they get the faster they grow. When trans- planted they must be set deep. In planting palms make a hollow about 6 feet in diameter and about 2 feet deep in the center. This center, which receives the plant, is the deepest point, while the ground all around is slightly sloping. Care must be taken to remove the sand after heavy rains or the crown will soon be buried and the little plant dies. As the palm first forms the 3517. Sabal glabra. trunk in the soil and as the growth is rather rapid, this precaution is not necessary after the plant has attained a few feet in size. (H. Nehrling.) A. Trunk evident, usually tall. B. Foliage very glaucous. uresana, Trel. (Inbdes uresdna, Cook). Trunk 15- 35 ft. high and upward of 1 ft. diam.: Ivs. glabrous, very glaucous ; petiole stout, concavo-convex, unarmed, about 40 in. long, nearly 1 in. wide and nearly %in. thick; blade about 40 in. long and wide, multifid, with coarse straw-colored fibers from the sinuses, the center arcuately recurved: fr. of a single developed carpel, depressed globose, %in. or less in diam., edible, green, or when dry dingy brown and somewhat glossy, the mesocarp then cottony; endocarp whitish straw-color, glossy within; seed polished, dark chestnut-brown, labyrinthiform-rugose, much depressed. Sonora, Mex., in the vicinity of Ures; intro. to cult, in S. Calif. R.H. 1910, p. 59. Described and figured in vol. 12 (1901) of Kept. Mo. Bot. Gard. — "From the two arboreous pal- mettos of the United States, S. uresana differs markedly in its pale, very glaucous foliage, and in the size of its fruit, which is of thrice the diameter of that of S. Pal- metto, and usually a third larger than in S. mexicana, with the former of which species it agrees in having but one of the three carpels developed and fertile while in S. mexicana two or even all three are not infrequently developed. Considering the extent to which this section of Mexico has been visited by collectors of seeds it would be remarkable if this attractive plant should not prove to be already in cultivation in European gardens." BB. Foliage green or essentially so, at least above. mauritiaefSnnis, Griseb. & Wendl.; also spelled mauritiiformis. Trunk middle-sized, but occasionally attaining 60-80 ft.: Ivs. finally 12 ft. across; blade suborbicular, longer than the petiole, glaucous beneath, multifid to the middle, with loose fibers between the bifid lobes: spadix very long and much branched, appearing below the Ivs.: fr. globose or inverted pear- shaped, about 1^ in. long. W. Indies. — The name mauritiseformis does not appear in the American trade, but S. glaucescens, Lodd. and Hort., probably belongs here, according to Grisebach. Nehrling writes: "S. glaucescens of the trade rivals S. Blackburniana in beauty and rapidity of growth. Its Ivs., though smaller, have a beautiful bluish green color." Palmetto, Lodd. (Inbdes Palmetto, Cook). CABBAGE PALMETTO. Fig. 3516. St. erect, 20-80 ft. high: lys. 5-8 ft. long, cordate in outline, recurved at the summit, shorter than the petiole; segms. deeply cleft: spadix spreading, shorter than the Ivs.: drupe black, ^-Km- long. N. C. to Fla. and Bahamas. S.S. 10:507. A.F. 12:628. — S. Mocinii, Hort., is referred to S. Palmetto by Voss, but Nehrling describes it as a stemless plant from Mex., more beautiful than the dwarf palmetto, bearing immense Ivs. on strong stalks, the Ivs. attaining a height of 6-8 ft. Others think S. Mocinii is the same as S. Blackburniana. S. Palmetto has been confused in the European trade with S. texana. Very commonly planted as a shade and avenue tree in the southern states. Blackburniana, Glazeb. (S. umbraculifera, Mart. Inbdes Blackburniana, Cook) . St. 30- 40 ft. high, thickened at the middle: blade ample, orbicular, glaucous, rather rigid, shorter than the petiole; lobes ab9ut 40, ensi- form, bifid, filamentous, rather rigid: spadix more branched than in any other species: fr. inverted pear-shaped, about 1^ in. long. W. Indies. G.F. 4:307. G.C. II. 2:777. Loudon's Gard. Mag. 5: 52-7, with several figures. R.B. 35, p. 189. causiarum, Becc. (Inbdes causidrum, Cook). PORTO Rico HAT-PALM. YARAY. Trunk to 40 or 50 ft. and 2 ft. thick, columnar or nearly so, light gray or nearly white: If .-bases splitting into fibers and more or less remaining as long ribbons: Ivs. about 12 ft. long, the blade and petiole about equal in length but both surpassed by the infl., the petiole keeled near the end above: fr. J^-^in. diam., grayish, with a finely rugose or nearly smooth chestnut-brown seed. texana, Becc. (S. mexicana, Auth., not Mart. Inbdes texana, Cook). Robust palm, to 50 ft. and 2% ft. diam. of trunk which is bright reddish brown: Ivs. 5-7 ft. across, shining and yellowish green, the segms. often parted and filamentose, the petiole stout and equaling or exceeding the blade: terminal branchlets of infl. slender: seed about 3^in. broad, with a prominent micropyle. S. Texas. S.S. 10:508. exul, Bailey (Inbdes exul, Cook). A strong vigor- ous tree with large crown of vivid green Ivs., and green trunk due to the color retained in the sheathing lf.- bases: Ivs. otherwise much like those of S. texana: branchlets of infl. thickened: fr. solitary, with large seed not wrinkled above nor hollowed below. — Described from handsome trees planted at Victoria, Texas, probably native of Mex. Hardy and promising, princeps, Hort. Large species with a stout trunk which is covered with the persistent bases of the old Ivs.: Ivs. very large, about 5 ft. long; blade divided into about 100 segms., chartaceous, green; segms. all SABAL SACCHARUM 3045 rather shortly cleft at the apex, about 3 ft. long by 1 ^£ in. broad, acuminate, pointed: fruiting spadices pend- ent, about 6 ft. long, forming a very dense panicle: spathe tubular-funnelform, striate, obliquely truncate: fr. black, shining, globose. Habitat unknown; cult, in S. Calif. — Resembles S. Blackbumiana. AA. Trunk none or creeping. glabra, Sarg. (S. Addnsonii, Guerns. S. minus or nunor, Pers. Corypha minor, Jacq. not Linn.). DWARF PALMETTO. BLCE PALM. Fig. 3517. St. short, buried in the earth so that the palm appears stemless: Ivs. 2-3 ft. long; blade circular in its outline, somewhat longer than the petiole, glaucous; segms. slightly cleft at the apex: spadix erect, much longer than the Ivs., 3-6 ft.: drupe }£in. thick, black. Southern states. B.M. 1434. — Often cult, outdoors in the southern states. There are different forms, apparently unknown to the trade. megacarpa, Small (S. Etbnia, Swingle). SCRUB PALMETTO. Low shrub, the sts. elongated, creeping, and contorted: Ivs. standing 4-5 ft. high, the sharp-edged petioles exceeding the nearly orbicular blades which are 1J^-2J^ ft. across, deeply cleft at apex and segms., longer than body, filamentose: infl. 2-2 ^ ft- long, ascending but becoming prostrate, branching: perianth yellowish white: fr. nearly globose, K~Mm- diam. Fla. The following are mostly trade names, but at present they can be only imperfectly described: S. cseruliscens. Bull. A native of Col- ombia intro. in 1875. Apparently only the juvenile state has been described. Lvs. elongate, linear-lanceolate, plicate, with a bluish or glaucous green color which is very strongly marked on the under surface. Xehrling writes that he cannot distinguish at present his specimens of S. cserulescens from S. glaucescens. — S. dealbata, Hort. "This species," writes Xehrling, "reminds one of S. Mocinii, although it is smaller in all its parts. The Ivs. are numerous, glau- cous green and of a fine fan-shaped form. Compared with the sabals that form a trunk, these stemless species have little beauty, though they look well as foliage plants in company with Cycas revoluta and Dioon edule." The name "dealbata" means whitened, but it app.ears to be unrecognized in botanical literature in con- nection with Sabal. — S. Ghiesbrechiii, Hort., is S. Palmetto, at least so far as some gardens are concerned, but Beccari considers it an European name applied to cult, plants of S. Palmetto. — S. glauca, Hort. Pitcher & Manda, 1895, may possibly be meant for S. glaucescens. — S. haranensis, Lodd., according to Xehrling, "is a more upright grower than S. Blackburniana, has a slender st. and the If.-stalks are longer and thinner. The Ivs. have a bluish green color while young, changing to a fine dark green when they get older." Habitat unknown and the name has no botanical standing. — S. Hodgendorpii, Hort., is Livistona Hoogendorpii- — S. jatdnica, Hort., Pitcher & Manda, is possibly meant for S. havanensis, since Sabal is an American genus and is not known in Java. — S. longifdlia, Hort., according to Xehrling "has very numerous, long and slender Ivs. which are bright green above and silvery below." — S. longi- pedunculata, Hort., according to Xehrling, "is a stemless plant with smaller Ivs. than those of S. Mocinii and very long and slender stalks." Reasoner adds that the Ivs. are glaucous green. The last two are known only by these trade names, and are not certainly referable to any maintained species. L H B t SABATIA (named after Liberatus Sabbati, an Italian botanist of the eighteenth century)) also spelled Sab- batia. Gentianacese . Hardy annual or biennial (rarely perennial by stolons) herbs, making showy garden or border plants, although little grown. Leaves opposite, sessile or clasping: fls. showy, rose- pink or -purple or white, in cymose panicles terminating the branches; calyx 5-12-parted, the lobes slender; corolla rotate, 5-12-parted, usually with a yellow eye: caps, globose or ovoid, 2-valved. — About 18 or 20 species, N. Amer. and Cuba, mostly on the coastal plain. Sabatias require a light sweet soil. Seed may be sown in fall or early spring. The plants are easily transplanted. Some of them grow in brackish places. A. Fls. 5-parted, rarely 6-7-parted. brachiata, Ell. St. slightly angled, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. linear to linear-oblong, obtuse, obscurely 3-nerved at the base: fls. showy, light rose to white, 1-1 J^ in. across, in thyrsiform panicles, the lateral peduncles bearing usually 3-fld. cymes; calyx-lobes linear, shorter or nearly equaling corolla. Ind. to N. C. and south. lanceolata, Torr. & Gray. St. simple, 1-3 ft. high: Ivs. about 1 in. long, shorter than internodes, ovate- lanceolate or ovate, acute, 3-5-nerved, the floral re- duced to subulate bracts: fls. about 1 in. across, white, fading yellowish; calyx-lobe more than half length of corolla. May-Sept. Pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. angularis, Pursh. St. somewhat 4-wing-angled, 1^-2 ft. high: Ivs. ovate, 3-5-nerved: fls. fragrant, showy, light rose to white, 1-2 in. across, in much- branched pyramidal or somewhat corymbose cymes; calyx-lobes linear, much shorter than the corolla. Rich, light soil in open fields. W. Canada to Fla. AA. Fls. 8-12-parted. dodecandra, BSP. (S. chloroides, Pursh). Apparently perennial, usually in brackish marshes near the coast from Long Island southward: to 2 ft. high: Ivs. oblong to oblong-lanceolate, blunt or somewhat acute: calyx- lobes herbaceous, 3-5-nerved; corolla rose-colored or white with yellow spot at base of each oblong-spatulate or oblanceolate segm. S. Kennedyana, Fern., is the New England representative, of fresh pond-shores, earlier-flowering: freely stoloniferous, to 2H ft.: basal Ivs. oblanceolate-acuminate; st.-lvs. shorter, firm, lance- acuminate and subulate: calyx-lobes not herbaceous, linear-subulate; corolla-lobes cuneate-obovate, rounded or emargmate at summit, with much broader yellow 8P°t- L. H. B.f SABIA (from its Bengal name, Sabja-lat). Sabidcese. A genus of about 20 species of woody vines or sarmen- tose shrubs native to India, China, and Japan, with alternate petioled entire deciduous Ivs. and axillary, solitary, or cymose, rather small and dull-colored, greenish, purplish, brownish, or yellow fls. followed by small blue drupe-like frs. Fls. perfect, 5-, rarely 4- merous; petals short, semi-orbicular to ovate; petals oval to oblong; stamens shorter than petals; ovary superior, 2-ceUed, each cell with 2 ovules: drupes usually reniform, blue, solitary or 2 and slightly coher- ing at the base, 1-seeded; stone reticulate.— Only the following recently intro. species is in cult., but little is yet known of its cultural requirements; at the Arnold Arboretum it is growing well under ordinary conditions and has proved hardy. Prop, is by seeds and probably by cuttings. S. Schumanniana, Diels. Climbing shrub, to 10 ft., glabrous: branchlets green: Ivs. petioled, oblong-lanceolate, rarely elliptic, acuminate, broadly cuneate at the base, bright green, reticulate beneath, H-4 in. long: fls. greenish to greenish-purple, cup- shaped, 3^in. across, ia slender-stalked, nodding, usually few-fld. cymes; peduncle filiform, 1-1^ in. long: fr. reniform, Mm- broad; stone slightly com- Eressed, reticulate. W. China. — The drooping blue •s., if freely produced under cult., apparently constitute the chief ornamental feature of this species. ALFRED REHDER. SACCHARUM (saccharon, old Greek name for sugar). Graminex. The sugar-cane group, little grown for ornament, although making bold specimens. Tall grasses with stout culm and ample panicles, the branches many-jointed: spikelets small, slender, 1-fld., surrounded by long silky hairs. — Species 12, in tropical regions, mostly of the Old World. Differs from Erian- thus in having awnless spikelets. The most important species is the sugar-cane, which is extensively cult, in tropical and subtropical countries for the production of sugar. Prop, by cuttings of the st. Native coun- try unknown, but probably E. Asia. Cult, from time immemorial by cuttings, for which reason many varieties have lost the power to flower or at least to produce fertile seed. Rum is produced from the fermented molasses. officinarum, Linn. SUGAR-CANE. St. 8-20 ft. high, 1-2 in. thick. Dept. Agric., Div. Agrost., Bull. 20:18. G.W. 8:261 (under the name S. officinale) .— The differ- ent cult, varieties are distinguished by color and height of st. 3046 SACCHARUM SACCOLABIUM spontaneum, Linn. Less tall and stout than sugar- cane, freely blooming, found in the Medit. region, where it is sometimes cult, as a hedge-plant, and throughout the tropics of the Old World. A variety of this, S. segyptmcum, is shown in Gn. 11, p. 78; 16, p. 323. ciliare, Anders. Lvs. very narrow, channeled, glau- cous, the lower erect. Intro, from India.— Said to make large clumps and to be hardy at Santa Barbara, Calif., but not known to bloom there. A. S. HITCHCOCK. SACCOLABIUM (name refers to the saccate label- lum). Orchidacese. Epiphytic herbs with erect leafy stems increasing in length by continued growth at the apex, grown in warm glasshouses. Leaves distichous, leathery and fleshy, usually chan- neled: infl. lateral, in the cultivated species a long, densely fld. cylindrical raceme; fls. medium or small; sepals subequal, free, spreading, the lateral pair not decurrent on the base of the column; petals similar, sometimes wider; labellum united with the base of the column, spurred, the mouth of the spur open; pollinia on a filiform stipe. — About 20 or more species. Can be prop, by offsets and by cut-backs. Fresh stock is con- stantly imported. This interesting genus embraces a number of pretty and distinct species from Borneo, Cochin-China, India, Java, and Philippines. They are closely allied to the genera Aerides, PhalaBnopsis and Vanda, and require some- what similar treatment, but dp not always acclimatize themselves as readily to artificial cultivation unless given a location with more or less natural surroundings, although some of the more free-growing species, like S. ampullaceum, S. curvifolium, S. coeleste, and S. Hender- sonianum, can usually be grown successfully in the cattleya or cypripeoUum department. The large- growing species with thick succulent leaves require a warm moist atmosphere where the winter temperature can be retained at 65° to 70° F. by night and about 75° during the day, and in the summer or growing season 10° in advance of this. All succeed best when suspended from the roof in panSj baskets or on blocks where they can have free circulation of air about them at all times, receive indirect benefit of the sun's influence, which will harden their tissue, and where the compost may readily and frequently dry out, during the resting period especially. Grown otherwise the more succulent species, such as S. giganteum (a Vanda), make soft weak tissue, which is susceptible to wet-spot, a usually fatal disease. Clean chopped sphagnum, freely inter- spersed with broken pieces of charcoal, is the most satisfactory growing material, and this should not be pressed in so firmly as entirely to exclude access of au- to the roots, but the plants must always be firmly secured with pieces of charcoal, potsherds or other similar material, or securely fastened with copper wire to keep them in position, otherwise being more or less top-heavy they are liable to work loose, under which conditions they cannot become properly established. Shading should be applied to the glass from February until November to break the sun's direct rays, but dur- ing the remainder of the year when the solar light is weak its direct influence will be found beneficial. In bright weather in the growing season the plants need a liberal supply of water, both at the roots and over the foliage, but during the resting period and in wet inclement weather, water and syringing must be carefully and sparingly administered. Judgment in this respect is very essential to the successful culture of these plants. The supply of saccolabiums is kept up by fresh importation. These cultural directions apply also to the genus Rhynchostylis. (Robert M. Grey.) A. F Is. rose-colored. Hendersonianum, Reichb. f. Dwarf: Ivs. 4-6 in. long, strap-shaped, subacute, distichous on the sts. but spreading in various directions: raceme upright, about as long as the Ivs.; fls. forming a cylindrical mass, bright rose, %jin. across; dorsal sepals orbicular, con- cave, lateral ones larger, obovate-oblong; petals obo- vate; labellum a blunt, straight spur with 3 teeth at the mouth, white. Borneo. B.M. 6222. ampullaceum, Lindl. Fig. 3518. Dwarf: st. 6-8 in. high, with 2 rows of Ivs. : Ivs. strap-shaped, channeled, apex truncate and dentate : racemes nearly erect, 4-6 in. high; fls. deep rose-color; sepals and petals ovate, veined, spreading out flat; labellum linear-falcate, one- half as long as the petals; spur slender, straight. May, June. N. India. B.M. 5595. P.M. 13:49. J.H. III. 32:463. Var. moulmeinense, Hort., is a geographical variety with stronger growth and larger fls. AA. Fls. orange or scarlet-orange, curvifdlium, Lindl. Sts. short: Ivs. linear, 8-10 in. long, 2-toothed at the apex: racemes somewhat droop- ing, 6 in. long, dense; fls. 1 in. across, bright orange- scarlet; sepals and petals ovate to obovate, spreading; 3518. Saccolabium ampullaceum. ( X M) labellum orange, blade linear, truncate, spur obtuse. May, June. Burma, Java. B.M. 5326 (as S. miniatum). I.H. 13:493. cerinum, Reichb. f. St. short, thick: Ivs. strap- shaped, obtusely 2-lobed: raceme dense, half drooping; fls. orange, with a paler spur; sepals oblong; petals ovate. Sunda Isls. AAA. Fls. white, spotted with blue. coeleste, Reichb. f. Plant rarely 1 ft. high, with decurved Ivs. and erect, densely fld. racemes 6-^9 in. long: fls. white, with the front of the lip and the tips of the segms. sky-blue; sepals and petals cuneate, oblong, obtuse; labellum rhomboid, spur compressed, curved. July, Aug. Siam. J.H. III. 28:87; 46:25. SACCOLABIUM SAGE 3047 S. btllinum, Reichb. f. Sts. short: Ivs. 7-12 in. long.: fls. fleshy, 1 !4 in. across; sepals and petals spreading, somewhat incurved, similar, obovate-oblong, yellow, blackish-purple-blotched; h'p sub- globose saccate and with a lunate blade, the former white, purple- spotted, the blade 2-lobed, pubescent above, fimbriate-denticulate, white, with the disk orange-yellow, purple-spotted. Burma. G.C. III. 39:419. J.H. III. 48:423. — S. Blumei, LinoU.=Rhynchostylis retusa. — S. datypdgon, LindL Allied to S. bellinum. Sepals and petals yellow: lip white with purple markings. Nepal. — S. fragrant, Par. & Reichb. f. Fls. numerous, white, violet-scented; Up mauve- purple. Burma.— -5. F&rslenbergianum, Schlecht, InfL branched ; fls. rose-red with paler spur and white column. Siam. O. 1912:68. — S. giganteum, LindL=Vanda densiflora, — S. glomeratum, Rolfe. St*. trailing, often 1-3 ft. long: racemes densely many-fld.; fls. small, yellow, spotted and striped with brownish red. Borneo. G.C. III. &i:317. — 5. grdciU, Lindl. "A very elegant little species, with slender growths and long decurved racemes of many small white fls." Ceylon. — S. guttaium. Lindl.=Rhynchostylis retusa. — S. Harrisoni- anum, Hook.=Rhvnehostylis violacea var. Harrisonianuni. — S. Uldttre, Hon., probably =Vanda densiflora var. illustre. — S. penan~ giarium. Hook. f. A small plant, only a few inches high: fls. with light yellow sepals; side lobes of lip and wings of column narrowly margined with purple. Malay Penins. — P. jJatyadcaratum, Rolfe. Dwarf herb: 6s. very small, with sepals and petals yellow, spotted with brown. Burma. — S. prarm<5r*um, LindL =Rhynchosty Us retusa. — S. Regnieri, Hort, Plant smaU: fls. in short racemes, orange-colored. — S. reiusum, Voight=Rhj-nchostyUs retusa. — S. Kheedii. Wight=Rhynchostylis retusa. — S. rubescens, Rolfe. Sts. a foot tall: Ivs. oblong, 5-6 in. long, 1-1 H in. broad: racemes 3-^5 in. long, many-fld. ; fls. Hm. long, light rosy purple; dorsal sepal elUptic, obtuse, Jiin. long, lateral sepals ovate; petals elliptic, obtuse, >iin. long: lip 3-lobed. Annam. B.M. 8121. — S. sarcochibridts, Schlecht. Racemes spreading, short: fls. small, lasting only a day, white; sepals and petals with violet-red spots on base; Up with orange-yellow side lobes. Philippines. — S. riolaceum, Reichb. f.=Rhynchostylis vio- GEORGE V. SACCOLOMA (from Greek for sac and edge, refer- ring to the indusia). Polypodiacex. A group of tropical ferns, somewhat related to Davallia. They are pin- nately divided, often of large size, and with scaly petioles; petioles and pinnae not jointed to their points of attachment: indusia attached along one side at the base. inaequale, Mett. (DavaUia brasiliensis, Hook.). A large stove fern with creeping rootstock: Ivs. as much as 6 ft. long, twice-pinnate or more. Common in the American tropics. R. C. BENEDICT. SADLERIA (named after Joseph Sadler). Poly- podiacex. Arborescent ferns suitable only for the warm- house: about 3-4 }-£ ft. tall: lys. large, tufted, double- pinnate, all similar: sori continuous, close to the mid- rib on each side: receptacle elevated; the involucre nar- row, of the form of sorus, leathery, at first wrapped over the sorus, later spreading. — About 5 species, Hawaiian Isl. S. cyaihemdes, Kaulf. About 3-4 ft. high: the stipe strong, erect, 6-18 in. long, naked except at the base and there clothed with long-linear scales: fronds 4-6 ft. long, 9-18 in. broad; pinna? 8-12 in. long, Yr-%J&- broad, cut down to the rachis into very many, connected, linear pinnules, ^g-^iin. long, acute or bluntish. Hawaii. G.C. U. 7:761. G.Z. 22, p. 122. SAGE (Sali'ia officinalis). A sweet-herb, used for seasoning, and somewhat in domestic medicine. For at least three centuries this shrubby fibrous- rooted perennial from southern Europe has been widely cultivated in kitchen-gardens for its aromatic whitish green wrinkled oval leaves. These are arranged oppo- sitely on ascending or decumbent branching stems which seldom exceed 18 inches in height. In early summer the upper parts of these bear generally blue, though some- times pink or white flowers, followed by almost black spheroidal seeds borne in the open cups. The name Salvia is derived from salvo, to save, in reference to the plant's use in ancient medicine; the name sage, from its supposed power to make people wise by strengthen- ing the memory. In modern medicine it is but little used. In domestic practice, however, it is credited with tonic, sudorific, carminative, anthelmintic, and sto- machic properties, and is frequently used as a gargle for aphthous affections of the mouth and pharynx. Its pleasant, though powerful-smelling, bitterish leaves are used for flavoring sausages and some kinds of cheese, for seasoning soups and stews, but mainly for dressings with luscious strong meats such as pork, goose, and duck. Among culinary herbs it ranks first in America, being more widely cultivated than any other except parsley, which is more largely employed for garnishing than as a flavoring agent. When possible the young leaves should be used fresh, for unless carefully dried they lose much of their aroma, which is due to a vola- tile oil and which even with careful curing rapidly dissi- pates. For best results the shoots should be gathered before flower-stems develop, because they are then richer and because later cuttings may be made. For drying upon a commercial scale, since this plan is thought to involve too much labor, the plants are cut in August if seed has been sown early, and the stumps, if not too short, produce again in late autumn; or if grown as a secondary crop, which is the common way, they are cut only once — namely, in autumn. Plants grown from cuttings (see below) will often produce three crops in a season. Upon a small scale, a warm airy room is best for drying, the plants being either laid loosely upon racks or the floor, or hung from the ceiling and walls. Upon a larger scale, a fruit-evaporator with a steady current of warm air at about 100° F. may be used. After drying, the leaves are rubbed to a powder and stored in air-tight vessels. Sage does best in an open sunny aspect and a well- drained mellow loam of medium texture, rich in humus and nitrogenous matter. Stable-manure or a fertilizer containing potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen should be applied before the plowing, if done in the spring. Fall plowing is generally preferred when sage alone is to occupy the land. In each case plowing should be as deep as the surface soil will profitably permit. Thor- ough fining of the soil must precede, and clean cultiva- tion follow planting, the plants being set in drills about 15 inches apart and 10 inches asunder for manual culti- vation, or 18 to 21 inches apart and 10 inches asunder for power cultivation. The former method is, as a rule, more profitable though more laborious. After harvesting (see above) if the bed is to be permanent, northern plantations should be mulched with marsh-hay or other material free from weed seeds. For garden practice it is common to divide the clumps biennially, since the plants become strag- gling if left longer. Upon a commercial scale, however, it is better to rely upon cuttings or seedlings. Propagation may be by seed, cuttings, layers, or division. Seed, the vitality of which lasts three years, maj' be drilled thinly in flats in greenhouse, hotbed, or coldframe in early spring; or out-of-doors as soon as the ground becomes dry enough, in specially prepared beds of fine soil, covering them about H inch deep. In the former case the plants must be pricked out and hard- ened off to render them stocky and hardy before trans- Slanting; in the latter, they are taken directly to the eld. This operation may be performed from mid-June until late July, the plants being not less than 2 to 3 inches tall. The former method, which is considered the better, is the common commercial practice. Cuttings may be of mature or of immature wood. With each, shade and moisture are essential to success. Mature wood cuttings, made in early spring, should be ready for the field in less than six weeks; immature, taken from outside shoots just before they would form blos- som-heads, are left in the cutting-bed until the fol- lowing year. Such plants are usually more prolific than those grown from mature wood or from spring seedlings, and are, therefore, best when sage alone is to occupy the land. But when it is to follow some early vegetable, mature wood cuttings or seedling plants will probably be found best, though little or nothing can be cut before September. As practised by market-garden- ers in the vicinity of New York, each of the above methods has its advocates, but practically all agree upon the plowing and harrowing of the ground in June or 3048 SAGE SAGITTARIA July after harvesting an early crop, such as beets, cab- bage or peas. About twice in the three weeks after setting the plants, the field is raked to destroy sprouting weeds and to keep the surface loose, after which, if well done, but slight hoeing is necessary. In September, when the plants crowd each other, each alternate plant or row of plants is cut for sale and the remainder allowed to fill the space. At the first cutting each plant should make about two marketable bunches; at the second at least three. This practice not only insures plants full of leaves at each cutting but at least doubles the quantity in the end. In America the green broad-leaved varieties are in far greater demand than the colored and the narrow- leaved kinds. The best variety known to the writer is Holt Mammoth, which is exceptionally prolific of large leaves. It is said to produce no seed. M G. KAINS. SAGENIA. A generic name for a group of tropical ferns here referred to Tectaria, from which there is no valid distinction. For S. decurrens see Tectaria decur- rens. SAGERETIA (after Augustin Sageret, French botanist, 1763-1851). Rhamndcese. A genus of about 15 species of armed or unarmed often scandent shrubs native to the warmer parts of Asia, in Amer. from N. C. to Mex., with opposite or nearly opposite, entire or ser- rulate, small, deciduous or persistent Ivs. and with minute whitish fls. in terminal or axillary spikes or panicles, followed by small berry-like, mostly purple irs. Fls. perfect, 5-merous; the hooded petals and the stamens not exceeding the sepals; disk cup-shaped, 5-lobed; ovary superior, 2-3-celled with a short 2-3- lobed style: fr. a small globose drupe with 2-3 leathery nutlets. — These plants are little known in cult. S. theezans has been recently intrp. by the Dept. of Agric.; according to F. N. Meyer it may be useful as a hedge-plant and its fls. have a delightful fragrance which attracts numerous insects; it is apparently not hardy N., while S. pycnophylla has proved hardy at the Arnold Arboretum. The American S. minutiflora is not recorded as being in cult., but may possibly have been planted in collections in the southern states. The frs. of some species are sweet and edible. Prop, is by seeds and probably by cuttings like berchemia which it resembles in habit and general appearance. S. theezans, Brongn. Spinescent shrub, to 6 ft., with slender spread- ing branches: Ivs. persistent, or subpersistent, short- petioled, ovate or oval, obtusish, subcordate or rounded at the base, minutely serrulate, lustrous above, gla- brous or at first slightly villous beneath, J^-l in. long: fls. sessile in villous spikes Hj-1 in. long or sometimes longer and forming terminal panicles leafy at the base; sepals slightly pubescent outside: fr. purplish black, about Km- across. Fls. in autumn; fr. in spring. China. S. pycnophylla, Schneid. Similar to the pre- ceding species: Ivs. smaller, J^-Jiin. long, rarely nearly %in. long, sometimes acutish: fls. white, glabrous, in slender glabrous spikes H-1J^ in. long, usually only 1-4 at the ends of the branchlets. W. China. S. minuti- flora, Trel. (S. Michaiixii, Brongn.). Spinescent, straggling or trailing shrub: Ivs. short-petioled, leath- ery, ovate to ovate-oblong, acute, serrulate, pubescent while young, glabrous and lustrous at maturity, J^-l Y^ in. long: fls. -j^in. across, in terminal and axillary slen- der sometimes panicled spikes: fr. J^in. across, often gibbous, purple. Fls. in autumn: fr. in spring. N. C. to Fla. and Ala. ALFRED REHDER. SAGINA (Latin, fatness; perhaps alluding to the forage value). Caryophyllaceae. PEARL WORT. Annual or perennial tufted herbs, sometimes used for edging. Leaves awl-shaped: fls. small, usually compara- tively long-stemmed; sepals 4-5; petals 4-5, entire or slightly emarginate, minute or none; stamens equal in number to the sepals or twice as many; ovary 1-loculed, many-seeded; styles of the same number as the sepals and alternate with them. — About 50 species, natives of the temperate and colder regions of the world. subulata, Wimm. (S. pilifera, Hort. Spergula pilif- era, Hort. Spergula subulata, Sw.). PEARLWORT. An evergreen, hardy, densely tufted little plant, cov- ering the ground like a sheet of moss: Ivs. very small, stiff, aristate on the margin, linear: sts. branching and creeping: fls. white, studded all over the plant on long, very slender peduncles. July-Sept. Corsica. R.H. 1896, p. 435. R.B. 20: 153. Var. aftrea has Ivs. marked with yellow. A good rock-plant in shady places. Cult. similar to arenaria. Prop, by division. F. W. BARCLAY. SAGITTARIA (sagitta is Latin for arrow, referring to the arrow-shaped leaves). Alismacese. ARROWHEAD. Perennial hardy herbs useful for foliage effects in bogs and shallow ponds and also for their white buttercup- like flowers. Plants of mostly erect habit, aquatic, the Ivs. and scapes arising from more or less tuberous or knotted rootstocks: Ivs. typically arrow-shaped, with long basal lobes, but sometimes long and linear: fls. imperfect, monoecious (staminate fls. usually in the uppermost whorls) or dioecious, with 3 white broad petals and 3 small greenish sepals, the stamens and pistils numer- ous, the latter ripening into small achenes; infl. com- posed of successive whorls of 3-stalked fls. Sometimes the Ivs. are floating. The number of species admitted is variable, but Buchenau in the last treatment of the genus in Engler's Das Pflanzenreich, hft. 16 (iv. 15, 1903) describes 31. Temperate and tropi- cal regions of the world though lacking in Afr. and Austral. Sagittarias are mostly used for colo- nizing in the open, but S. montevidensis — now the most popular spe- cies — is grown in in- door aquaria or plunged in open ponds in the summer. The arrow- heads are perennials of easy culture, although likely to be infested with aphis. Propaga- tion is by division, or sometimes by seeds. A. Sepals of pistillate fls. (usually in the lower whorls) erect after flowering, and the pedicels of these fls. thick: carpels not glandular. montevidensis, Cham. & Schlecht. folia; often known as S. ery large> sometimes variabilis. ( x 1A) growing 6 ft. tall, with If .-blades 1-2 ft. long: Ivs. arrow-shaped, with long, diverging, sharp basal lobes: fls. very large (2 to nearly 3 in. across), the rounded petals white with a purple blotch at the base. Argentina to Brazil, Chile, and Peru. B.M. 6755. Gn. 27:8. G. 17:273. G.W. 4, p. 68. G.Z. 30:241. I.H. 31:543.— First known as a cult, plant from seeds sent to England in 1883 from Buenos Ayres by John Ball. It is now a popular plant for aquaria SAGITTARIA SAIXTPAULIA 3049 and lily-ponds. Tender to frost. It is sparingly naturalized in the southern parts of the U. S., on both the Atlantic and Pacific sides. AA. Sepals of pistillate fls. reflexed after flowering: pedicels of these fls. slender: carpels somewhat glandular. B. Bracts at base of whorls united, as if only 1. subulata, Buch. (5. natans, in part. S. pusitta, Nutt. . Slender and simple, 'usually only a few inches high: Ivs. linear or narrowly oblanceolate, rigid: fls. few, usually in 1 whorl, white, >£-%in. across, the filaments broad. N. Y. to Ala., along the coast. — Offered by dealers in native plants. A plant once sold as S. natans is said to have come from the Amazon Valley; from this the form known as "Xew Era" was derived; and a cross of the latter with "5. lanceolata" (S. land- folia?), native in La., gave the form "Francis M." S. natans, Pallas, the accepted species under this name, is native in X. Eu. and Siberia. BB. Bracts 3, at base of the whorls. c. Lvs. usually distinctly sagittate. latifdlia, Willd. (S. varidbilis, Engelm.). Fig. 3519. Very variable in stature and shape of Ivs., ranging from a few inches to 3-4 ft. tall: Ivs. mostly broad-sagittate with long basal lobes, but running into very narrow forms: fls. clear white, about 1 in. across, usually mono?cious. the filaments slender: achene winged, with a lateral or oblique beak. Common everywhere in margins of ponds and lakes, and offered by dealers in native plants for colonizing in bog-gardens and in lily- ponds. There is a double-fld. form known as S. vari- dbilis fl.-pl., Hort., which probably belongs here. G. 29:31." sagittifdlia, Linn. OLD-WORLD ARROWHEAD. Rhi- zome thick and tuberous, stolon-bearing: Ivs. broad and sagittate, very variable in form and size: scapes erect, simple or branched, overtopping the Ivs. : bracts narrow- ovate, free or slightly connate at base, shorter than the pedicels: petals large, white; filaments glabrous: achene nearly or quite orbicular and in this respect differing from the allied American species. Throughout Eu. and Asia. — By some authors the American S. lalifolia and others are considered to be con-specific. Var. flfire- pleno, Hort. (S. japonica, Hort. S. japonica fl.-pl., Hort. i. is a form with double fls. common in cult. G.C. 111.30:171. Gn. 74. p. 67. G.M. 44:779. G.W. 3, p. 621. J.H. III. 43:219.— S. chinensis of most trade- lists is apparently one of the many forms of this spe- cies. There appears to be another S. chinensis in the trade, with lanceolate Ivs., the botanical position of which is undetermined. cc. Li-s. usually oblong or linear and not sagittate. D. Filaments slender, tapering upward, cobwebby. lancif olia, Linn. Erect and somewhat rigid, glabrous, the scape sometimes reaching 5 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to narrow-oblong to nearly linear, nerved from the thick midrib: fls. white, in several whorls. Swamps, Del. to the tropics. DD. Filaments abruptly broadened, pubescent. graminea, Michx. Erect and simple, glabrous, 2 ft. or less high: Ivs. reduced to phyllodia, flat, broad-linear to lance-elliptic, pointed: fls. small, white, in 2 or 3 whorls. Newfoundland to Gulf . S. macTOphylla has appeared in trade-lists as "a variety with large foliage and tall lax spikes of white fls." Its botanical position is uncertain as there are two distinct things of this name, one a valid species, the other a large-lvd. form of S. sagittifolia. F. TRACT HuBBARD.f SAGUERUS (East Indian name). Palmacese. An older name for Arenga, but discarded by the "nomina rejicienda" of the Vienna rules. Arenga mindorensis, Becc. (Saffuerus mindorensis, O. F. Coot), has recently been intro. by the U. S. Dept. Agric. from the Philip- pines. It is described as a palm 5-10 ft. high, and proba- bly of decided ornamental value for greenhouses and probably also in S. Calif, and S. Fla. Yet little known in this country. SAGUS RUFFIA: Raphia. ST. JOHN'S-WORT: Hyperieum. SAOTTPAULIA (from the discoverer of the plant, Baron Walter von Saint Paul). Gesneriaceie. Hairy often stemless perennial herbs, used for greenhouse flowering, the blossoms providing an attractive blue. 7 3520. Saintpaulia ionantha. — A young plant just coming into bloom. ( X H) Leaves long-petioled, ovate: peduncles radical (or axillary in the caulescent species), 1-5 in. high, bearing several (or 1) fls. in a loose cyme: calyx small, deeply 5-lobed; corolla wide-campanulate, tube short, the lobes elliptic, blue; perfect stamens 2; ovary hairy: caps, oblong, loculicidally 2-valved; seeds small, ellipsoid. — Four species, Trop. Afr. The end of March is a good time to propagate saint- paulias, when the ripened leaves should be cut off with about an inch of the stalk attached, and inserted in the sand-bed, covering only a small part of the leaf-blade. The sand should not be kept too wet during the process of rooting. Their propagation from seed and general culture is similar to that of gloxinia. The plants may be flowered the entire year or given a period of rest by partly withholding water. (G. W. Oliver.) ionantha, Wendl. AFRICAN VIOLET. L'SAMBARA VIOLET. Fig. 3520. Stemless, hairy: Ivs. many, 1H in. long, ovate or subcordate, thin, regularly crenate, clad on both surfaces with many short and a few very long white hairs: peduncles 1—4 in. long, 1-6-fld.: calyx-lobes linear; corolla-lobes not very equal: caps, narrow-oblong. Trop. Afr. Gt. 42:1391 and p. 323. Gn. 47:133; 74. p. 103; 79, p. 13. G.M. 37:62; 55:97. G.C. 111.13:685. Gn.W. 25:345. G.W. 10, p. 343. R.H. 1893, p. 321. Var. grandifldra, Hort., has much larger fls. than the type, the fls. intense violet. Var. variegata, Hort., has the Ivs. variegated with light yellow turning to white. kewensis, C. B. Clarke. Lvs. entire, with numerous long white hairs: calyx-lobes oblong-linear : caps. 2 or 3 times as broad as the preceding and more shaggy, white-hairy. Trop. Afr. B.M. 7408. R.B. 20:109 (both as S. ionantha). — Very closely related to S. ionantha and confused with it. S. pusilla, Engler, and S. Goetzeana, Engler, of German East Africa, appear not to be in cult. p TRACT HlJBBARD. 3050 SALAD PLANTS SALIX SALAD PLANTS are those with soft and edible leaves or stems, or both, that may be used raw or in the preparation of uncooked dishes. The principal salad plant in America is lettuce, which is used exclusively, but not always expertly, for salads. For full directions for growing lettuce in the garden and under glass, see Lettuce and Forcing. Next to lettuce the best-known salad plant in this country 3522. Pistillate cat- kin of Saliz discolor. (Natural size.) 3521. Stamina te catkin of Saliz discolor. (Natural size.) is probably endive, which is excellent, especially when well-blanched plants are to be had in the winter. Chicory is much like endive, as regards its treatment either in the garden or in the salad-dish. Like endive, it is frequently seen in the larger city markets. The com- mon dandelion should be mentioned in this category. When forced and blanched it makes a salad fit for the most cultivated epicure. For ordinary home cultiva- tion and use, however, the common garden cress (Lepidium sativum, not water-cress, nor upland cress) ranks next to lettuce in value. Its rapid growth and high flavor equally recommend it. This plant is said to be a great favorite in English gardens and forcing- houses, where it is grown in mixture with white mustard and is pulled very young and eaten roots and all. Corn salad is another plant sometimes grown in gardens and used for salad-making. It is most acceptable to those who do not relish the pungency of mustard and cress. Chives is used by many persons as an ingredient of let- tuce and other salads; also young onions. Many other plants are used in various places and by various persons for salads. Besides the salad plants proper, many vegetables are used in a cooked or raw condition for salads. Such are cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, potatoes, lima beans, beets, Jerusalem artichoke, and the like. With salad plants may also be included pot-herbs, or "greens." The plants especially to be mentioned in this category are swiss chard, beet-tops, spinach, kale, endive, wit- loof and mustard. Many other plants find occasional or local favor. See Greens. The only general cultural directions which can be given for salad plants are that blanching is often desir- able and a quick unchecked growth is always a requisite. An abundance of rapidly available fertilizer and plenty of water are therefore to be insisted on. A warm light soil, in the best mechanical condition, is necessary for the same reasons. F A WAUGH< SALIC6RNIA (Latin, salt and horn; saline plants with horn-like branches). Chenopodiacese. GLASSWORT. MARSH SAMPHIRE. A group of about 12 widely scat- tered species of leafless seashore herbs, hardy or tender, annual or perennial. This and other chenopods which grow in large quantities in the Medit. region were formerly used in making soap and glass, as they yield a large percentage of soda. The ashes of such plants were known to the trade as barilla. The species have probably never been regularly in cult, and have no horticultural interest. SALISBURIA: Ginkgo. SALIX (ancient Latin name of willow). Salicacese. WILLOW. Dioecious trees and shrubs, planted for the foliage and interesting habit, for shade, screens, and cover; flowers in catkins, mostly in spring and in many species very early. Erect, or some arctic and alpine species prostrate, glabrous, pubescent or tomentpse: Ivs. simple, alter- nate, mostly elongated and pointed, the stipules per- sistent and prominent or caducous: buds with a single bud-scale: fls. in lax scaly spikes (aments or catkins), each fl. subtended by a single entire scale and nearly or quite destitute of perianth; the staminate fl. with 1, 2, or 3-6 stamens; the pistillate fl. of a single pistil composed of 2 carpels and 2 more or less divided stigmas; at matu- rity the pistil dehisces, setting free the small appendaged seeds. — Species and species-like hybrids probably 300, widely spread in the northern hemisphere and a few in the southern hemisphere; no native species are reported in New Zeal, and Austral. In temperate regions, they are mostly plants of water-courses, shores, and swamps; but a good number run into the far N. and the high elevations where conditions of moisture are maintained. The wood is light, soft, and porous. For the stami- nate and pistillate fls. of willow, see Fig. 1528, Vol. III. The catkins or "pussies" are also shown in Figs. 3521 and 3522 herewith. In rare cases, a willow may be monoecious. Many hybrids have been described based on speci- mens found in nature that presented characters inter- mediate between recognized species. Artificial hybrids have also been made between many species. The dice- cious habit of the species seems to facilitate cross- pollination, and it is probable that the intermediate forms so frequently met with and designated in the monographs as varieties are natural hybrids. Upward of one hundred hybrid willows have been described as 3523. White willow on a stream, holding the bank from washing. (See No. 7.) growing in Europe. Although as many or even more species occur in America, fewer hybrids have been detected here. The hybrids described as growing in America are for the most part between native species and those introduced from Europe. Because of the hybridity and the fact that the sexes are separated, the genus Salix is considered to be very critical and difficult for the systematist. SALIX SALIX 3051 The role that the willow plays in the north temperate regions is to a certain extent analogous to that of the eucalyptus in subtropical regions; it flourishes in wet ground and absorbs and transpires immense quantities of water. It has been used to plant around cesspools for sanitary effect. But while most of the species occur spontaneously in wet ground or along stream-banks, the willows may be cultivated in various situations. The white willow (S. alba) has been used very effectively to fix stream-banks against erosion. (Figs. 3523, 3524.) Its root-system is very extensive and when well estab- lished withstands the effect of heavy rapid streams as well as wave-action. S. arctica and several allied spe- cies are among the few woody plants extending into extreme arctic regions. The arctic species are among the most diminutive of woody plants. As one goes south the species increase in size. Some of the species of North Temperate, Tropical and South Temperate zones are large trees. The arborescent species all form wood very rapidly. Specimens of white willow which may not be of great age look venerable from their great thickness of trunk and size of top. The wood is light in weight and color, finely and evenly porous. The wood has been extensively used in manufacture of gunpowder. It has also been used for many other purposes. Certain species have been extensively cultivated for many years in Europe for materials with which to manufacture baskets. S. viminalis appears to be the favorite species for this purpose. Basket willow is now extensively planted in central New York, and considerable manu- facturing of this material is under way. It is probable that the Chinese and Japanese willows recently described will yield useful forms for American plant- ing; in Plant® Wilsonianae, III, pt. 1, describing Chinese plants, Schneider admits regularly 183 species. As ornamental trees the willows present little variety. The bright yellow catkins of some species are attractive in spring. They are considerably used as "nurse trees" nigra), is an adaptation to facilitate the natural dis- tribution of the species. Certain it is that twigs broken from the tree by the wind are carried down streams and, becoming anchored in the muddy banks, grow readily. It is one of the most aggressive trees in occupying such places. Willows may also be propagated by seed. The ' 3524. Same tree as in Fig. 3523, in summer dress. for slower-growing trees that require partial shade while young. The red and yellow branches of certain willows are very bright and cheering in winter. The weeping forms are very popular, but they are often planted with little sense of fitness. The cultural remarks under Populus will apply to willows. The species of willows are readily propagated by cut- tings. It has been suggested that the brittleness at base of twigs of some species, notably the black willow (S. 3525. Old roadside trees of Saliz alba. seeds are very small and contain a green and short- lived embryo. A very short exposure of the seeds to the air will so dry them out that they will not germinate. The safest way to secure seedlings is to plant the seeds as soon as the capsule opens. alba, 7. fragilis, 6. pyrenaica, 35. americana, 30. herbacea, 33. ramulis aureis, 8. amygdaloides, 3. Hindsiana, 15. regalis, 7. annularis, 9. Humboldtiana, 5. repens, 36. argentea, 7, 36. humilis, 20. reticulata, 37. argophylla, 15. incana, 29. retusa, 38. aurantiaca, 8. interior, 14. rigida, 27. aurea, 8, 9. irrorata, 28. rosmarinifolia, 29. babylonica.8,9,10, 11. Jacquinii, 34. rostrata, 19. balsamifera, 16. japonica, suppl. list. rubra, 14. Bebbiana, 19. lauri folia, 5. Russelliana, 6. blanda, 8, 11. longifolia, 14, 15. Safsaf, 13. Bonplandiana, 1. lucida, 4. Salamonii, 10. britzensis, 8. muliinerris, 17. sepulcralis, 10. Candida, 25. myreinites, 34. sericea, 22. Caprea, 17. myrtilloides, 26. serpyUi folia, 38. cordata, 27. nigra, 2, 30. Sieboldii, 12. Cottetii, 32. palmsefolia, 17. sitcbensis, 31. decipiens, 6. pendula, 8, 9, 17, splendens, 7. discolor, 18. 27,30. tricolor, 17. dolor osa, 11. pendulina, 11. tristis, 21. elegantissima, 12. pentandra, 5. viminalis, 24 falcata, 2. petiolaris, 23, 29. viridis, 6. Forbyana, 30. Petzoldii, 11. vitellina, 8. Jlutiatilis, 14, 15. purpurea, 30. KEY TO THE SPECIES. A. Species of the usual upright kinds. B. Scales of ament green, deciduous: mostly trees. c. Stamens more than 3. D. Foliage persistent ............ DD. Foliage not persistent. E. Buds small. F. Lvs. green beneath ........ FF. Lvs. glaucous beneath ..... EE. Buds large: hs. very shiny above ................... CC. Stamens 2 or 8. D. Large trees 1. Bonplandiana DD. Shrubs 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. nigra amygdaloides lucida pentandra fragilis alba vitellina babylonica Salamonii blanda elegantissima Safsaf longifolia argophylla balsamifera 3052 SALIX SALIX BB. Scales of ament black above, persistent: mostly shrubs. c. Stamens 2. D. Caps, hairy 17. Caprea 18. discolor 19. rostrata 20. humilis 21. tristis 22. sericea 23. petiolaris 24. viminalis 25. Candida IJD. Caps, glabrous 26. myrtilloides 27. cordata 28. irrorata 29. incana cc. Stamen 1 30. purpurea 31. sitchensis AA. Species of the arctic-alpine kinds: dwarf often pros- trate shrubs 32. Cottetii 33. herbacea 34. myrsinites 35. pyrenaica 36. repens 37. reticulata 38. retusa 1. Bonplandiana, Kunth. A branching shrub or low tree with coriaceous Ivs. 5-6 in. long, dark green above and glaucous beneath: aments usually precocious in the axils of mature Ivs. Native of Mex. and the S. W. U.S. 2. nigra, Marsh. BLACK WILLOW. Fig. 3526. Tree, 30-40 ft. high: bark flaky, often becoming shaggy: twigs brittle at base: buds small: Ivs. lanceolate, green both sides, finely and evenly serrate: aments 1-2 in. long; scales oblong, deciduous; stamens 3-6; ovary ovate-conical, glabrous; style short but dis- tinct. E. N. Amer. Var. falcata, Pursh. Lvs. elongated, narrow and falcate. 3. amygdaloides, Anders. PEACH -LEAF WILLOW. Tree, 30-40 ft. high: bark longi- tudinally furrowed, less inclined to be flaky: Ivs. broader, glaucous beneath, on rather long, compressed petioles: aments loosely fld.; ovary lanceolate-conical; style very short. Cent, and W. N. Amer. 4. lucida, Muhl. Shrub or low bushy tree, 6^-15 ft. high: branches yellowish brown and highly polished: buds large, flattened, and recurved at the apex: Ivs. large, broadly lanceolate - acuminate, serrate, dark green, shining above: aments large, appearing with the Ivs.; scale pale green, deciduous; stamens 4-5; ovary pedicelled, rather obtuse, gla- brous. E. N. Amer. — A beautiful plant, de- serving of more extensive cult. 5. pentandra, Linn. (S. laurifolia, Hort. S. Humboldtiana, Hort. not Willd.). BAY-LEAP or LAUREL-LEAF WILLOW. Shrub or small tree, 8-20 ft. high: branches chestnut-color: Ivs. large, elliptic to broadly oblanceolate, acuminate, shining and dark green above, paler beneath: aments appearing after many of the Ivs. are fully developed, not conspicu- ous. Eu. and Asia. 6. fragilis, Linn. (S. viridis, Fries. S. Rus- sellidna, Smith). BRITTLE WILLOW. Fig. 3526. Tree, 50-60 ft. high, excurrent in habit and of very rapid growth: branches brown, obliquely ascending: buds medium size, pointed: Ivs. large, lanceolate-acuminate, glabrous or slightly hairy when young, scarcely paler beneath, glandular serrate: aments appearing with the Ivs. (the staminate 3, 3526. Leaves of willow. 1, Salix petio- laris ; 2, S. Candida; 3, S. purpurea; 4, S. myrtilloides ; 5, S. nigra; 6, S. fragilis. (Xjfl tree rare in Amer.), seldom bearing good seed, slender; scales deciduous. Eu., N. Asia. Gn. 19, p. 517; 55, p. 89.— Frequently cult, and also growing spontaneously in many places. A company of promoters induced many American farmers to plant hedges of this willow some 50 years ago. Many of these occur now throughout the country, the trees being 40-50 ft. high. A stake cut from a tree and driven in the ground will soon establish itself and grow into a tree. Var. decipiens, Hoffm. Twigs yellow: buds black in winter: Ivs. smaller and brighter green. Probably a hybrid with another species. 7. alba, Linn. WHITE WILLOW. Fig. 3527; also Figs. 3523-3525. Large tree, with short and thick trunk, not excurrent in habit: branches yellowish brown: Ivs. ashy gray and silky throughout, giving a white appearance to the whole tree, 2-4 in. long, elliptical. Eu. Gn. 55, p. 87; 61, p. 7. — Heretofore associated with the next species, from which it differs in color of twigs and vesture and color of Ivs., as also in its general habit. It is only occasionally seen in Amer. Var. splendens, Anderss. (S. alba var. argentea, Wimm. S. regalis, Hort.). Lvs. densely silky on both sides, nearly silvery-white while young. The forms of this species not easily distinguish- able from one another, can be readily distin- guished from the following species. 8. vitellina, Linn. (S. bldnda, Anderss.). YELLOW WILLOW. Becoming a very large and venerable appearing tree, the rather short trunk often 4 ft. or more in diam. It is often pollarded. The crown is deliquescent and rounded in outline. Branches yellow: Ivs. silky-hairy when young, glabrous when ma- ture, glaucous beneath, the whiteness inten- sified after the Ivs. fall: aments appearing with the Ivs. Abundant in E. N. Amer. Mn. 8, p. 25 (erroneously as S. alba). — Dis- playing many variations, the most obvious of which are: Var. aurea, Salisb. (var. aurantiaca, Hort.), branches golden yellow, especially just before the Ivs. appear in spring. Var. britzensis, Hort., bark red. These as well as other choice varieties are grafted. Var. pen- dula, Hort. (S. aiirea pendula, Hort. S. alba var. vitellina pendula, Rehd. S. babylonica aurea&udS. babylonica ramulis aureis, Hort.). Tree of weeping habit, similar to S. babylon- ica, with yellow branches. M.D.G. 1898:88. Gn. 55, pp. 15, 22. S.H. 2:361, 371. 9. babylfinica, Linn. (S. pendula, Moench). NAPOLEON'S WILLOW. Fig. 3527. A tree of weeping habit, 30-40 ft. high, with long slender olive-green or purplish branches: buds small, acute: Ivs. 2-6 in. long, atten- uate at base and apex : aments appearing with the Ivs., slender, the pistillate green, 1 in. long, caps, small. China. Gn. 1, p. 371; 34, p. 527; 39, p. 73; 55, p. 92. S.H. 1:261. F.E. 19:574. G.W. 2, p. 31. — Long known in cult, and often grown in cemeteries. Tender N. Var. annularis, Forbes, Ivs. twisted back so as to form a sort of ring. 10. Salam6mi, Carr. (<S>. babylonica var. Salambnii, Carr.; sometimes erroneously spelled Salcmonii or Salmonii). Hybrid be- tween S. alba and S. babylonica. Similar to S. babylonica, but less pendulous: tree with ascending branches and pendulous branchlets: Ivs. similar to those of S. babylonica, but sparingly silky-pubescent on both sides: pistillate catkins with more pubescent 6. SALIX SALIX 3053 axis and long-ciliate scabs. Originated in M.D.G. 1898:89. Gn.55,p. 19. S.H.2:373.— S. sepulcralis, Simonkai, belongs here. 11. bUnda, Anderss. (S. Petzoldii, Hort. S. babylonica var. dolor osa, Rowen; possibly also S. penduhna). WISCONSIN WEEPING WILLOW. A hybrid of S. babylonica and S. Jragilis. Tree with spreading limbs and pen- dulous branches; branches brownish green or brown: Ivs. lanceolate or narrow-lanceolate, long - acuminate, serrulate, glabrous, dark green above, glaucous beneath, 3-6 in. long and }'3-?4Ui- broad: fls. with the Ivs.; stamens 2; ovary short-stalked, glabrous, with one gland at the base, half as long as the pedicel. Of garden origin. 12. elegantissima, Koch (S. Sieboldii, Hort.). THURLOW'S WEEPING WILLOW. Tree with more spreading habit and larger crown than S. babylonica: branches long and pen- dent, yellowish green, sometimes blotched with brown: appears to be more hard}' than S. babylonica. Origin unknown. M.D.G. - :88. Gn. 55, p. 24. S.H. 2:363.— Said to be of Japanese origin; probably only a form of S. blanda. 13. Safsaf, Forsk. EGYPTIAN WILLOW. A tree in general appearance like S. alba or S. babylonica. Several varieties have been de- scribed. The mature Ivs. are bright green above and glaucous beneath, 3-5 in. long and over J^in. wide. X. E. Afr., where it is fre- quently cult, along highways. — Intro, into Italy many years ago. 14. longifolia, Muhl. (S. rubra, Rich., not Huds. 5. interior, Rowlee. S.flundtilis,S®rg., and other recent authors in part, not Xutt.}. Fig. 3527. Varying in stature from a low shrub to a small tree, usually growing along streams and lake-shores: twigs smooth and brown to densely tomentose and gray: buds plano-convex, with an obtuse and rounded apex, very small: Ivs. nearly or quite smooth, sparsely canescent to extremely canescent, sessile, linear-elliptical, remotely dentate, the teeth narrow, sometimes quite spinulose: stipules conspicuous, ear-shaped, obscurely denticulate, deciduous: aments of late spring on short lateral peduncles, which bear 4-6 Ivs.. those borne later in the season on much longer leafy branches, very loosely fld.: fls. fascicled in clusters of 2-5 on the axis, a dis- tinct interval between the fascicles, first ap- pearing in May and often bearing a second set of aments in early summer; scales usually glabrous or somewhat hairy toward the base, narrowly oblong, yellowish, deciduous after flowering; filaments crisp-hairy below, smooth above: caps, sessile, clothed when young with appressed silvery hairs, becoming nearly smooth at maturity; stigmas short, sessile. Cent. X. Amer. — The pistillate ament, lax at anthesis, becomes more so as the caps, mature, and by this character the species can easily be distinguished from related species. 15. argophylla, Xutt. (8. longifolia var. argophylla, Anders. S. fluvidtilis var. argo- phylla, Sarg. S. Hindsiana, Benth.). Tree or large shrub, 12-18 ft. high, forming dense thickets but not growing in clumps: branches nearly glabrous and exceedingly tough: bark turning from brown to bright yellow or orange just before blooming, making a thicket of it a most conspicuous object : Ivs. narrowly lan- ceolate, closely sessile, entirely or rarely min- France. Probably ,7 3527. Leaves of willows. 7, Salizalba; S. S. babylonica; 9, S. longifolia; 10, S. ros- trata; 11, S. tristis; 12, S. discolor. (XM) utely and remotely denticulate, clothed equally on both sides with an appressed silky pubescence, which more or less conceals the veins; stipules obsolete: scales oblong and obtuse in the staminate ament, narrower and more acute in the pistil- late; lower half of the filament densely crispy hairy: caps, lanceolate, covered with straight appressed silky hairs, closely sessile; stigmas sessile; mature caps, often nearly glabrous. — Occasionally the Ivs. remain upon the plant over winter, the young shoots appearing in then* axils in spring. Ament surpassed in length by its leafy peduncles; appearing in May in Ore. and X. Calif, and flowering intermit tenth- all summer. This species is dis- tinguished by its narrowly lanceolate, entire Ivs., obsolete stipules, small and rather nar- row aments, erose scales, and hairy caps. S. argophylla occurs on the Pacific slope from S. Calif, to Brit. Col. It is a western repre- sentative of the long-lvd. willows. Xot ad- vertised, but a beautiful species common along streams and irrigation ditches. 16. balsamifera, Barr. Fig. 3528. A much- branched clean-looking shrub, with shining colored twigs, sometimes almost tree-like: glabrous: Ivs. short -oval to lance -oblong, rounded and sometimes somewhat cordate at base, glandular-serrulate, thinnish and fra- grant, dark green above and pale or glaucous and also prominently reticulate beneath: fertile aments becoming lax and open, the slender pedicels of the carpels much longer than the glands, the style short. Along the northern borders of the U. S. and far north- ward ; an attractive species. G. F. 6:29 (reduced in Fig. 3528). 17. Caprea, Linn. GOAT WILLOW. Fig. 3529. A small tree, 12-25 ft. high, with up- right branches: Ivs. large, 2-5 in. long, 1-3 in. wide, rounded or subcordate at base, rugose, very variable: aments appearing be- fore the Ivs., large and showy, especially the staminate ones. Eu., Asia. — The typical" form often occurs in yards where it has sprouted from the stock upon which the more popular but scarcely more ornamental variety, pen- dula, has been grafted. Var. pendula, Hort. KILMARNOCK WILLOW. Dwarfed form, grafted on stock about 4 ft. high, and forming a weeping shrub. Often planted in yards. S. multinerris is supposed to be a hybrid, and probably belongs with S. Caprea. S. Caprea var. tricolor, Hort., is said by F. W. Kelsey to be a round-headed tree, with ''tricolored foliage;" probably a form of S. aurita. S. palmsefolia, Hort., is said by F. W. Kelsey to be of vigorous growth, with large, deep green Ivs. and reddish purple young wood. 18. discolor, Muhl. PUSSY WILLOW. Figs. 3521, 3522, 3527. A shrub or short-trunked tree. 10-20 ft. high: buds very large and nearly black: Ivs. smooth and bright green above, whitish beneath, irregularly crenate- serrate: aments appear early in spring, before the Ivs., closely sessile, enveloped in long, silkj- hairs. E. X. Amer. — Worthy of more extended cult, and thriving in dry ground. 19. rostrata, Rich. (P. Bebbiana, Sarg.). Fig. 3527. A small tree, 10-20 ft. high, with short but distinct trunk: buds of medium size, conical, brown: Ivs. dull green and downy above, prominently veined and hairy beneath: aments appearing with the Ivs., the staminate beautiful golden when in flower; scales narrow 3054 SALIX SALIX and shorter than the pedicels : caps, long-rostrate. E. N. Amer. — Prefers dry soil and can be used to good advan- tage against walls and in rockeries. 20. hfcmilis, Marsh. PRAIRIE WILLOW. A shrub, 3-8 ft. high, varying much in stature, and in size and shape of Ivs. : branches hairy: Ivs. oblanceolate to oblong, nearly entire, more or less revolute: aments densely and many- fld. E. N. Amer. — Grows in driest situations. 21. tristis, Ait. DWARF WILLOW. Fig. 3527. A diffuse shrub, 1-1 ^ ft., with long deep-set root: branches gray, slender: Ivs. small, 1 in. long, linear- X; lanceolate, very short-petioled: aments small and rather few-fld.; stamens orange-red. E. N. Amer. 22. sericea, Marsh. SILKY WILLOW. A shrub usually 4-8 ft. high, diffusely spreading from base: branches often reddish: buds obtuse and rounded at apex, cylindrical: Ivs. very silky beneath, sometimes becoming less so at maturity: aments densely fld., appearing with the Ivs.; stamens often orange-red: caps, short-pedicelled, ovate-oblong, nearly truncate at apex. N. E. N. Amer. 23. petiolaris, Smith, not Hort. Fig. 3526. A low shrub, 3-5 ft. high: branches slender, the whole plant much slenderer than S. sericea, with which it frequently grows : buds smaller and more pointed : Ivs. only slightly silky when young, soon glabrous, more evidently toothed : aments rather loosely fld.: caps, rostrate and pointed, distinctly pedicelled. Cent, and N. E. N. Amer. — S. petiolaris of the trade is S. incana. 24. viminalis, Linn. OSIER WILLOW. A shrub or small tree, 10-20 ft. high: branches slender and straight: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, beautifully silvery, 4-10 in. long; margins revolute, entire: aments appearing before the Ivs., golden yellow. Eu., Asia. — Most often seen in plan- tations for basket material, for the production of which the plants are cut near the ground every year. Willow- culture in experienced hands is often profitable. (For details, see Simpson, Osier Culture, Bull. 19, Div. of For., U. S. Dept. Agric. 1898.) This species does not thrive in this country as well as in Eu. 25. Candida, Fluegge. HOARY WILLOW. Fig. 3526. A shrub, 2-5 ft. high: young branches hoary, becoming smooth and red with age: buds reddish, rounded at the (Xfc) 3529. Staminate catkins of goat willow. — Salix Caprea (X1A)- No. 17. apex: Ivs. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2-4 in. long, dark green and wrinkled above, covered below with dense white tomentum, revolute: aments sessile, appear- ing before the Ivs.; staminate of reddish anthers: caps, densely white-woolly, with red style and stigmas. N. Amer. — This species hybridizes freely with S. cordata, and several natural hybrids have been described. 26. myrtilloides, Linn. Fig. 3526. A shrub, 2-5 ft. high, with rather slender brown twigs: Ivs. oblong or elliptic-oboyate, usually obtuse at both ends, entire and smooth, reticulate-veined : aments rather few-fld.: caps, reddish, glabrous. N. E. N. Amer. and Eu. Usually grows in cold peat-bogs. — Probably not in cult. The plant sold under this name is probably some form of S. purpurea, which S. myrtiUoides closely resembles in general appearance. 27. cordata, Muhl. (S. rigida, Muhl.). HEART- LEAVED WILLOW. Fig. 3530. A large shrub or small tree, 10-30 ft. high: branches stout: buds large, flat- tened against the branch: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, green on both sides, finely serrate, glabrous and rather rigid at maturity: aments rather slender, appearing with the Ivs.: caps, glabrous, greenish or brownish. N. Amer. — This is a variable species and undoubtedly some of the forms included in it are hybrids; several supposed natural hybrids have been described. Var. pendula, Hort., is a decumbent form. 28. irrorata, Anders. COLORADO WILLOW. A dense diffuse shrub, 8-12 ft. high: branches stout, covered with a white bloom: buds large: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 3-4 in. long, J^in. wide, green above, glaucous beneath, undulate serrate: aments all appearing before the Ivs., sessile, very densely fld.; staminate golden yellow: caps, glabrous, nearly sessile. Rocky Mts. 29. incana, Schrank (S. petiolaris, and S. rosmarini- folia of American gardeners, but not of botanists). Shrub or small round-topped tree, with long, slender branches: Ivs. linear, revolute, 2-5 in. long, very narrow, green above, white-tomentose beneath: aments long and slender, appearing with the Ivs.: caps, glabrous; filaments of stamens more or less connate. Eu. — This species is frequently grafted upon hardy stock (S. Caprea) when sold from nurseries. 30. purpurea, Linn. (S. Forbyana, Smith. Vetrix pur- purea, Rafin.). PURPLE OSIER. Fig. 3526. A shrub or small tree, spreading at base, with long, flexible branches : Ivs. oblanceolate, serrulate, glabrous, veiny, 3-6 in. long, often appearing opposite: aments sessile, slender; pistil- late recurved; scales purple; stamen 1: caps, small, ovate. Eu. — Planted as an ornamental shrub and escaped in many places. Also grown as a basket-willow. Var. pendula, Dipp. (S. nlgra pendula, Hort. S. ameri- cdna pendula, Hort.) . Branches pendent. Gng. 4 : 243. SALIX SALPICHROA 3055 31. sitchensis, Sans. SITKA WILLOW. A shrub, 10-12 ft. high and more: Ivs. obovate, glabrous, clothed beneath with silky hairs which have a beautiful satiny luster: aments appearing with Ivs., long, cylindrical and graceful, also satiny. N. W. N. Amer. — This willow, which, so far as known, has not been used as an orna- mental plant, is one that would be at once novel and beautiful. The characteristic luster of the Ivs. is preserved in plants in cult. 32. Cottetii, Kerner. A low shrub differing from S. retusa mainly in the larger size of the whole plant as well as its Ivs. Cent. Eu. G.W. 9, p. 542. 33. herbacea, Linn. A very dwarf species usually not more than an inch or so in height, forming dense mats: Ivs. orbicular, serrate, usually emarginate at both base and apex. Alpine regions of Amer. and Eurasia, White Mts.. X. H. 34. myrsinites, Linn. (S. Jdcquinii, Host). An alpine shrub a foot or less high, either erect or more or less creeping: Ivs. short-petioled, lanceo- 3530. Leaves of late, coriaceous, shining, green both Salix cordata show- sides. Arctic and alpine regions, in* stipules. (XH) 35. pyrenaica, Gouan. A dwarf caulescent shrub usually more or less depressed in habit, with slender brown shining twigs : Ivs. membranous, about 1 in. long and half as wide, entire, ciliate on the margin. In the alpine regions of the Pyrenees. 36. repens, Linn. A shrub of variable stature and vesture: Ivs. oval to linear, entire or remotely serrulate, shining above, silver-silky or glabrous beneath, stip- ules wanting. X. Eu. and Asia. Var. argentea has silvery-silky Ivs. G.L. 22:325. 37. reticulata, Linn. A depressed shrub with few oval or orbicular Ivs. glaucous beneath, green above, rugose-reticulate: aments slender, borne on a long peduncle. Arctic regions of both hemispheres. 38. retusa, Linn. (S. serpyllifblia, Scop.). A de- pressed shrub: Ivs. characteristically "parallei"-veined, obtuse or slightly retuse at the apex, entire, less than J^in. wide. Alpine regions of Eu. and Asia. S. aglaia, Hort.=S. daphnoides. — S. amygdalina. Linn. (S. triandra. Linn.). Usually shrubby, to 12 ft.: branchlets glabrous, rarely slightly silky: Ivs. lanceolate, glabrous, pale green or bluish below, to 5 in. long: fls. shortly before or with the Ivs.; stamens 3; ovary long-stalked, glabrous. Eu. — S. B&keri, Seemen, is probably a form of S. lasiolepis. — S. Bockii, Von Seemen. An ornamental dwarf species: Ivs. oblong or oval, Ji-J^in. long, mucronate, dark green and glabrescent above, silvery with silky appressed hairs beneath: aments 1-2 in. long, produced in Oct. and Nov. before the fall of the Ivs. China. — S. chrysocoma, Dode, is a hybrid between S. babylonica and S. vitellina.— S. daphnoides, Vill. Ten to 20 ft. high: twigs violet: Ivs. narrow-oblong or linear-lanceolate, very acuminate, 3-6 in. long. — S. Hdnkensonii, Dode. Apparently a natural hybrid between a species of the group of S. nigra and one of the group of S. babylonica. — S. heter&ndra, Dode. Possibly hybrid between a species of the S. purpurea group and one allied to S. pentandra. Shrub: Ivs. lanceolate-obovate or narrowly lanceolate, 3-4 in. long, remotely serrate, glabrous, light green above, whitish- glaucous beneath: male aments about 1 '4 in. long: Caucasus. — S. hypoltiica, Seemen. Shrub, to 10 ft. : Ivs. elliptic to lanceolate, acute, glabrous at maturity, glaucous below, 1-2 in. long: aments with the Ivs. 1-2 in. long. Cent. W. China. — S. japdnica, Thunb. (S. baby- lonica var. japonica, Anderss.). Shrub, to 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong to lanceolate, remotely serrate, glabrous, grayish green beneath, to 3 in. long: aments slender, 2 >£-3 V£ in. long; ovary glabrous. Japan. — S. lasiolepis, Benth. ARROYO WILLOW. Shrub or tree, .8-25 ft. high: Ivs. oblong, suborbicular, obovate or linear acute, obscurely serru- late, 1 12-5 in. long: aments appearing before the Ivs., sessile, densely silky-tomentose in the bud, suberect: caps, glabrous or puberulent, short-pedicelled. Calif. — S. lispocladus, Dode. Lvs. ovate-lanceo- late, about 2H in. long, serrate, light green and shining above, whitish glaucous beneath: male aments appearing late. Caucasus. — •S. magnified, Hemsl. Shrub, to 20 ft. : Ivs. oval to obovate, shortly and obtusely acuminate, glabrous, pale beneath, to 8 in. long and to 5 in. wide; petiole purplish: stammate aments to 7 in., pistillate to 11 in. long. W. China. A remarkable willow, but tender X. J. H.S. 39, p. 137, fig. 148.— S. MatsuMna, Koidzumi (S. baby- lonica var. pekinensis, Henry). Tree, to 40 ft.: branchlets ascend- ing or pendulous, greenish: Ivs. narrowly lanceolate, serrulate, glabrous, 2-1 in. long: aments with the Ivs., about Viin. long. N. E. Asia. — S. Medemii, Boiss., of the Armenia-Persia region is an upright species 12 ft. and more high with oblong somewhat serrate Ivs. abruptly pointed. — S. Medwedewii, Dode. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. very narrow, up to 4 in. long: female aments appearing late, cylin- dric, 1 & in. long. Caucasus. — P. oxica, Dode. Lvs. large, glauces- cent, giving the tree a bluish appearance. Cent. Asia. — S. persica, Boiss. Similar to P. babylonica. Trunk pale ashy gray or brownish: Ivs. very shortly stalked, somewhat falcate, long-acuminate, serru- late. Persia.-^->S. RehderiAna, Schneid. Shrub, to 10 ft.: branchlets sparingly hairy or glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate, crenulate, whitish and silky beneath, with yellow midrib, 2-5 in. long: aments precoci9iis, about 1 in. long; anthers purple at first ; ovaries glabrous. W. China. — S. renecia is a hybrid, of which S. cinerea is a parent. — S. Tominii, Dode. Tree with spreading branches: Ivs. obovate to lanceolate, 3Ji~^ in. long or more, remotely serrate: male aments at first coni- cal and rosy at apex, afterward ovate-cylindric, Ji'in. long. W. Asia. — S. trfdndra, Linn.=S. amygdalina.— S. Wallichiana, Anderss. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, entire, silky beneath like the young branchlets, 2-3 in. long: stamina te aments 1 in. long, pistillate 3-5 in.: caps slender, silky. Himayalas, Cent, and W. China. — S. zygostemon. Hook. f. & Thorn. Probably a natural hybrid between S. purpurea and S. Medeniii.-piS. Wtnt- icorthii, Hort., is described as a tall upright rapid-growing willow with brignt red bark: botanical position to be determined. W. W. ROWLEE. SALPICHROA (Greek, tube and skin; in reference to the form and texture of the flower). Syn. Scdpichroma. Solanacex. Shrubs, subshrubs, or herbs, sometimes grown in the warmhouse and now used for outdoor planting in southern California. Leaves often small, entire, long-petioled: fls. white or yellow, 2-3 in. long (Section Eusalpichroa) or only about y<$&. long (Section Perizoma); calyx tubular or short, 5-cleft or -parted, the lobes linear; corolla tubular or urn-shaped, without a crown in the throat; lobes 5, acute, often short induplicate-valvate: berry ovoid or oblong, 2-celled; seeds numerous, compressed. — About 10 species, extra-trop. S. Amer. The species described below is said to have the advantage of being an exceed- ingly rapid climber, covering walls within one season with a thick mass of foliage and will thrive in alkali soil and under intense heat. The small white berries are sold everywhere in Paraguay as "cock's eggs." It grows with astonishing rapidity from the fleshy roots, which, however, are destroyed by frost. If black scale secures a foothold, it is well to cut the plant down to the roots. rhomboidea, Miers (Salpichrbma rhom- baideum, Miers). A half-hardy climber, somewhat woody, with green, flexuous branches: Ivs. small (blade J^-%in. long), ovate - rhomboid: fls. small, usually less than Kin- long, soli- tary, nodding, white; corolla short, con- stricted at the middle and at the throat, and bearing on the inside a fleshy, woolly ring: berry ovate - oblong, yellowish or white, edible, but of poor flavor. Argentina. G.C III. 24 : 450. R. H. 1897:531. Gn. 35, p. 367. F.E. 32:448.— The plant appears to be offered as Withania origanifolia, although the genus Withania itself has good stand- ing. F. W. BARCLAY. 3531. Salpiglossis sinuata. 3056 SALPIGLOSSIS SALSIFY SALPIGLOSSIS (Greek, tube and tongue; alluding to the form of the corolla and the appearance of the style). Solanaceae. Viscous-pubescent half-hardy annual, bien- nial, or perennial herbs, chiefly used for garden flowers, but sometimes also grown in the greenhouse; of rich and attractive colors. Plants about 18 in. high, erect, covered with short glandular hairs: Ivs. entire, wavy-margined, dentate or pinnatifid : fls. long-stemmed, large, funnel-shaped, rang- ing in color from various shades of purple and blue through numerous reds and yellows to creamy white, and usually beautifully marbled and penciled with several colors; calyx tubular, 5-cleft, corolla funnel- form, widely bell-shaped at the throat; lobes 5, plicate, emarginate; stamens 4, didynamous: caps, oblong or ovoid; valves 2-cleft. — About 8 species, natives of Chile. The usual species in cultivation is S. sinuata, which was formerly divided into about 6 species mainly on the color of the flowers. S. sinuata has greatly improved in size of flowers and range of color until it is at the present time " amongst the very finest half-hardy annuals. The varieties of salpiglossis require the general treatment given half- hardy annuals. They pre- fer a deep light rich soil not given to sudden ex- tremes of moisture and dryness. The seeds may be sown indoors by the middle of March or later, or may be sown outdoors in early spring. Care must be taken that the early sown plants do not become stunted before being planted out. They bloom for several weeks in late summer. The flowers are useful for cut- ting and last well. The plant is also excellent as a greenhouse annual for late winter bloom. Seeds for this purpose may be sown in late summer. (F. W. Barclay.) sinuata, Ruiz and Pav. (S. varidbilis, Hort. S. Barclayana, Sweet. S. hybrida, Hort. S. grandi- flbra, Hort.). Fig. 3531. Hardy annual, 1-2 ft. high, suberect, branched, sticky-pubescent, with fls. 2 in. long and wide, rang- ing from straw-color and yellow through scarlet nearly to blue, with great variation in venation and markings: lower Ivs. petiolate, elliptic-oblong, wavy- toothed or pinnately cut; upper Ivs. more nearly entire: bracts sessile, entire. Vars. azurea, aurea, coc- cinea, ptlmila, nana, Hort., are offered. V. 23:129. Gn. 29:166; 40, p. 75. R.H. 1849:361. G. 14:269. Gn.W. 22:659; 25:586. J.F. 4:395. Var. superbis- sima, Hort., has a more columnar manner of growth with a thick, unbranched stem. G.C. III. 22:363. A.G. 18:860. S. atropurpiirea, Graham. St. procumbent at base, then erect, about 2 ft. high : Ivs. scattered, various in shape, lanceolate-elliptical, elliptical, or ovate-elliptical, flaccid, sinuated, the segms. generally blunt and entire: fls. deep rich purple on rather long pedicels. Chile. B.M. 2811. Included in S. sinuata by many authorities. — S. stra- minea, Hook. (S. picta, Sweet. S. straminea var. picta, Hook.). Included in S. sinuata by many authorities from which it differs in the color of the corolla, which is whitish tinted yellow at the throat and often purple-veined. The top of the style of S. straminea is toothless while that of S. sinuata is toothed. Chile. B.M. 3365. Probably not in the trade. R TRACY HTJBBARD f 3532. Salsify or vegetable oyster. (X1A) SALPINGA (Greek, trumpet, referring to the shape of the calyx). Melastomacese. Erect glabrous branch- ing herbs, including the warmhouse foliage plant known to the trade as Bertolonia margaritacea. Leaves often unequal, oblong or lanceolate, long- petioled, under surface plum-colored: fls. spicate, on terminal, simple or dichptomously branched peduncles, secund, sessile or pedicellate; calyx glabrous, tube tubular or campanulate, 10-ribbed, the lobes short, tuberculate outside; petals 5, oblong or obovate; stamens 10; ovary free, oblong, 3-celled: caps. 3-edged, included in the terete, thickened, ribbed calyx. — Four species, Guiana, Brazil, and Peru. margaritacea, Triana (Bertolonia margaritacea, Hort. Bull. Gravesia guttdta var. margaritacea, Nichols.). Tender perennial herb: st. 1^-4 in. high, erect, obtusely 4-angled, simple: Ivs. long-petiolate, thin- membranaceous, ovate, base rounded or frequently distinctly emarginate-cordate, upper surface dark dull green, white-spotted between the veins, lower surface pale green, reddish or bright rose: cymes terminal, slender-branched, the branches red, rather long; fls. white or sometimes whitish rose; calyx-tube purplish, 10-ribbed, the ribs red; segms. green with pink tips; petals erect or erect-spreading, acute or rather obtuse: caps, pale, obscurely 3-sided. Brazil. F.S. 16:1697. S. longifdlia, Triana (Bertolonia longifolia, Cham.). St. short, herbaceous: Ivs. oblong, rarely ovate-oblong, base rounded or slightly cordate, upper surface bright green, glabrous, lower surface paler, scurfy-pubescent: cymes terminal; fls. white: caps, pale, 3-sided. Brazil. — S. secunda, Schrank & Mart. St. subshrubby, erect: Ivs. narrow-ovate or ovate-oblong, base rather obtuse or short-alternate, upper surface light green, lower surface paler: cymes terminal and axillary; fls. unknown: caps, pale red-brown, narrowly oblong, subcylindrical. Brazil. F. TRACY HUBBARD. SALSIFY (formerly sometimes spelled salsafy) is Tragopogon porrifolius, one of the Compositae. Fig. 3532. A garden esculent, grown for the fleshy root. This root has the flavor of oysters, hence the plant is sometimes called vegetable oyster and oyster plant. Salsify is perfectly hardy. The seeds (which are really fruits) are sown in early spring, about as soon as the soil can be prepared, in drills where the plants are to stand. The drills may be 2 to 3 feet apart, if tilled by light horse-tools, or half that distance if tilled only by hand. In the rows, the plants are thinned to stand 3 to 6 inches apart. The plant requires the entire sea- son, in the North, in which to grow. The roots may be allowed to remain in the ground until spring, for freezing does not harm them. In fact, they are usually better for being left in the ground, because they do not shrivel and become tough as they often do in storage. If they are kept cool and moist in storage, however, the quality is as good as when the roots remain in the ground. At least a part of the crop should be stored, for the table or the market during winter and early spring. The plant is biennial. The second spring, a strong stalk 2 to 3 feet tall is sent up from the crown of the root, and in spring or early summer an abundance of light purple flower-heads are produced. The flowers, or heads, close about noon. The leaves are long, linear, and grass-like.. The roots are small, well-grown speci- mens being about 1 foot long and unbranched, and about 2 inches in diameter at the top. The skin is grayish white. Salsify is easy to grow, and it has no serious pests. It is a vegetable of secondary importance commercially, although it should be in every home- garden, particularly in the North, where it thrives best. Eight to ten pounds of seed is sown to the acre. There are few varieties, and these have no marked charac- teristics except in size. The Mammoth Sandwich Island and Improved French are probably the best varieties. Salsify is native to southern Europe. In some places it has escaped as a weed. See Tragopogon. Black salsify is Scorzonera; Spanish salsify is Scolymus. L. H. B. SALSOLA SALVIA 3057 SALSOLA (Latin, salsus, salty; the plants grow in salty places). Chenopodiacex. Weedy annual and per- ennial branching herbaceous plants of some 50 species of very wide distribution, mostly on seashores and in saline "soils, of no horticultural interest. Lvs. narrow, usually awl-shaped or long-pointed, commonly fleshy: fls. very small, sessile in the axils (Fig. 3533), perfect, provided with 2 bractlets; calyx 5-parted, the segms. winged on the back; petals 0; stamens usually 5; styles 2: fr. a flattened utricle, with a horizontal seed. Of inter- est because it includes the Rus- sian thistle, S. Kali, Linn., var. tenuifolia, Mey. (S. pestifer, Xels.), now a widespread weed along railway rights of way and very abundant in the prairie and plains regions; of relatively recent intro. from Eurasia. With good tillage and short rotations it is not to be feared; when young or growing, it may have some value as forage. It is a bushy annual (Fig. 3534), and when broken off in autumn forms one of the tumble-weeds, and is carried long distances before the wind. SALVIA (Latin name used as far back as Pliny, meaning to be well or healthy, referring to the medicinal properties of some species). Labiatse. SAGE. Herbs, subshrubs, and shrubs, certain of which are of economic use, such as sage and clary, while others are grown for ornament both indoors and out. Leaves entire, dentate-incised or pinnatisect; the floral Ivs. are frequently changed to bracts, rarely similar to the cauline Ivs.: floral whorls 2- to many- fld., variously arranged, spicate, racemose, paniculate or rarely all axillary: fls. variously colored, rarely yellow, and vari- ous-sized from large and showy to minute: calyx ovoid, tubular or campanulate, 2- lipped; corolla-tube included or exserted, limb 2-lipped; perfect stamens 2, the connective linear, transversely articulate with the filament: nutlets ovoid-3-edged or rather compressed, smooth. — Upward of 500 species widely distributed in the temperate and warmer regions of both hemispheres. Sal via was monographed in 1848 by Bentham in DC. Prod., vol. 12, and an index to the 407 species therein described is found in Buek's Genera, Species et Synonyma, etc., pars iii. In 1876, Hemsley gave an account in The Garden (9:430-4) of 65 species which had been in cult, up to that time. See also A Synopsis of the Mexican and Central American Species of Salvia, by M. L. Fernald (Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., vol. 35, 1900, and Contrib. Gray Herb. Harvard Univ. X. S. Xo. 19). In the work just cited 209 species are described and there is an elaborate key. Within the generic limits of Salvia the variation is astonishing. The color of the fls. ranges from scarlet through purple and violet to azure-blue, white and even pale yellow, but there seems to be no good pure yel- low. Fig. 3535 indicates something of the range in form of corolla and calyx. Some fls. gape wide open, others are nearly tubular. In some the upper lip is longer than the lower, in other cases the lower lip is 3533. Sprig of Russian thistle, i Natural size) longer than the upper. The lower lip is always 3-lobed, but frequently it does not appear to be so, for the lateral lobes are much reduced while the midlobe is greatly enlarged, often deeply lobed, and becomes the showy part of the fl. The ca^oc is small and green in some, large, colored, and showy in others. In many cases, as S. leucantha, the corolla and calyx are of different colors. The bracts range from minute and deciduous to a larger size and more attractive color than the fls. There are usually about 6 fls. in a whorl, sometimes 2, sometimes many. In spite of these and many other wide variations, few attempts have been made to split up Salvia into many genera, presumably from the feel- ing that the structure of the stamens makes the Salvias a natural, not an artificial group. Cultivation of salvias. (Wilhelm Miller.) Three salvias are cultivated for their leaves, which are used in seasoning and also in medicine. These are the common sage, S. officinalis; clary, S. Sdarea; and S. Horminum. For commercial cultivation of S. offi- cincdis, see Sage. Clary is a perennial plant, but is cultivated as an annual or biennial. The plants run to seed the second year, after which it is better to pull up the old plants. The seed may be sown in spring, in drills 12 to 20 inches apart or in a seed-bed, from which the seedlings are pricked out in May. In August the first leaves may be gathered and the plants will continue to yield until June or July of the following year. Clary (S. Sdarea) and its near relative, S. Hor- minum, are plants of exceptional interest. They are cultivated for their culinary and medicinal value and also for ornament, but their ornamental value lies not in the flowers (which are usually insignificant) but in the colored bracts or floral leaves at the tops of the branches. The various varieties are known as the Purple-top clary, Red-top clary or White-top clary; also Red sage and Purple sage. The two species (S. Sdarea and S. Horminum) seem to be much confused in the cata- logues. Among the salvias grown for ornament there are two large cultural groups, the hardy and the tender. The hardy species are mostly border plants, blooming in spring and early summer. The tender species are 3534. Plant of Russian thistle. generally used for summer bedding, sometimes for con- servatory decoration in winter. Many of them bloom in summer and late fall, especially when they are treated as half-hardy annuals. As regards color of flowers, there are also two impor- tant groups, the scarlet-flowered, and the kinds with blue, purple, violet, white, or variegated flowers. Of the scarlet kinds, S. splendens is the most called for; of the blue-flowered kinds, S. patens is the most popular of the bedding class, and S. pratensis the most sought of the hardy class. S. patens probably has the largest flowers of any of the blue-flowered kinds in cultivation. The most widely used of all salvias cultivated for ornament is Salvia splendens, or scarlet sage. This is 3058 SALVIA SALVIA one of the most brilliant red-flowered bedding plants in cultivation. It is generally grown in large masses. It does best in full sunshine, but may be used in shady places to light up dark woody recesses. It should have a dark background of some kind by way of contrast. A well-managed mass of scarlet sage may be maintained in full splendor from the middle of July to frost. It is propagated by either cuttings or seed. It is rather troublesome to keep cuttings or plants over winter, as they are particularly liable to attacks of aphis and red- spider. It is, therefore, important to get seed of an early-blooming variety of compact habit, and to sow the seed early indoors or in a frame in time to get good plants to set outdoors in May. A good raceme is over a foot long, with 30 or more flowers in a raceme, and 2 to 6 flowers in a whorl, each flower being 2 inches or more long. Some varietes have erect racemes, others pendu- lous, and there are white varieties, together with some intermediate colors. A poorly managed bed of scarlet sage gives a few flowers in September and is cut off in a short time by frost. Wet seasons delay the bloom, and, if the soil is too rich in nitrogen, the plants will make too much growth and the flowers will be late and rela- tively few. The same principles of cultivation apply to other tender salvias used for bedding. Florists some- times lift a few plants of scarlet sage before frost, pot them and find that they make attractive plants under glass for a month or two. One advantage that S. splendens has over many other red-flowered salvias is that its calyx is as brilliant scarlet as the corolla. INDEX. acuminata, 27. fulgens, 36. porphyrata, 50. sethiopis, i4. gesnerffiflora, 37. pratensis, 20. alba, 12, 20, 21, 22, gesnerix folia, 37. prostrata, 32. 23, 27, 28, 32, 35, gigantea, 21. Przewalskii, 11. 45, 51. albiflora, 2, 20. glutinosa, 7. Goudotii, 42. pseudo-coccinea, 43. punicea, 43. albo-cserulea, 39. Grahamii, 34. purpurascens, 2. amarissima, 30. grandiflora, 3, 27, 32. purpurea, 12, 32. angustifolia, 27. Greggii, 35. pyramidalis, 32. argentea, 15. hians, 10. ringens, 4. aristulata, 44. himalayaca, 10. Roemeriana, 43, 50. atropurpurea, 32. Horminum, 12. Roezlii, 33. atrosanguinea, 32. Hoveyi, 40. rosea, 20, 43. atroviolacea, 20. ianthina, 40. roseo-carminea, 32. aurea, 2, 5. icterina, 2. rubicunda, 20. azurea, 27. involucrata, 38. rubra, 12. Baumgartenii, 20. Issanchon, 32. rubriflora, 2. Bethellii, 38. japonica, 51. salicifolia, 2. bicolor, 18, 32, 43. kurdica, 16. sahatori, 20. Boucheana, 36. lactea, 43. Sclarea, 13. bracteata, 13. lantanx folia, 42. semperflorens, 32. brasiliensis, 32. latifolia, 2. Sessei, 33. Bruanti, 32. leucantha, 31. Simsiana, 13. cacalisrfolia, 46. lilacina, 45. Souchetii, 32. canariensis, 6. longistyla, 44. spelmina, 25. Candelabrum, 1. lupinoides, 20. Spielmanni, 25. cardinalis, 36. lyrata, 49. splendens, 32, 43. carduacea, 47. major, 43. sturnina, 2. carminea, 43. microstegia, 16. euperba, 13, 20, 43. clandestina, 25. Milleri, 2. sylvestris, 22. coccinea, 43. Montbretii, 17. Tenorii, 20. colorans, 32. nana, 32, 43, 45. tenuior, 2. columbarise, 48. nemorosa, 23. tricolor, 2. compacta, 32, 43, 45. nipponica, 8. turkestanica, 13. controversa, 26. nubicola, 7. uliginosa, 29. crispa, 2. nutans, 24. variegata, 2, 20. cyanea, 41. officinalis, 2. verbascifolia, 16. Deschampsiana, 38. patens, 45. Verbenaca, 25. dichroa, 19. patula, 15. verticillata, 52. erecta, 32. pendula, 32. violacea, 12, 32. farinacea, 28. Pitcheri, 27. virgata, 21, 23. filamentosa, 43. plectranthifolia, 10. vulgaris, 12. flore-aWo, 22. porphyrantha, 50. yunnanensis, 9. KEY TO SUBGENERA AND SECTIONS. A. Corolla without a hairy ring inside. B. Anterior portion of connectives deflexed, linear, longitudinally connate or closely approximate. Subgenus III. JUNGIA. Section 7. CALOSPHACE. Species 27-46. BB. Anterior portion of connectives deflexed, abruptly dilated, connected at the callous extremity. Subgenus II. SCLAREA. C. Calyx ovoid, the upper lip concave, 2-grooved, teeth 3, very short and connivent. Section 6. PLETHIOSPHACE. Species 18-26. CC. Calyx tubular or campanulate. D. Upper lip of calyx truncate, the teeth small and remote; upper lip of corolla erect and concave. Section 4. HORMINUM. Species 12. DD. Upper lip of calyx 3-toothed, the teeth straight, scarcely connivent, the middle one often very small. Section 5. ^ETHIOPIS. Species 13-17. AA. Corolla with a hairy ring inside. B. Anterior portion of connectives connected, con- nate or approximate. Subgenus I. SALVIA. C. Calyx-teeth scarcely altered in fr., the upper lip of calyx subentire, somewhat 3-toothed. D. Upper lip of corolla erect, almost straight, concave. Section 1. EUSPHACE. Species 1-4. DD. Upper lip of corolla bent or falcate, com- pressed. Section 3. DRYMOSPHACE. Species 7-11. CC. Calyx-teeth membranaceous - dilated in fr., the upper lip of calyx 8-cleft or 3-toothed; upper lip of corolla erect or weakly bent, not or scarcely compressed. Section 2. HYMENOSPHACE. Species 5, 6. BB. Anterior portion of connectives remote. Subgenus IV. LEONIA. c. Connectives very short, deflexed and subulate anteriorly. Section 12. HEMISPHACE. Species 52. CC. Connectives directed forward, bearing fertile anther-cells anteriorly. D. Floral Ivs. deciduous; bracts minute. E. Upper lip of calyx entire or minutely 3- toothed. Section 11. NOTIOSPHACE. Species 51. EE. Upper lip of calyx truncate, 3-toothed. Section 10. HETEROSPHACE. Species 49, 50. DD. Floral Ivs. persistent and imbricated. E. Lvs. and bracts spiny. Section 8. ECHINOSPHACE. Species 47. EE. Lvs. and bracts not spiny. Section 9. PYCNOSPHACE. Species 48. Subgenus I. SALVIA. All Old-World species. Section 1. EUSPHACE. Shrubs or subshrubs, rarely herbs. A. Lvs. all entire. B. Calyx viscous-pubescent 1. Candelabrum BB. Calyx villous or pubescent but not viscous. c. Base of the oblong Ivs. narrow- rotundate 2. officinalis cc. Base of the ovate Ivs. broad-rotun- date or cordate 3. grandiflora AA. Lvs., at least the lower, pinnatisect 4. ringens 1. Candelabrum, Boiss. Subshrub, half-hardy: st. shrubby at base, villous: Ivs. entire, petiolate, oblong, both surfaces villous, canescent-tomentose beneath: Sanicle elongated, lax; the floral whorls remote, 3-5- d.; calyx pedicellate, campanulate, somewhat 2- lipped, 5-toothed, viscous-pubescent; corolla with the upper lip yellowish, whitish streaked, the lower violet. July. S.Spain. B.M. 5017. F.S. 13:1344. 2. officinalis, Linn. SAGE. Hardy, white-woolly subshrub, 6-12 in. high: sts. shrubby, the flowering branches tomentose-pubescent: Ivs. entire, 1-1 H in. long, petiolate, oblong, base narrowed or rotund, the lower white-tomentose or lanate beneath or on both surfaces; the floral Ivs. sessile, ovate, acuminate at the base, membranaceous, striate: racemes subsimple; floral whorls few, many-fld., distinct; calyx campanu- late, membranaceous-colored, striate, pubescent or villous, the teeth subulate-acuminate; corolla purple, blue or white. Medit. region. June. — A common and variable species. Var. albifldra, Alef., has Ivs. 3-4 times as long as broad: fls. white. Var. aurea, Hort., is a compact rather dwarf form about 1 ft. high, with golden yellow foliage. Var. aurea varie- gata, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. crispa, Alef., has broad, crisped and variegated Ivs. Var. icterina, SAL VIA SAL VIA 3059 Alef., has green-and-gold Ivs. Var. latifdlia, Alef., has Ivs. twice as long as broad; one of the common cult, forms. Var. MflJeri, Alef., has rather red and spotted Ivs. Var. purpurascens, Alef., has somewhat reddish foliage and is said to be preferred in England for kitchen use on account of its strong and pleasant taste. Var. rubriflora, Alef., has Ivs. 3-4 times as long as broad, and red fls. Var. salicifdlia, Alef., has Ivs. 4-7 times as long as broad. Var. sturnina, Alef., has green-and-white Ivs. Var. tricolor, Vilm. (S. tricolor, Hort., not Lem.), has Ivs. of three colors, gray-green, veined with yel- lowish white and flesh-pink, later becoming velvety rose-red or deep red. Var. tenuior, Alef., has Ivs. about 3—4 times as long as broad and blue fls. This is the form commonly cult, as a kitchen herb. 3. grandifldra, Etling. Shrub, 2 ft. or more high: st- woody, white-lanate; the flowering branches tomentose: Ivs. entire, petiolate, ovate, acute, the base broad- rotund or cordate, pubescent, the lower ones lanate beneath; floral Ivs. herbaceous or the uppermost membranace- ous, ovate, acute: racemes sub- simple; floral whorls 6-10-fld., distinct ; calyx campanulate, colored, striate hispid; corolla blue. June, July. Asia Minor. — Rare in cult. The name is some- times used in horticulture for plants which belong under S. azurea var. grandiflora or S. splendens var. grandiflora. 4. ringens, Sibth. & Smith. Hardy shrub, 1-2 ft. high: sts. glabrous or spreading, pilose at base, viscous-pubescent above : Ivs. petiolate, irregularly pin- natisect, the segms. unequal, ovate -oblong, base rotundate, both surfaces villous, scarcely canescent beneath, the petioles long-cilia te ; floral Ivs. membran- aceous, deciduous: raceme sim- ple: floral whorls about 6-fld., lax, remote; calyx nodding, tubular - campanulate, striate, villous-viscous, the teeth rather acute; corolla reddish purple or light blue, the tube recurved-ascending, the throat very broad. Summer. Greece. Gt. 2:226. Section 3. DRYMOSPHACE. Herbs, usually tall and glutinous. A. Corolla yellow. B. Plant about S ft. high: Its. ovate- oblong 7. giutinosa BB. Plant 6-12 in. high: Its. otate-tri- lobed or triangular g. nipponica AA. Corolla blue or purplish. B. Raceme simple, spike-like: Its. pur- ple beneath 9. yunnanensis BB. Raceme more or less branched. c. Floral whorls 6-fld 10. hians cc. Floral whorls about 2-fld 11. Przewalskii See S. flora, G. Forest, in supplementary list, which probably belongs to this section. 7. glutindsa, Linn. (S. mibicola, Wall.). Perennial, about 3 ft. high: st. herbaceous, erect, glutinous- pilose, divaricately branched: Ivs. petiolate, the lowest 7-8 in. long, the upper smaller, ovate-oblong, acumi- nate, dentate, the base cordate-sagittate; floral Ivs. EL Section 2. HYMEXOSPHACE. Shrubs or subshrubs, rarely herbs. Oriental and African species. A. Lrs. orate-subrptund 5. a urea ,**- Lts. hastate-triangular 6. canariensis 5. aurea, Linn. Shrub, 3 ft. or more high, white- tomentose: Ivs. }-j-l in. long, petiolate, ovate-sub- rotund, obtuse, entire or sinuate, leathery, hoary; floral Ivs. sessile, villous, persistent: racemes dense, 2-4 in. long, somewhat branched; floral whorls 2-fld., approxi- mate: calyx broad-campanulate, villous, the lips mem- branous dilated, veined, and colored, the lobes ovate- rotundate; corolla very beautiful, golden yellow, the galea somewhat falcate. July. S. Afr. * B.M. 182. G.C. II. 26:745. — Intro, into Calif. According to one grower the fls. are at first sulfur-yellow turning very quickly to a rusty color. 6. canariensis, Linn. Shrub, about 6 ft. high: st. shrubby, white-lanate: Ivs. petiolate, lanceolate, has- tate-triangular, subglabrous; floral Ivs. ovate-lanceo- late, membranaceous and colored: racemes branched; floral whorls approximate, distinct, about 6-fld.; calyx incurved-campanulate, the lips dilated membranaceous, colored: corolla purplish, the galea somewhat falcate. Canary Isls. — Probably not in common cult. 194 3535. Types of Sal via. At the left S. car duacea; unique for its fringed flowers. Next is S. leucantha, example of kinds in which the flower does not gape widely. The two at the right, S. hians and S. Sessei, are interesting for the size and lobing of the middle lobe of the lower lip. (A11XH) ovate, acuminate: racemes simple; floral whorls dis- tant, laxly few-fld.; calyx tubular; corolla pale yellow, often 1^ in. long, the tube exserted with its throat broadened. July. Eu. and Asia. 8. nipponica, Miq. Herb, 6-12 in. high, slightly branched: sts. ascending-erect: Ivs. petiolate, opposite, ovate-trilobed or triangular from a truncate cordate- hastate base, the basal lobes horizontal-spreading, the midlobe ovate, larger or equal, all short-acuminate, dentate-crenate, sparsely birtellus-pubescent above and especially so on the nerves beneath; cauline Ivs. 1-33^ in. long; floral Ivs. ovate, entire:- racemes rather lax, 2-4 in. long; floral whorls frequently 4-fld.; calyx obconic- or subcampanulate-tubular, pilose, glandular- punctate; corolla whitish glandular, puncticulate when dry, tube hah* exserted. Japan. 9. yunnanensis, C. H. Wright. Perennial herb, about 1 ft. high: rhizomes creeping, bearing fusiform tubers: Ivs. 1 J^-3 x %-l in., the radical frequently very long and slender-petioled, oblong, crenate, green above, purple beneath: spikes simple; floral whorls 4—6-fld.; calyx glandular; corolla cobalt-blue, 1 in. long, pubes- cent outside. China. 10. hians, Royle (S. himalayaca, Hort.). Fig. 3535. Hardy perennial, about 2 ft. high: st. herbaceous, erect, villous: Ivs. long-petiolate, ovate, base broadly cor- date-sagittate or truncate; floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate: racemes somewhat branched; floral whorls 6-fld.; calyx campanulate, striate, bluish, glutinous; corolla 3060 SALVIA SALVIA showy, blue, tube exserted, broad, the limb short, gaping, the upper lip falcate. June. Cashmere. B.M. 6517. B.R. 27:39. R.H. 1845:145. Gt. 35: 1221. Var. plectranthifdlia, Paxt., has fls. which are rather smaller, less hairy and deeper violet than the type. 11. Przewalskii, Maxim. Sts. ascending, 3-5 ft. high, herbaceous, pubescent, glandular above: radical Ivs. long-petioled, crenate-dentate, hoary-tomentose beneath, acute, cordate-oblong; cauline Ivs. acute, hastate-cordate; floral Ivs. ovate, acute: racemes com- posite, spike-like; floral whorls distant, about 2-fld.; calyx campanulate, striate, glandular, the teeth acute, short-triangular; corolla violet, the tube long-exserted. June. China. Subgenus II. SCLAREA. All Old-World, herbaceous species. Section 4. HOBMINUM. Annual herbs. 12. Horminum 12. Horminum, Linn. Annual, about 1^ ft. high: st. herbaceous, erect, villous: Ivs. petiolate, oval-oblong, base rotund or cuneate, obtuse, crenate, villous; floral Ivs. very broad, acute, persistent, the upper ones variously colored: racemes simple; floral whorls dis- tant, about 6-fld.; calyx tubular, pubescent; corolla light lilac or pale violet to reddish violet or purple. June-Aug. S. Eu. Var. alba, Hort., has white floral Ivs. Var. purpurea, Hort., misspelled purpureum f(S. Horminum var. rubra, Hort.), has bright carmine- red to brilliant purple-red floral Ivs. darker veined. Var. violacea, Hort. (S. Bluebeard, Hort.), has light violet- blue floral Ivs. somewhat larger and darker veined. Var. vulgaris, Hort., has violet-blue floral Ivs., with darker veins. Section 5. ^ETHIOPIS. A. Lvs. or lobes of the Ivs. oblong-lanceolate or linear 17. Montbretii AA. Lvs. or lobes of the Ivs. broad-ovate. B. The Ivs. hoary-tomentose 13. Sclarea BB. The Ivs. green, the white wool lax. c. Floral Ivs. all ftoriferous 14. sethiopis cc. Floral Ivs., the uppermost, sterile. D. Plant about 2 ft. high: panicle strongly branched 15. argentea DD. Plant scarcely 1 ft. high: panicle slightly branched 16. verbascifolia 13. Sclarea, Linn. (S. bractedta, Sims, not Soland., in Russ. S. Simsiana, R. & S.). CLARY. Biennial, 2-3 ft. high: st. herbaceous, stout, erect, villous: Ivs. often 8-9 x 4-5 in., petiolate, broad-ovate, erose-crenate, base cordate, hoary, the uppermost clasping; floral Ivs. very broad, acuminate, concave, membranaceous, colored, their base white, their tips rose: racemes paniculate; floral whorls distant, about 6-fld.; calyx campanulate, striate, pubescent-hispid, the teeth rather spiny- acuminate; corolla whitish blue, the tube included. Aug. S. Eu. B.M. 2320. B.R. 1003. G.C. III. 44:268. Gn. 64, p. 249. G.M. 57:173. Var. turkestanica, Hort. (AS. turkestanica, Hort. S. turkestanidna, Hort.), grows 3 ft. high, has quadrangular sts. tinged with pink, basal Ivs. on long petioles and long spikes, 2^ ft. high, of large white fls., tinged with pink. There is a form offered in the trade under the name of S. turkes- tanica superba, Hort., which has "dense branched pyramids of silky foliage and conspicuous rosy bracts, and white fls." S. bracteata, Soland., in Russ., is a valid species belonging to Section 1. It is a subshrub about 1-1 Yt ft. high, with purplish fls. and a native of Asia Minor and Syria. Probably not in cult. 14. aethidpis, Linn. Perennial, 6-12 in. or more high: st. herbaceous, erect, white-lanate : lower Ivs. petiolate, narrow at base; cauline Ivs. cordate-clasping; all incise-dentate, densely white-lanate on both sur- faces; floral Ivs. very broad, acuminate, persistent, concave, lanate: racemes paniculate; floral whorls dis- tinct, 6-10-fld.; calyx campanulate, leathery, lanate, plicate-striate, the teeth aU subulate-spinose; corolla white, the upper lip often reddish, tube contracted at the middle; connectives not toothed. S. Eu., N. Afr., and the Orient. — Probably not common in cult. S. sethiopis, Brot., not Linn., equals S. argentea, which see. 15. argentea, Linn. (S. pdtula, Desf.). Biennial, 2-4 ft. high: sts. herbaceous, erect, villous: Ivs. radical and lower cauline, 6-8 x 4-6 in., broad-ovate, sinuate- lobate, the lobes erose- crenate, lanate; floral Ivs. very broad, acuminate, con- cave, persistent: panicles divaricate-branched; floral whorls remote, 6-10-fld., the uppermost abortive; calyx campanulate, striate, the teeth all subspinose; corolla showy, rose-white, whitish, purplish or yellow- ish, the galea or upper lip much longer than the lower. June. Medit. region of Eu. and Afr. F.C. 3:112. Gn. 73, p. 517. — For some reason this species is considered a hardy perennial by Ameri- can seedsmen. The foliage is white-woolly, making it a very decorative plant. 16. verbascifdlia, Bieb. (S. microstegia, Boiss. & Bal.). Perennial: st. her- baceous, erect, viscous-vil- lous: lower Ivs. petiolate, broadly ovate, base cordate, sinuate-lobate, erose, thick, very wrinkled, scarcely lan- ate above, white tomen- tose-lanate beneath; floral Ivs. very broad, acuminate, concave, persistent, vil- lous: panicles twiggy branched; floral whorls 2-6-fld., approximate, distinct, the uppermost abortive; calyx campanulate, striate, viscous- villous; corolla white, beset with blue hairs, galea very large and falcate. Caucasus region. Var. kurdica, Hort., is offered in the trade. 17. Montbretii, Benth. Perennial subshrub, low: sts. erect, the base white-lanate, the top viscous- villous: Ivs. lanceolate, the lower petiolate, the upper clasping, crenulate or obscurely pinnatifid-dentate, laxly white- lanate above, densely so beneath; floral Ivs. very broad, lanate beneath: racemes simple; floral whorls 6-10- fld.; calyx oblong-tubular, viscous-pubescent; corolla blue. Asia Minor and Syria. Section 6. PLETHIOSPHACE. A. Corolla 1 in. or more long. B. Pedicels longer than the calyx. c. Lower Ivs. incise-palmatifid 18. bicolor cc. Lower Ivs. oblong-orate or ovate- lanceolate, sinuate-serrate 19. dichroa BB. Pedicels shorter than the calyx. c. Sts. subsimple, 1-3 ft. high 20. pratensis cc. Sts. 4-6 ft. high: panicles branched, very large 21. virgata AA. Corolla Y-iin. or less long, rarely as much as %in. B. Lvs. incise-pinnaiifid 26. controversa BB. Lvs. entire, crenate or erpse-dentate. C. Racemes erect and strict. D. The Ivs. all oblong-lanceolate or narrowly oblong. E. Under surface of Ivs. canes- cent 22. sylvestris 3536. Salvia pratensis. SALVIA SAL VI A 3061 EE. Under surface ofhs. pubescent but not canescent 23. nemorosa DD. The hs., at least the lower ones, broad-orate or ovate-oblong. E. Plant scarcely 2 ft. high: cor- olla scarcely Jim. long. . . .25. Verbenaca EE. Plant 4-6 ft. high: corolla usually about J-i'in. long. . .21. virgata cc. Racemes nodding at the top 24. nutans 18. bicolor, Lam. Biennial, sometimes perennial (?), hardy: sts. herbaceous, erect, 2-3 ft. high, scarcely branched: Ivs., the lowest petiolate, broad-ovate, incise-dentate. pinnatifid or palmate-lobate ; the upper sessile, lanceolate, all cordate at base and glutinose- pubescent; floral Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, reflexed: racemes 1 J^-2 ft. long, many-fld.; floral whorls distinct, about 6-fld.; calyx campanulate, striate, glutinose-hispid, the teeth subulate-acuminate; upper fip of corolla hooded, bluish violet dotted with yellow, the lower one white, but said to fade quickly to a rusty brown. May-July. Spain and X. Afr. B.M. 1774. G.M. 40:487. P.M. 9:271. 19. dichroa, Hook. f. Half-hardy perennial: sts. 2-3 ft. or more high, quadrangular with obtuse thickened yellowish angles, which are retrorsely ciliate: radical Ivs. petioled, 6-8 in. long, oblong-ovate or ovate- lanceolate, obtusely and very irregularly sinuate- serrate, pubescent; upper cauline Ivs. sessile-oblong or elliptic-oblong; floral Ivs. ovate, long-acuminate, reflexed: raceme 1 ft. or more long, many-fld.; floral whorls 2-3-fld.; calyx subcampanulate, glandular- pubescent, strongly ribbed, green; corolla 1-1 K in. long, upper lip bright blue, arcuate, pubescent, lower lip 3-lobed, the lateral lobes pale blue, the midlobe orbicular, pendulous, white. Aug. Atlas Mts. of X. Afr. B.M.C004. G.C. III. 40:177. Gn. 72, p. 78.— By some authorities this is considered the same as S. bicolor. 20. pratensis, Linn. Fig. 3536. Hardy perennial, 2 ft. or more high: root sometimes tuberous: sts. herba- ceous, erect, subsimple, pubescent: Ivs., especially in the southern varieties, more or less blood-red maculate; radical Ivs. petiolate, oblong-ovate, obtuse, crenate or incised, base cordate, bullate-rugose, glabrous above, pubescent beneath along the petiole and nerves; cauline Ivs. few, sessile; floral Ivs. cordate-ovate: racemes vis- cous, subsimple; floral whorls 6-fld., distant; calyx sub- sessile, campanulate, viscous- villous; corolla bright blue, rarely reddish or white, large, 1 in. long. June- Aug. Eu. Var. alba, Hort., has pure white fls. Var. albiflora, Hort., is a white-fld. form; perhaps this and the preceding are the same. Var. atroviolacea, Hort., has dark violet fls. Var. Baumgartenii, Hort. (S. Baumgdrtenii, Heuff.), has violet fls. Var. lupinoides, Hort. (S. lupinoides, Hort.), is said to grow 2 ft. high and to have bluish purple and white fls. Var. rdsea, Hort. (S. salratdri, Hort.), has rosy purple fls. Var. rubicunda, Hort. (5. rubicunda, Wender.), has rose-red fls. Var. superba, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. Tenorii, Hort. (S. Tenorii, Spreng.), is said to grow 2 ft. high and to have deep blue fls. Var. variegate, Hort. (S. variegata, Waldst. <fc Kit.), has light blue fls. with the midlobe of the lower lip white. 21. virgata, Ait. (S. gigantea, Desf.). Hardy peren- nial, 2 ft. or more high: sts. herbaceous, erect, branched, pubescent- villous: radical Ivs. petiolate, broad-ovate, base cordate; lower cauline Ivs. short-petioled, broad ovate-oblong, base rotund or cordate, upper ones ses- sile and smaller, the uppermost cordate, clasping; all the Ivs. erose-crenate, rather glabrous above, pubescent or hispid on the nerves beneath; floral Ivs. ovate-acumi- nate somewhat reflexed: racemes branched, elongated, few-fld.: floral whorls 6-fld., distant; calyx short -pedi- celled, campanulate. striate, villous- viscous; corolla light blue, the tube included. S. E. Eu. and the Orient. Var. alba, Hort., a white form, is offered in the trade. 22. sylvestris, Linn. Hardy perennial, 6 in. to 3 ft. high: sts. herbaceous, paniculate above: Ivs. often small, scarcely 2 in., sometimes 3-4 in. or more long, the lower petiolate, the upper sessile, all oblong-lanceolate, cre- nate, base rounded or frequently cordate, glabrous above, paler, pubescent or canescent beneath; floral Ivs. orbiculate, acuminate, colored: racemes elongated, some- what branched; floral whorls 6-40-fld., distinct; calyx ovate-tubular; corolla purple-violet. Aug. Eu. and Asia. Var. alba, Hort. (S. sylvestris var. flore-dlbo, Hort.), is a white-fld. form. 23. nemordsa, Crantz (S. virgata, Hort., not Ait. S. virgata nemordsa, Hort.). Fig. 3537. Perennial, 2-3 ft. high, much branched: radical Ivs. short-petioled, cauline sessile, lanceolate, 2J^-3 in. long, the upper Ivs. gradually reduced in size, glabrous and dull green above, pale and finely pubescent beneath: fls. small, in very long slender spikes terminating all the branches, up to 16 in. long; floral whorls approximate, 6-fld.; corolla bright violet or purple. June-Oct. Eu. and W. Asia. G.M. 56:714. R.H. 1913, p. 471.— The fls. are some- times described as being bronzy purple. Var. alba, Hort., is said to grow 18 in. high and to have short spikes of white fls. This may be the same as S. sylvestris var. alba, as 'S. nemorosa, Linn., is a synonym of S. sylvestris. 24. nutans, Linn. Hardy perennial, 2-3 ft. high: sts. herbaceous, subsimple, pubescent to nearly naked: Ivs. few, the lower long-petioled, ovate-oblong, 4-5 in. long, double-crenate, the base subcordate; floral Ivs. minute, orbicular: racemes short, 1-1 % in. long, pan- iculate, long-peduneled, nodding after anthesis; floral whorls about 6-fld., approximate; calyx reflexed, pubescent; corolla violet, the galea straight and spread- ing. July. S. E. Eu. B.M. 2436. 25. Verbenaca, Linn., also spelled verbenacea. (S. Spielmanni, Willd.). Hardy perennial, 1-2 ft. high: sts. herbaceous, erect, pubescent or villous: Ivs. often 3-4 in. long, broad-ovate or oblong, crenate, gla- brous; the lower long- petioled, base narrowed; the upper broader, ses- sile, base cordate, floral Ivs. ovate-rotund, acu- minate, villous, persist- ent: racemes elongated, simple or somewhat branched; floral whorls remote, about 6-fld.; calyx ovate, hirsute; co- rolla blue, rarely white, galea straight or some- what falcate. June- Sept. Eu. and Orient. Var. clandestina, Bri- quet (S. clandestina, Linn.), is a smaller and more slender form than the type, with narrower Ivs. and more purple fls. and the upper lip of the corolla is longer arched. Eu. — S. spelmina, Hort., is a name appearing in American trade-lists for a plant which grows 2 ft. high and with deep blue fls. in July. Presumably an error for Spielmanni. 26. controversa, Ten. St. herbaceous, pubescent or yillous: Ivs. oblong, incisely pinnatifid, the lobes oblong- linear, very obtuse, incise-crenate, bullate-rugose, the margin revolute, both surfaces somewhat pilose; floral Ivs. ovate-rotundate acuminate: racemes branched, long, white- villous; floral whorls 6-10-fld., the lower remote, the upper approximate; calyx ovate, very long 3537. Salvia nemorosa. ( X Ji) 3062 SALVIA SALVIA hirsute-lanate, the teeth minute; corolla small, some- times minute. Medit. region. — Not common in cult. Subgenus III. JUNGIA. All American species. Section 7. CALOSPHACE. Herbs, subshrubs or shrubs. A. Lvs. rugose: corolla-tube slightly ex- serted, straight, ventricose or broad- ened above, the lips subequal or the upper longer. Subsection ERIANTH^E. (See also Nos. 36, 39, 43 and 44.) 31. leucantha AA. Lvs. seldom rugose (rugose in Nos. 36, 39, 48, and 44). B. Corolla about %in., occasionally a little longer. Subsection BRACHYANTH.E. c. The Ivs. cordiform 30. amarissima cc. The Ivs. linear, lanceolate, or ovate- lanceolate. D. Calyx densely white or violet- lanate 28. f arinacea DD. Calyx pubescent or slightly to- mentose but not densely lanate. E. Floral Ivs. lanceolate-linear: floral whorls about 6-fld. ... 27. azurea EE. Floral Ivs. broad-ovate: floral whorls 10-20-fld 29. uliginosa BB. Corolla %-5 in. long. Subsection LONQIFLORE. c. Base of some or all the Ivs. hastate or angulate-cordate. D. Under surface of If. hispid or pubescent 45. patens DD. Under surface of If. spft-villous and reddish or whitish 46. cacaliaef olia cc. Base of Ivs. sometimes cordate, but not angulately so. D. Calyx inflated-campanulate . . . .33. Sessei DD. Calyx not inflated, usually tubu- lar-campanulate. E. Lvs. membranaceous 32. splendens EE. Lvs. more or less coriaceous. F. Tube of corolla not ventri- cose. G. Base of Ivs. narrowed. . .42. Goudotii GG. Base of Ivs. rounded or cordate. H. Calyx glabrous, the teeth acute 43. coccinea HH. Calyx soft-pubescent, the teeth long seta- ceous-acuminate . . .44. longistyla FT. Tube of corolla ventricose. G. Corolla usually bluish, purplish, or violet. H. The Ivs. cuneate or narrowed at base. . .39. albo-cserulea HH. The Ivs. round, round- truncate, or cordate at base. I. Under surface of If. glabrous 40. ianthina II. Under surface of If. pubescent 41. cyanea GO. Corolla usually scarlet or crimson, sometimes turning purple with age (cf. No. 33). H. Lvs. %-l in. long. i. Blade of If. ovate or broad-oblong 34. Grahamii ii. Blade of If. narrow- oblong to linear- lanceolate 35. Greggii HH. Lvs. more than 1 in. long. I. Lower surface of If. pubescent 36. f ulgens 37. gesneraeflora ii. Lower surface of If. glabrous 38. involucrata Subsection BRACHYANTILE. 27. azurea, Lam. (S. acuminata, Michx., not Cav.). Perennial, 1-6 ft. high: sts. herbaceous, erect, glabrous: Ivs. petiolate, oblong-lanceolate or linear, rather obtuse or acute, base long-narrowed, somewhat serrate, both surfaces green and glabrous; floral Ivs. lanceolate-linear, deciduous: racemes simple, elongated; floral whorls distant, about 6-fld.; calyx green or bluish, subsessile, tubular, striate, the 3 teeth broad, rather acute; corolla blue. Aug. S. C. to Fla. and Texas. B.M. 1728. Var. grandifldra, Benth. (S. Pitcheri, Torr.), which differs in being cinereous-puberulent, in its denser infl. and tomentulose-sericeous calyx. G.C. II. 14:685. Gn. 19:600; 61, p. 309. G.Z. 26:121— Probably the plant formerly offered as S. Pitcheri var. angustifolia, Hort., belongs here. It is quite probable that some of the material in the trade as S. azurea var. grandiflora is in reality S. farinacea. Var. grandiflSra filba, Hort. (S. azurea var. alba grandiflora, Hort.), is a white-fld. form of the variety. 28. farinacea, Benth. Perennial, 2-3 ft. high: st. herbaceous, erect, tomentose: Ivs. petiolate, ovate- o.blong, or lanceolate, rather obtuse, irregularly serrate- crenate, rather glabrous, both surfaces green or the lower canescent; floral Ivs. small, deciduous: racemes elongated, simple; floral whorls many-fld., subsecund, remote or the uppermost approximate; calyx subsessile, tubular, purplish colored, densely white-lanate; corolla purple or violet, the tube scarcely exserted. Summer. Texas, where it is reported as growing in rich soil. Gn. 9:430; 28, p. 59; 78, p. 226. R.H. 1873:90— A showy frequently cultivated species, the fls. quite attrac- tive, the darker corollas being set off by the mealy lighter violet-white calices. Var. alba, Hort., is a white-fld. form with the midlobe of the lower corolla-lip obcordate, 2-lobed. 29. uligindsa, Benth. Sts. herbaceous, erect, 2-6 ft. high, virgate, branched, glabrous or villous: Ivs. 2-4 in. long, petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate, base narrowed, glabrous or pubescent; floral Ivs. membranaceous, broad-ovate, acuminate, deciduous: racemes dense, long-peduncled, somewhat branched; floral whorls many-fld.; calyx campanulate, variable, sometimes colored; corolla blue or white, tube some- what or nearly included. Brazil, Argentina, and Uru- guay. B.M. 8544. Gn. 77, p. 484. G.M. 56:711. R.H. 1912, p. 469. 30. amarissima, Ort. Perennial, about 2 ft. high: sts. herbaceous, erect, branched, pilose-hispid: Ivs. petiolate, ovate-cordate, crenate, canescent below; floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate, deciduous : racemes simple, densely fld.; floral whorls distinct, subremote, about 10-fld.; calyx tubular-campanulate, striate-villous, the 3 teeth rather acute; corolla blue. Aug. Mex. B.R. 347. — Probably rare in cult. Subsection ERIANTHJE. 31. leucantha, Cav. Fig. 3535. Shrub, about \V~2, ft. high: st. shrubby, with elongated branches which are subterete, and white-lanate, the wool finally caducous: Ivs. short-petioled, lanceolate-linear, acute, crenate, base rotundate, pubescent and rugose above, white- lanate beneath; floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate, deciduous: raceme elongated, often purplish, 6-10 in. long; floral whorls many-fld., the lower remote; calyx subsessile, ovate, densely lavender- or violet-lanate ; corolla white, white-lanate outside. June. Mex. B.M. 4318. Gn. 21:328. — Probably not very common in cultivation, at least in N. Amer. SALVIA SALVIA 3063 Subsection LONGIFLORE. NobUes. 32. splendens, Ker-Gawl. (S. cdlorans, Hort. S. brasiliensis, Spreng.). SCARLET SAGE. Figs. 3538, 3539. Tender shrub or subshrub, treated as an annual, about 3 ft. high: st. shrubby with glabrous branches: Ivs. petiolate, ovate, acuminate, crenate-serrate, base cuneate, rotundate or cordate, both surfaces glabrous; floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate, colored: racemes terminal, spikelike, 6 in. or more long; floral whorls about 2-fld. (2- rarely 6-fld.), about 30 fls. in a raceme; calyx cam- panulate, membran- aceous, scarlet, gla- brous or villous, teeth 3, broad-ovate, acute; corolla scarlet, gla- brous. Autumn. Brazil. B. R. 687. L.B.C.11:1089. Var. alba, Hort., has creamy white fls. Var. atropurp&rea, Hort., a form with dark violet-purple fls. Yar. atrosanguinea, Hort., has deep crim- son fls. Var. bicolor, Hort., with large spikes of scarlet-and- white fls. Var. Bru- dnti, Hort., dwarfer than the type hi habit and brighter scarlet fls. G.C. II. 14:781; III. 6:653. Gn. 21:328 (good). A. F. 5:331. Var. compdcta, Hort., dwarfer habit, ra- cemes thicker and more numerous, fls. brilliant scarlet. Var. compacta alba, Hort., a whitish variant of the preceding variety. Var. compacta erecta, Hort., a dwarf form with dark scarlet fls. Var. grandiflora, Hort., is a tall-grow- ing large-fld. form. G.M. 43:853. R.B. 27:12. The following variants of this va- riety are offered : Var. grandiflora erecta, Hort. Var. grandi- flora nana, Hort. Var. grandiflora pen- dula, Hort. Var. grandiflora prostrdta, Hort. Var. Issanchon, Hort. (S. brasiliensis var. Issdnchon, Hort.), has the calyx white, striped red and a rose-white corolla, habit similar to var. compacta. Var. nana, Hort., is a dwarf form, rather early flower- ing, the fls. bright red. Var. purpurea, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. pyramidalis, Hort., is offered in the trade. F.E. 31:325. Var. roseo-carminea, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. semperfldrens, Hort., is characterized as an early and continuous -flowering form. Var. Souchetii, Planch. (S. Souchetii, Hort.), is probably the same as var. compacta. There is a white- fld. variant of this variety known in the trade as S. Souchetii var. alba, Hort. Var. violacea, Hort., is 3538. Salvia splendens. offered in the trade. — S. nana, HBK., is a valid species belonging to Section 7. It is herbaceous, with a per- pendicular, thickened tuberous root, almost stemless, with subsessile radical lys. forming a rosette, and blue fls. Mex. Probably not in cult. Inflate. 33. Sessei, Benth. (S. Roezlii, Scheidw.). Fig. 3535. Subshrub, about 1J^ ft. high: sts. shrubby with rather glabrous branches: Ivs. 2-3 in. long, somewhat leathery, petiolate, broad-ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, base rounded cuneate or narrow, both surfaces gla- brous or pubescent; floral Ivs. smaller, the uppermost minute, deciduous: panicle short, lax; floral whorls few-fld.; calyx inflated-campanulate, scarlet, glabrous; coroUa scarlet, almost 2 in. long, pubescent. Summer. Mex. F.S. 14:1407. Fulgentes. 34. Grahamii, Benth. Shrub, 2r-3 ft. high: st. shrubby with glabrous or very slightly pubescent branches: Ivs. petiolate, oval, obtuse, base rounded or cuneate, irregularly crenate in the center, subglabrous; floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate, ciliate, deciduous: racemes elongated, more than 1 ft. long; floral whorls 2-fld.; calyx tubular, striate-nerved, pubescent, frequently colored; coroUa deep crimson or when older purple, the midlobe of the lower lip, which is large and obcordate, has two small white spots. Summer. Mex. B.R. 1370. L.B.C. 18:1798. G.W. 15, p. 48. 35. Greggii, Gray. Shrub, 1-3 ft. high: sts. glabrous or obscurely farinaceous; the branches slender: Ivs. coriaceous, 1 -ribbed, almost veinless, oblong, entire, base narrowed to a short petiole: racemes 2-3 in. long, 6-8- fld.; calyx narrowly campanulate, slightly pubescent or glandular; corolla red or pur- plish red, about 1 in. long, the tube strongly ventricose-gibbous, the throat abruptly con- tracted, the lower lip large and showy. Autumn. Texas and Mex. B.M. 6812. Var. Slba, Hort., is a white-fld. form. 36. fulgens, Cav. (S. cardindlis, HBK.). CARDINAL SALVIA. MEXICAN RED SALVIA. Perennial shrub, 2-3 ft. high: the numerous branches almost glabrous or pilose-hirsute: Ivs. petiolate, 1-3 in. long, ovate, acute, cre- nate-serrate, base cordate, pubescent above, white-tomentose or lanate beneath; floral lys. sessile, ovate, deciduous: racemes 6-12 in. long; floral whorls 6-fld., rather distant; calyx Dpr pedicelled, tubular-campanulate, pubescent; corolla showy scarlet, about 2 in. long, villous. July. Mex. B.R. 1356. L.B.C. 20: 1910. — The fls. are darker red than those of S. splendens and the calyx is said to be dull colored and conspicuously striate. Appar- ently not very frequently cult. Var. Bou- cheana, Benth. (S. Bouchedna, Kunth), has the Ivs. narrowly deltoid-ovate, truncate or subcordate at the base. Mex. 37. gesneraefldra, Lindl. & Paxt. (S. ges- neriaefolia, Lem.). Perennial herb about 2 ft. high (possibly sometimes a subshrub): the branches numerous and glandular -pilose: Ivs. ovate-cordate, short-acuminate, crenulate-dentate, puberulent-ciliate and rugose-plicate above, densely long-pubescent-canes- cent beneath: floral whorls 5-^6-fld., with very short pedicels; calyx green, tubular-dilated; corolla scarlet, 2 in. or more long, the tube globose-inflated, throat slightly constricted, short- pubescent. Said to flower in April and again in Nov. Colombia. F.S. 20:2131. I.H. 1:32. J.F. 2:179. J.H. III. 48:191.— Considered by many to be only a variety or form of S. fulgens which it closely resembles. 3064 SALVIA SALVIA 38. involucrata, Cav. Half-hardy subshrub, several feet high: sts. shrubby; the branches elongated: Ivs. petiolate, 2-3 in. long, ovate, acuminate, crenate- serrate at the middle, the base rotund-cuneate, gla- brous; floral Ivs. bract-like, sessile, broad-ovate, acumi- nate, colored, deciduous after anthesis: racemes spicate, in fl. subglobose, at length 4-6 in. long; floral whorls about 6-fld., approximate; calyx tubular-campanulate, striate, viscous, often colored, the teeth setaceous-acu- minate; corolla rose, tube ventricose, generally long- exserted, sometimes short, galea villous. Aug. Mex. and Cent. Amer. B.M. 2872. B.R. 1205. R.H. 1858, p. 239. H.F. II. 2:204.— The floral Ivs. are large, showy, and rather a rose-purple, the fls. frequently shading toward purple. Var. Bethellii, Hort. (S. Bethellii, Hort.), is a horticultural form with large, cordate -oval Ivs. and bright rosy crimson or puce fls. borne in large terminal whorled spikes. F.M. 1881:464. G.C. II. 15:49. Var. Deschampsiana, Verl., grows 3 ft. or more high: Ivs. cordate-acuminate: fls. in ovate spicate terminal clusters: bracts ovate, caducous, they and the calyx bright red; corolla bright rose. French garden origin. R.H. 1869:134, desc. Cyaneae. 39. filbo-caerillea, Lind. Subshrub, about 3 ft. high: sts. erect: Ivs. petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, long- acuminate, 4-6 in. long, crenate-serrate, decurrent into the petiole, nearly glabrous above, softly pubescent beneath: racemes simple, 6-12 in. long; floral whorls 4- to many-fid.; calyx green, campanulate-tubular, glandular-pubescent; corolla-tube and upper lip cream- colored, lower lip rich indigo-blue sometimes tinged with violet or purple. Summer. Mex. F.S. 13:1340. Gt. 7:96.— Rare in cult. 40. ianthina, Otto & Dietr. (S. Hdveyi, Hort.). Perennial, about 2 ft. high: sts. herbaceous, erect, puberulous: Ivs. ovate-subcordate, acuminate, crenate, rugose, paler beneath; floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate, colored: infl. terminal; floral whorls 6-fla., clustered; corolla large, intense purple-violet. June. Habitat uncertain, probably Mex. or Peru. F.S. 9:884. R.H. 1854:61. G.C. II. 15:145. 41. cyanea, Benth. St. shrubby: branches 4-angled, hoary-pubescent or glabrous: Ivs. petiolate, ovate, acuminate, serrate-crenate, pubescent, or frequently canescent beneath; floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate, mem- branaceous, deciduous: racemes simple; floral whorls laxly 6-10-fld., subsecund; calyx tubular, bluish, glandular-villous; corolla blue, the tube exserted and ventricose. Mex. and Cent. Amer. Tubuliflorx. 42. Goudotii, Benth. (S. lantansefblia, Hort., not Mart. & Gal.). Shrub, about 2 ft. high, with the branches red-puberulent or glabrous: Ivs. about 3 in. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate- crenate, base narrowed, both surfaces pubescent; floral Ivs. lanceolate-subulate, deciduous: racemes simple; floral whorls 6-10-fld., subsecund; calyx tubular-cam- panulate, the teeth ovate, ciliate-margined; corolla red, more than 1 in. long. Colombia. R.B. 25:121. 43. coccinea, Linn. (S. rosea, Vahl). Annual or sometimes perennial and subshrubby: st. herbaceous, erect, 1-2 ft. high, canescent-pubescent : Ivs. petiolate, 1-2 in. long, ovate, acute, crenate, base cordate, pubes- cent above, hoary-tomentose beneath; floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate, deciduous: racemes simple; floral whorls remote, 6-10-fld.; calyx tubular-campanulate, striate, often purplish, the teeth acute; corolla scarlet, glabrous. July. S. C. to Fla. and Texas, Mex., W. Indies, Trop. Amer., and cult, and occasionally escaped in India and Austral. — Probably all of the material grown as this is not true to name, possibly the larger part of -it is in reality S. splendens. Var. tricolor, Hort., has the upper lip white, the lower lip brilliant carmine-red. Var. lactea, Hort., has white fls. Var. major, Regel (S. filamentosa, Tausch. S. Roemeriana, Hort., not Scheele), becomes a subshrub up to 4J^ ft. high, is apt to be less canescent-pubescent and has larger bright scarlet-red fls. June to late autumn. Gt. 7:232. Var. nana, Hort., is a dwarf much-branched form. Var. nana carminea, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. nana compact a, Hort., is a dwarf er and more bushy form than the variety proper. Var. psevldo-coccinea, Gray (S. pseiido-coccinea, Jacq.), grows 2^-4 ft. high, and has the st., petioles, and often the margins of the floral Ivs. conspicuously beset with hirsute hairs. Mex. and Cent. Amer. B.M. 2864. &( 3539. Salvia splendens. No. 32. J.F. 2:35. Var. punicea, Hort. (S. coccinea var. splendens, Hort. S. superba, Hort.), differs from the type in being larger, slenderer and later-flowering and in having fls. of a brighter red, more velvety and more closely placed. Var. punicea nana, Hort., differs from the variety proper in being dwarfer and the twigs more branched. Var. rosea nana, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. splendens, Hort., equals var. punicea, Hort. 44. longistyla, Benth. (S. aristulata, Mart. & Gal.). Plants reaching a height of 14—15 ft. : sts. herbaceous(?), erect, tomentose-villous: Ivs. petiolate, broad-ovate, 3-5H x 2-4J^ in., acuminate, crenate, the base broad- cordate, rugose, both surfaces soft pubescent- villous; floral Ivs. ovate, long-acuminate, ciliate, deciduous: racemes 15-25 in. long; floral whorls 6-16-fld.; calyx elongate-tubular, base striate, soft-pubescent, the teeth long setaceous-acuminate; corolla red-pink, long- exserted, rather more than 1 in. long. Mex. B.M. 8590. Hastatae. 45. patens, Cav. Half-hardy perennial, 1-2 % ft. high: sts. herbaceous, erect, pilose: Ivs. petiolate, ovate- SALVIA SALVIA 3065 deltoid, crenate, base hastate or in the upper Ivs. rotund, both surfaces hispid; floral Ivs. lanceolate- linear: floral whorls few. remote, with large fls.: calyx campanulate, villous, the teeth setaceous-acuminate; corolla blue, 2 in. or more long, the tube broad. Sept. Mountains of Mex. B.M. 3808. B.R. 25:23. B. 3:109. F. 1840:222. F.S. 5:503. P.M. 6:1. R.B. 26:85. R.H. 1909:156. H.U.I, p. 39.— The most commonly cult, blue salvia. Var. alba, Hort., differs only in having white fls. F.S. 5:503. Var. compacta nina, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. lilacina, Hort., has lilac-blue fls. 46. cacaliaefdlia, Benth. Tender perennial: sts. herba- ceous, erect, about 3 ft. high, pubescent: Ivs. petiolate, broad-deltoid, the base angulate, broad subhastate- cordate. rather thick, pubescent above, reddish or whitish and soft-villous beneath; floral Ivs. small: racemes branched; floral whorls 2-fld.; calyx campanu- late, pilose, the teeth aristate-acuminate; corolla deep blue, pubescent, the tube very broad. June. Mex. B.M. 5274. F.S. 22:2318. Gn. 21:328. Subgenus IV. LEOXIA. Section 8. ECHTXOSPHACE. 47. carduacea, Benth. Fig. 3535. Perennial, 1 ft. or more high: sts. herbaceous, erect, subsimple, white- lanate: Ivs. petiolate, pinnatifid, laxly lanate beneath, the lobes ovate, sinuate-dentate, with spiny, acuminate teeth; floral Ivs. and bracts imbricate, very spiny: floral whorls remote, densely many-fld. ; calyx inflated, lanate; corolla lilac, the midlobe of the lower lip fimbri- ate. July. Calif. B.M. 4S74. G.C. II. 19:56. Gn. 65, p. 365; fO, p. 238. A.G. 25:589. — A unique species on account of its thistle-like foliage. Section 9. PYCXOSPHACE. 48. columbariae, Benth. Half-hardy annual :st. erect, slightly branched, 6-12 in. high: Ivs. deeply pinnatifid, wrinkled, rather glabrous, the lobes oblong-linear, obtuse, erose-dentate or incised; floral Ivs. bract-like: floral whorls solitary or 2, capitate, far remote from the cauline Ivs., densely many-fld., hemispherical; bracts broad-ovate, membranaceous, acuminate; calyx ovate, pubescent; corolla blue, the midlobe of the lower lip crenulate. Summer. Calif, and adjacent Mex. B.M. 6595 (fls. lilac). — Not showy and appar- ently not in common cult. Section 10. HETEROSPHACE. A. Lrs. lyrate 49. lyrata AA. Lrs. pinnatifid, they or the terminal Iff. roundish or reniform-cordate 50. Roemeriana 49. lyrata, Linn. Hardy perennial with a thickened root: sts. herbaceous, erect. 8-24 in. high, subsimple, pilose: radical Ivs. 2-3 in. long, lyrate, erose-dentate, both surfaces hispidulous; cauline Ivs. few, oblong- lanceolate, the base long-narrowed; floral Ivs. oblong- linear: racemes subsimple, interrupted; floral whorls 6-fld., lax, distant; calyx tubular-campanulate, nod- ding, pilose; corolla blue-purple, about 1 in. long. May and June. Conn, to 111., south to Fla. and Texas. — Not frequent in cult. 50. Roemeriana, Scheele (S. porphyrdntha, Decne. S. porphyrata, Hook.). Perennial, 1-2 ft. high: sts. sparsely long, spreading, hirsute: Ivs. or terminal n't. roundish or reniform-cordate, coarsely repand-toothed or crenately incised: lower Ivs. usually with 2 or 3 sim- ilar but smaller (subsessile or slender-pet iolulate) Ifts.; floral Ivs. mostly shorter than the pedicels: raceme loose and elongated; floral whorls few-fld.; calyx some- what pubescent; corolla deep scarlet, puberulent, about 1 in. or more long, tubular-funnelform. Julv. Texas and Mex. B.M. 4939. F.S. 11:1080. R.H. 1854:301. Section 11. NOTIOSPHACE. 51. japonica, Thunb. Perennial subshrub, about 1J^ ft. high: sts. herbaceous, erect, branched, glabrous: Ivs. 3-4 in. or more long, petiolate, pinnatisect, the segms. ovate, acuminate, the base narrowed, incise- dentate or pinnatifid, glabrous; floral Ivs. lanceolate: racemes 4-^5 in. long, many-fld., subsimple; floral whorls distinct, about 6-fld.; calyx tubular-campanu- late, glabrous, striate; corolla dark lilac or blue(?), the tube scarcely exserted. Japan. Var. alba, Hort., is a wbite-fld. form. Section 12. HEMfsFHACE. 52. verticillata, Linn. Perennial, 2-3 ft. high: sts. herbaceous, erect, pilose-hispid: Ivs., the base cordate, lyrate, the uppermost lobe the largest, ovate-rotund or entire, sinuate-crenate, both surfaces hispid or lanate; floral Ivs. deflexed and bract-like: racemes branched, often a foot or more long; floral whorls 20-40-fld., remote; calyx villous, corolla lilac-blue, the tube included. July and Aug. Eu., Asia Minor and Cau- casus region. The following species have been in cult, or are not sufficiently known to be classified: S. amaena, Sims=S. lamiifolia. — S. angugti- fdlia, Cay. (Sec. 7). Perennial herb, about 2 ft. high, with subsessile oblong-linear Ivs.: calyx often bluish; corolla blue. Mex. B.R. 1551. — S. arbdrea, Hort., is offered in the American trade, as like the scarlet sage, but growing in a tree-like form. Possibly only a variant of S. splendens. — S. asperata, Falc. (Sec. 5). Stout herb, about 2 ft. high, with broad subcordate-ovate Ivs. : corolla yellowish white. Himalaya. B.M. 4884. — S. austriaca. Linn. (Sec. 6). Per- ennial herb, about 2-3 ft. high, with broad-ovate Ivs. : corolla yellow- ish, the upper Up spotted red. S. Eu. B. R. 1019. — S. boliviano, Planch. (Sec. 7). Subshrub about 4 ft. high, with ovate-cordate Ivs.: calvx dull purple or green and purple; corolla bright scarlet, 3 in. long. Bolivia. B.M. 6714. F.S. 11:1148.— S. Cdmertonii, Regel (Sec. 7). Subshrub, 3-5 ft. high, with ovate or cordate-ovate Ivs.: corolla brownish purple, 1 in. long. Probably Mex. Gt.4:180. Con- sidered by some as probably the same as S. elegans. — S. eam- phorata, Hort., is offered in the trade. — S. candidissima, Vahl (S. odorata, Willd.) (Sec. 5). Subshrub or herb, about 3 ft. high, with ovate, lanceolate or orbicular Ivs.: corolla white. Orient. — S. conescens, Mey. (Sec. 5). Sts. herbaceous, 2 ft. high, white-lanate at base: Ivs. lanceolate-oblong, entire or sinuate-lobate: corolla purple. Caucasus. B.R, 24:36. — S. Celotiana, Hort. Shrubby, with dark bronze-green foliage: corolla reddish violet. Hardy in S.W. England and Ireland. Botanically unknown. — S. ceratophyUa, Linn. (Sec. 5). Sts. herbaceous, white-lanate at base: Ivs. deeply pinnatifid, 7-8 in. long, with linear lobes, both surfaces lanate: cor- olla about 1 in. long, yellowish white. Orient and Asia Minor. F.C. 1:5. — S. chamxdry aides, Cav. (Sec. 7). Subshrub about 1 ft. high, with ovate-oblong Ivs. which are hoary-tomentose beneath: calyx often purplish; corolla blue, the lower lip very broad. Mex. B.M. 808. L.B.C. 6:576. — S. confertiflara, Pohl (Sec. 7). Subshrub, about 3 ft. high, with ovate-oblong Ivs., base cuneate: racemes elon- gated, up to 2 ft.; floral whorls numerous, many-fld.: calyx reddish; corolla small, not gaping, reddish inside, vellowish or reddish out- side, covered with yellow wool. Brazil. B.M. 3899. H.U. 3, p. 203. — S. ctmfiusa, Benth. (S. interrupta, Hort., not Schousb.) (See. 1). Hardy shrub, about 4ft. high, with tomentose-pubescent branches: Ivs. interrupted pinnatisect, white-lanate beneath: calyx colored, striate and pubescent ; corolla whitish. S. Eu. — S. dlicolor, HBK. (S. mexicana minor, Hort.) (Sec. 7). Shrub, 2-3 ft. or more high; with ovate-lanceolate Ivs.: spikes S-9 in. long; calyx striate; corolla shining violet. Mountains of Peru. B.M. 6772. G.C. II. 19:341. — S. elegans, Vahl (Sec. 7). Perennial herb, 3-4 ft. high with ovate acuminate serrate Ivs. hispidulous pubescent or tomentose above, glabrous beneath: corolla blood-red, more than 1 in. long. Mex and Guatemala. B.M. 6448. — S. eriocalyx, Bert. (Sec. 7). Shrub with divaricate hoary-pubescent branches: Ivs. oblong- lanceolate: racemes simple and short: calyx densely lanate, fre- quently reddish: corolla white. Japan. R.H. 1844:1. — S. flata, , G. Forest. Plant, 8-20 in. high: sts. ascending, erect, more or less pilose above: basal Ivs. long-petiolate, 1 J*-6 H x 1-3 ^ in., hastate-tri- angular or hastate-ovate, more or less pilose on both surfaces, cre- nate, double crenate, or crenate-serrate: racemes composite; floral whorls 4-8, subremote, generally 4-fld.; calyx pilose; corolla canary- yellow with purple markings, about 2 H in. long: galea slightly lanu- ginose. W.China. — S. Forskdhki, Linn. (Sec. 3). Hardy perennial, 1H ft. high: st. herbaceous, somewhat viscous-villous: Ivs. broad- ovate: corolla violet. Orient. B.M. 988.— S. Gardneridna, Hort., is offered in the trade. — S. globdsa, Hort. Biennial: Ivs. in a flattened rosette 16-18 in. long, 10-12 in. broad, deeply cut, clothed with a sil- very white tomentum: fL-st. 3 ft. or more high, much branched, the branches forming a sphere: fls. large, white. Asia Minor. R.B. 3< : 28. — S. Gretffii, Hort., is offered in the trade as a wooded snrub^ tfr 3 ft. high: fls. a soft shade of cerise, produced all summer. G.M. 57:713. — S. Heerii, Regel (Sec. 7, probably}. Subshrub, 2-5 ft. high, with cordate-ovate or lanceolate Ivs.: corolla scarlet. Peru. Gt. 4:115. — S. indica. Linn. (Sec. 5). Perennial herb, about 3 ft. high, with broad or oblong-ovate Ivs., the floral ones ovate-cordate, reflexed: corolla yellow spotted with purple. Syria. B.M. 395. — S. interrupta, Schousb. (Sec. 1). Hardy subshrub, 3-4 ft. high, with 3066 SALVIA irregularly pinnatisect Ivs., the extreme segm. much larger than the others: corolla showy, dark violet-purple with a white throat. Morocco. B.M. 5860. — S. lamiifdlia, Jacq. (S. amcena, Sims) (Sec. 7). Shrub, about 2 ft. high, with ovate, serrate-crenate Ivs.: corolla lue, the upper li B.M. 1294. B.R. 446. L.B.C. 4:377.— S. lavenduloides, HBK. (S. . , . , . blue, the upper lip covered with whitish blue wool. W. Indies. lavenduliformis, Neum.) (Sec. 7). Perennial herb, with very short- petioled, oblong-lanceolate Ivs.: spikes 2-3 ft. long; corolla pale blue, small. Mex. R.H. 1845:445. — S. leonurcM.es, Glox. (S. formosa, L'Her.) (Sec. 7). Shrub, about 3 ft. high, with ovate or rhomboid Ivs.: the floral whorls in the axils of the cauline Ivs. not racemose; corolla scarlet. Peru and Brazil. B.M. 376. — S. macrostachya, HBK. (Sec. 7). Shrub, about 6 ft. high, with subrotund-ovate Ivs., their base deeply cordate, the auricles rounded; the floral Ivs. large, green: corolla blue, the lower lip longer than the galea. Peru. B.M. 7372. — S. oaxac&na, Fern. (Sec. 7). Shrub, much branched: Ivs. ovate, pale green and strongly rugose above, white-tomentose beneath: floral whorls mostly 2-fld. ; corolla cardinal-red, nearly 1 ^4 in. long. Mex. — S. oppositifldra, Ruiz & Pav. (Sec.7). Half-hardy subshrub, about 2 ft. high, with ovate, pubescent Ivs.: floral whorls 2-fld., secund, calyx striate; corolla scarlet. F.S. 4:345. P.M. 15:53. Gt. 4:212. — S. princeps, Hort. (Sec. 7). Subshrub, 3-6 ft. high: Ivs. large, ovate- serrate, with the principal veins prominent: spikes large, terminating the branches; calyx colored; corolla brilliant carmine-rose, slightly ventricose, Ifts. small. Mex. R.B. 33 : 257. Resembles S. splendens. — S. prunettoides, HBK. (S. brunellodes, Voss) (Sec. 7). Several herbaceous sts. from a perennial base: Ivs. ovate-oblong, both sur- facesgreen: corolla blue. Mex. P.M. 11:175. Var. purpurea, Hort., has the fls. purplish red. — S. rutilans, Carr. (Sec. 7). A plant with a small green calyx and usually 2-fld. floral whorls. Prob- ably a horticultural form of S. splendens. R.H. 1873:250. G.C. II. 15:117(?).— S. scabiossefdlia, Lam. (S. Habliziana, Willd.) (Sec. 1). Perennial herb, \-\lA ft. high, with pinnatisect Ivs.: segms. 3-5-jugate, frequently in pairs or 3's: corolla white. Tauria. B.M. 1429 and 5209. — S. scapiformis, Hance (Sec. 11). Perennial herb: Ivs. radical, broadly ovate or oblong-oordate: scapes 6-10 in. high; the floral whorls numerous; corolla amethystine. Formosa. B.M. 6980. — S. Sieheana, Hort., is described as perennial, and having large light lilac fls. — S. Soidiei, Duthie. Perennial, about 2 ft. high: sts. herbaceous: Ivs. dark green, triangular, rugose: fls. numerous, tubular-lipped, delicate shade of blue. China. — S. striciifldra, Hook. (Sec. 7). Shrub, about 2 ft. high, with ovate, pale green, slightly fleshy Ivs.: fls. stiffly erect, tubular and golden red. Peru. B.M. 3135. P.M. 11:247.— S. taraxacifdlia, Coss. & Bal. (Sec. 1). Sub- shrub, 6-18 in. high, with Ivs. 2-4 in. long, pinnatisect, terminal lobe 1-1 % in. long, ovate and irregularly sinuate-toothed, all white- tomentose beneath: corolla pale pink with a yellowish disk to the lower lip and a purple-speckled palate. Morocco. B.M. 5991. — S. tricolor, Lem. (Sec. 7). Half-hardy shrub, about 2 ft. high, with small ovate Ivs. rounded-obtuse at the apex, with a terminal tooth: corolla white, the lower part of the large lower lip reddish. Mex. I.H. 4:120. F.S. 12:1237. F. TRACY HUBBARD. SALVtNIA (Antonio Maria Salyini, 1633-1729, Italian scientist). Marsiliaceae. An interesting plant for the small home aquarium. Salyinia is a genus of fern-allies found mostly in the tropics and comprising about a dozen species, only one of which, S. natans, Linn. (Fig. 3540), is cultivated. Plants floating, with slender sts. bearing apparently 2-ranked, oblong Ivs. 4-6 lines or even 1 in. long: upper surface of Ivs. covered with papulae or minute warts; lower densely matted with brown pellucid hairs. The plant is supposed to have no true roots. What look like roots are believed to be finely dissected Ivs. ; one of these occurs with each pair of the foliage-lvs. Many aquatic plants have these 2 types of foliage, e. g., the water buttercup, Ranunculus aquatilis. Salvinia looks much like a flowering plant but it is a spore plant and has 2 kinds of spores, large ones and minute ones. These spores are I produced in small oval bodies known £===_===- as sporocarps, i. e. 3540. Salvinia natans. (Xaboutl) "spore-fruits." Of each cluster of sporocarps, 1 or 2 contain 10 or more sessile macrospor- angia, each of which contains a solitary macrospore. The other sporocarps in the cluster contain numerous microsporangia, each of which contains numerous microspores. The plant is of easy culture in summer, but many persons have lost it over winter by not understanding its habits. It is an annual and often dies in the winter after ripening a crop of spores. Secure a broad pan, fill it half full of loam and then fill the pan with water. After the water has cleared place the salvinias on the sur- face. In the winter watch for the formation of the spore-capsules. These grow in masses near the top of the clusters of root-like leaves. After the plants die the spore-capsules will remain in the soil. The plant often passes the winter in greenhouses in a growing condition, producing no spores. R c BENEDICT.! SAMANEA (a corruption of its native Spanish name of zamari). Leguminbsse. Spineless or rarely spiny trees or shrubs of the American tropics, where one or two of them are much planted for shade. 3541. Samanea Saman. Leaves several- or rarely many-pinnate; Ifts. 1- to many-pinnate: fls. in globose heads: pods straight or somewhat curved, rigid, more or less constricted, flat, thickened or subterete, leathery or fleshy, indehiscent or rarely but slightly so; septate between the seeds. Dis- tinguished from Enterolobium by the nearly straight pods and from Pithecolobium by its indehiscent sep- tate pods. — About 30 species. A. Lvs. 2-4-pinnate; Ifts. 2-8-pinnate. Saman, Merrill (Mimosa Samdn, Jacq. Pithecolo- bium Samdn, Benth. Enterolobium Samdn, Prain). RAIN TREE. ZAMAN. SAMAN. Figs. 3541, 3542. A large tree, reaching a height of 60-80 ft., with wide- spreading branches; branchlets velvety pubescent: Ivs. 2-4-pinnate; Ifts. 2-8-pinnate, oblique, ovate-oblong or suborbicular, up to \Y<i in. long, shining above, pubescent beneath: peduncle 4-5 in. long: fls. in heads, in short pedicels; calyx J^in. long, pubescent; corolla about J^in. long, yellowish; silky, villous; stamens 20, light crimson, shortly connected: pod sessile, straight, thick -margined, [leathery-fleshy, glabrous, indehiscent, 6-8 in. long, J^-l in. broad, flattened or subterete. A native of Cent. Amer. and the W. Indies, but now widely distributed in the tropics as an ornamental shade tree. Blanco, Fl. Filip. 309. Jacq. Fragm. 9. G.C. III. 11:557.— The Ifts. fold together on the approach of rain. A rapid grower. The pods contain a rich sugar-pulp and are eagerly eaten by cattle and horses. The seeds are of little food value as they are not digested and often cause slight digestive troubles. The pods when eaten by cows are said to increase the quality of their milk. AA. Lvs. 5-12-pinnate; Ifts. 20-30-pinnate. arbdreum, Ricker (Mimosa arbbrea, Linn. Mimosa filicifblia, Lam. Pithecolobium filicifblium, Benth. Pithecolobium arbbreum, Urban). A magnificent tree, 50-75 ft. tall, ferruginous-tomentose : Ivs. 8-12- pinnate; Ifts. 20-30-pinnate, oblique, falcate-oblong, obtuse, %-%in. long, glabrescent: peduncles axillary or above the axils, 2-3 in. long: fls. white, sessile in globose heads, often pubescent; calyx 1 line long, corolla Mm- long: pod red, tomentose when young, becoming glabrous, terete, fleshy, constricted between the seed, slightly curved or twisted, 2-3 in. long, ^-J^m. broad, finally somewhat dehiscent; seeds black. Trop. Amer. p. L. RICKER. SAMBUCUS SAMBUCUS 3007 SAMBUCUS (old Latin name for the elder, also spelled Sabucus). Caprifolidcese. ELDER. Ornamental mostly woody plants grown for their handsome foliage, showy clusters of white flowers, and the attractive red or black berries. Deciduous shrubs or small trees, with stout very pithy branches, rarely perennial herbs: Ivs. opposite, odd-pinnate, with serrate Ifts., with or without stipules and stipels: fls. small, usually perfect, white, in terminal compound cymes or panicles, usually 5-merous, rarely 3- or 4-merous; calyx-lobes minute; corolla rotate with short tube and oval to oblong-lanceolate lobes ; stamens with short filaments; ovary inferior, 3-5-celled; style short, 3-5-lobed: fr. a drupe with 3-5 1 -seeded nut- lets.— About 20 species in the temperate and subtropi- cal regions of both hemispheres. Some species, particu- larly S. nigra and S. canadensis, possess medicinal properties; the fr. of these species and also that of S. cterulea is used in cookery, also elderberry wine is made from it. The hard wood, the large pithy shoots which are easily hollowed and the pith are put to various uses. Monograph of the genus by Count Schwerin in M.D. 1909, pp. 1-56. The elders are large and rather coarse shrubs, rarely tree-like, or perennials spreading by suckers, with pinnate foliage and large flat or panicled clusters of white or creamy white small flowers followed by red or black, rarely glaucous or in some varieties green or yellow fruits. They are well adapted for mass planting and are very effective as well in bloom as in fruit in their proper places. They prefer rich and humid soil and most species are hardy North; S. cserulea and its var. neo-mexicana are hardy at least as far north as Massa- chusetts. Propagation is by seeds which germinate readily and by hardwood and greenwood cuttings, also by root-cuttings; the perennial species and also S. cana- densis by suckers. acutiloba, 2. latisecta, 1. purpurea, 4. albicocca, 5. leucocarpa, 5. pyramidalis, 1. albo-variegata, 1. linearis, 1. pyramidata, 1. arborescens, 5. maxima, 2. racemosa, 4, 5. aurea, 1, 2, 4. nana, 1, 4. rosiflora, 4. cserulea, 3. neo-meiicana, 3. rotundifolia, 1. canadensis, 2. nigra, 1. Schweriniana, 6. chlorocarpa, 1, 2. ornata, 4. serratifolia, 4. delicatissima, 2. pendula, 1. submollis, 2. dissecta, 5. plumosa, 4. tenuifolia, 4. flavescens, 4. plumosa-aurea, 4. velutina, 3. glauca, 3. pteridifolia, 4. virescens, 1. heterophylla, 1. pubens, 5. viridis, 1. intermedia, 3. pubescens, 5. xanthocarpa, 4, 5. laciniata, 1, 2, 4, 5. pulverulenta, 1. A. St. woody. B. Berries black or dark purple, rarely green or white: pith white: cymes fiat. c. Fr. not glaucous. 1. nigra, Linn. EUROPEAN ELDER. Large shrub or tree, to 30 ft., with deeply furrowed bark: all parts when bruised exhaling a disagreeable odor: branches gray, strongly lenticellate: Ivs. dark green, usually pubescent beneath while young; Ifts. 3-7, usually 5, short-stalked, elliptic, acute, serrate, 2-6 in. long: cymes 5-rayed, to 5 in. across: fr. black, lustrous, 3- celled, 34~Mm- across. May, June: fr. Aug., Sept. Eu., W. Afr., W. Asia. S.E.B. 4:637. R.F.G. 12:780. H.W. 3, p. 132. G.C. III. 10:405. Many varieties: Var. pyramidata, Lav. (var. pyramidalis, Dipp.). Habit columnar. Var. pendula, Dipp. Pendulous or pros- trate. Var. nana, Schwerin. Forming a globose bush about 3 ft. high; weak-growing. Var. rotundifdlia, Endl. Lfts. 3, rarely 5, broadly ovate to suborbicular. Var. laciniata, Willd. (S. laciniata, Mill.). Lfts. regu- larly and finely dissected. R.F.G. 12:780. A handsome and distinct form. Var. heterophylla, Endl. (var. linearis, Kirchn.). Lfts. irregularly cut and erose and partly reduced to the midrib; slow-growing form. Var. latisecta, Hesse. Lvs. broadly Iqbed. Var. albo- variegata, Endl. Lvs. variegated with white. J.H.S. 33, p. 360, fig. 47. G.W. 11, p. 474. Var. pulverulenta, Sweet. Lvs. finely dotted and sprinkled with white. Var. atlrea, Sweet. Lvs. golden yellow. G.W. 2, p. 565. Var. viridis, Ait. (var. chlorocdrpa, Hayne. Var. virescens, Sweet). Fr. pale green, striped whitish. M.D. 1908:8, fig. 2. 2. canadensis, Linn. AMERICAN or SWEET ELDER. Fig. 3M3. Shrub, to 12 ft., stoloniferous: branches pale yellowish gray, slightly lenticellate : Ivs. bright green ; Ifts. usually 7, short-stalked, elliptic to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, sometimes pubescent on the veins beneath, 2-5 in. long: cymes 5-rayed, to 10 in. across: fr. purplish black, usually 4-celled. June, July; fr. in Sept. Nova Scotia and Man. to Fla. and Texas. B.B. (ed.2)3:268. G. 27:541. M.D.G. 1899:169. Var. submollis, Rehd. Lvs. grayish green and soft-pubes- cent beneath. 111. to Ark. and Texas. Var. mfixima, Hesse. Lvs. larger: cymes to 18 in. across. Very vigor- ous grower. G.W. 11, p. 397. G.M. 51:451. Var. acutiloba, Ellwanger & Barry (var. laciniata, Cowell). Lvs. much dissected, the lower Ifts. pinnatifid, the upper ones incisely serrate and narrowly lanceolate. A very handsome and distinct form. F.S.R. 1, p. 151. Var. aurea, Cowell (var. delicatissima, Schwerin). Lvs. golden yellow: berries cherry-red. F.E. 22:433. Var. chlorocfirpa, Rehd. Fr. greenish: Ivs. pale yellowish green. — The handsomest and most effective of the elders in bloom, also attractive when weighed down with its large clusters of purplish black berries. cc. Fr. glaucous. 3. cserulea, Raf. (S. glauca, Nutt.). Large shrub or small tree, occasionally to 50 ft.: branchlets rather slender, bloomy when young: Ifts. 5-7, oblong, long- acuminate, coarsely serrate, the lower Ifts. often 3- parted or pinnate, bright green, glabrous, 2-6 in. long: fls. yellowish white, in flat cymes 4-6 in. wide: fr. sub- globose, Jim. thick, blue-black, whitened by a thick bloom. June, July; fr. in Aug. and Sept. Brit. Col. to Calif., east to Mont, and Utah. S.S. 5:222. G.W. 8:116. Var. velutina, Schwerin (S. velidina, Durand). Young branchlets and Ivs. covered with a dense and short whitish pubescence. Calif. Var. neo-mexicana, Rehd. (S. glauca var. neo-mexicana, A. Nels. S. inter- media, Carr.). Lfts. 3-5, narrow-lanceolate, grayish green, slightly pubescent beneath. New Mex., Ariz. M.D. 1909:8, fig. 1.— This species is similar to S. canadensis, but habit looser and taller, very striking with its large clusters of bluish white frs.; the typical 3068 SAMBUCUS SAMPHIRE form and var. neo-mexicana have proved hardy as far north as Mass. BB. Berries red, rarely yellow: pith light brown: cymes convex or paniculate. 4. racemdsa, Linn. RED-BERRIED ELDER. Shrub, to 12 ft.: branches light brown; young branchlets gla- brous or nearly so, 2-3 J^ in. long: infl. ovate or oblong, dense: Ifts. 5-7, ovate or elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, 2-3 in. long: fls. yellowish white: fr. scarlet, %in. across, 3-seeded; nutlets yellowish white, minutely rugose. April, May; fr. in June, July. Eu. to E. Asia. H.W. 3, p. 133. R.F.G. 12:781. Var. nana, Carr. Dwarf compact form. Var. plumosa, Carr. Lfts. incisely serrate to about the middle, teeth long and 3543. Sambucus canadensis. narrow, purplish when unfolding. Var. plumdso-attrea Weezelenburg (var. serratifdlia aiirea, Barbier). Foli- age like that of the preceding form, but golden yellow. Var. ornata, Carr. (var. pteridifolia, Carr.). The first Ivs. of the shoot are like those of var. plumosa, the later ones more finely dissected like var. laciniata. Var. laciniata, W. Koch (var. serratifdlia, Hort.). Lfts. regularly and deeply dissected, green when unfolding. R.F.G. 12:781. Var. tenuifdlia, Carr. Lvs. finely and deeply dissected with very narrow segms., purplish when unfolding. Var. purpfcrea, Sweet (S. rosiflora, Carr.). Fls. purplish or pink outside, purple in bud. G. 3 : 175. Var. flavescens, Sweet (var. xanthocdrpa, Zabel). Fr. yellow with orange cheek. M.D. 1909:8, fig. 6. — This species, like the following, is not conspicu- ous in bloom, but the clusters of scarlet fr. are very attractive in June and July. The cut-leaved forms are very graceful. 5. pubens, Michx. (S. pubescens, Pers. S. racemosa var. pubens, Koehne. S. racembsa var. pubescens, Dipp., not Miq.). Shrub, to 12 or sometimes to 25 ft. : branch- lets and Ivs. on both sides finely pubescent while young, sometimes nearly glabrous at maturity; Ifts. 5-7, ovate- oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate, pubescent beneath, rarely nearly glabrous: infl. ovate or pyram- idal, looser and broader at the base than that of the preceding species, to 4 in. long: berries scarlet; nutlets minutely rugose. May: fr. in June, July. New Bruns. to Alaska, south to Ga., Colo, and Brit. Col. B.B. (ed. 2) 3:268. Var. dissecta, Brit. (S. racembsa var. lacini- ata, Rob. & Fern., not W. Koch). Lfts. deeply and regularly dissected. Var. leucocarpa, Bernh. (var. albicdcca, Brit. Var. xanthocdrpa, Cock.). Fr. whitish or amber-yellow. Var. arborescens, Dipp. Tree-like; less pubescent. AA. St. herbaceous: plant stoloniferous: cymes flat: fr. red. 6. Schweriniana, Rehd. Herbaceous or suffruticose, stoloniferous, glabrous, 3-5 ft.: Ifts. 5-7, oblong-lanceo- late, the lower ones short -stalked, the upper ones adnate and decurrent, acuminate, very unequal at the base, serrate, 3-5 in. long: cymes flat, long-stalked, 5-rayed. puberulous: fr. salmon-red, 3-seeded, Kin. thick, nutlets broadly ovoid, smooth. W. China. — Hand- some with its clusters of bright red fruit; it spreads rapidly by suckers and may become a weed difficult to eradicate, therefore it should not be planted where it is likely to become troublesome. S. callicdrpa, Greene (S. leiosperma, Leiberg. S. racemosa var calliearpa, Jepson). Allied to S. pubens: shrub to 10 ft.: Ifts. oblong to lanceolate, pubescent on the veins beneath while young: infL broadly pyramidal or hemispherical : nutlets smooth. Alaska to Calif . Japan. M.D. 1909:8, fig. 5. G.F. 10:175. Mn. 2:21 (as S. pubens). — S. chinensis, Lindl.=S. javanica. — S. fibulus. Linn. Herbaceous, stoloniferous, to 5 ft.: Ifts. 5-9, elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, pubes- cent; stipules large: cymes flat, 3-rayed; fls. white or pinkish, anthers purple, fragrant: fr. black, J4in. across. Eu., Afr., W. Asia. R.F.G. 12:779. S.E.B. 4:638. — S. Fontenaysii, Carr. (S. cserulea X S. nigra). Intermediate between the parents: Ivs. bluish green: cymes large: fr. black, bloomy. Garden origin. — S. javanica, Reinw. (S. chinensis, Lindj. S. Thunbergiana, Blume). Suffruticose, to 6 ft.: Ifts. 5-7, elliptic-lanceolate, the upper ones sometimes decurrent, long-acuminate, sparingly pubescent while young, to 8 in. long: cymes flat, 5-6 in. across, with scattered large aborted fleshy fls. : fr. ovoid, red. Japan, China to Malay Archipelago. — S. leiosperma, Lei- berg=S. calliearpa. — S. melanocdrpa, Gray. Allied to S. pubens. Shrub, to 12 ft.: Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, pubescent beneath while young, 4-5 in. long: infl. ovate: fr. Min. thick, black, rarely reddish brown. Brit. Col. to Calif. G.F. 10:135. M.D. 1909:8, fig. 4. I.T. 5:173. — S. mexicana, D.C. (S. canadensis var. mexicana, Sarg.). Tree, to 30 ft.: Ivs. 5-9-foliolate, sometimes bipinnate; Ifts. ovate- lanceolate, long-acuminate, pubescent on both sides while young, later only below, 2-6 in. long: cymes flat, 6-8 in. across: fr. nearly black, ribbed, J4in. across. W. Texas to S. Calif., Mex. 8.8.5:221. In Mex. planted sometimes near houses as a shade-tree and for its fr. — S. microbotrys, Rydb. Allied to S. pubens. Shrub, to 6 ft., glabrous Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, to 5 in. long: infl. small nearly hemispherical, about 2 in. long: fr. scarlet. Calif, to Colo, ano Nev. — S. Sieboldiana, Graebn. (S. racemosa var. Sieboldiana Miq.). Closely related to S. racemosa: Ifts. oblong-ovate to lanceo- late, smooth, not rugulose above, more finely serrate, to 4 or occa- sionally to 8 in. long: fls. and frs. smaller. Japan, China. S.I.F. 2 : 74 (as S. racemosa). — S. Slmpsonii, Rehd. Allied to S. canadensis. Small tree, to 15 ft., with deeply furrowed bark: Ifts. usually 5. elliptic to elliptic-oblong, lustrous above, glabrous, 1 J-£-3 in. long cymes with 4 or 5 rays, the central ray as long or longer than the lateral rays: ovary 5-celled. Fla. S.T.S. 2:175. — S. Thunbergiana, Blume=S. javanica. The plant cult, under this name is S. racemosa or possibly sometimes S. Sieboldiana. ALFRED REHDER. SAMPHIRE (Crithmum maritimum, which see) is the name corrupted from sampier, itself a corruption of the French Saint Pierre (St. Peter), given to a succulent- stemmed half-hardy perennial, well known as sea-fen- nel, parsley-pert, and St. Peter's herb upon rocky coasts above high tide in Great Britain. It belongs to the family Umbelliferae. The plants, which attain a height of 1 to 2 feet, have somewhat linear glaucous-green fleshy leaves, J^ inch long, small white or yellowish flowers, which appear in umbels during July, and oblong yellowish fennel-like smallish seeds of light weight, which ripen in early autumn and lose their germinating power within a year. For more than three centuries the crisp and aromatic leaves and young stems gathered in August or September have been used in salads and vinegar pickles. Samphire rarely reaches perfection in gardens far from the seacoast, unless SAMPHIRE SANGUINARIA grown upon sandy or gravelly soil, and watered fre- quently and plentifully with weak salt- and soda-solu- tions. " It may be propagated by root-division, but better by sowing the seed as soon as ripe, the plants being thinned to stand from 1 to 1J^ feet asunder in rows 2 to 1Yi feet apart. Golden samphire (Inula crithmifolia) , a native of the marshes and seacoast of Great Britain, is an erect hardy perennial, Ito 1 J 2 feet tall, with small, fleshy leaves and 'yellow flowers in small; umbel-like clusters. Though grown and used like true samphire, for which it is often sold, it lacks the pleasing, aromatic taste of the genuine. It belongs to the family Composite. For marsh samphire, see Salicornia. M. Q. KAINS. SAMUEL A (Sam Farlow Trelease, who participated in field-studies of the species). Liliacex, tribe Yuccex. Yucca-like large plants. Short-trunked mostly unbranched soft-pulped trees, resembling the baccate yuccas except in their gamophyl- lous perianth which in one species has a long slender tube resembling a tuberose. As in Yucca Treculeana, but to a greater extent, the bracts of the ample panicle are long and add much to its attractiveness. — Two species, one Texan and the other of the Mexican tableland. Hardy only in the S. where, as in Calif, and along the Riviera, they are said to be beginning to be cult. Monograph by Wm. Trelease in Kept. Mo. Bot. Card., vol. 13, pp. li6-19. Faxoniana, Trel. Lvs. in a dense round head, 2-3 in. wide and 3 ft. long, nearly smooth, deeply concave, pungent, with long coarse curving white marginal fibers: infl. loosely branched, 3 ft. or more long; fls. white, 2-4 in. across, with conical tube about %in. long: fr. 1 by mostly 2-3 in. S. W. Texas. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 4:4, 5: 13:73-5, 82, 85. S.S. 10:499. carnerosana, Trel. Infl. 5-6 ft. high, compactly branched, with very large white bracts; fls. white, 3-4 in. across, with cvhndrical tube }^-l in. long: fr. 1J^ x 2-3 in. E. Mex. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 13:7&-9, 80, 85, 87, and frontispiece to p. 27. WILLIAM TRELEASE. SANCHEZIA (after Jos. Sanchez, professor of bot- any at Cadiz). Acanthacfie. Showy warmhouse plants, grown for flowers and foliage. Strong erect herbs or half-shrubby plants: Ivs. large, opposite, entire or slightly toothed: fls. orange, red, or purple, united into heads or spikes at the ends of the branches, or rarely paniculate; calyx deeply 5-parted, segms. oblong; tube of the corolla long, cylindrical, somewhat ventricose above the middle, limb of 5 equal, short, rotund lobes; perfect stamens 2, inserted below the middle of the tube, with 2 aborted stamens between them; anther 2-celled, the cells mucronate in front; style long, with one division small, spurlike; ovary on a thick disk, 2-loculed. with 4 ovules in each cell. — About 11 species in Peru, Colombia, and Brazil. nobilis, Hook. Plants stout, erect, smooth, except the infl.: st. 4-angled: Ivs. 3-9 in. long, oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, obtusely toothed, narrowed into winged petioles, connate: fls. 2 in. long, yellow, in heads subtended by bright red bracts, the heads forming a panicle. Ecuador. B.M. 5594. F.S. 23:2437. G.W. 10, p. 610. G.Z. 11:16. H.F. II. 9:346. Var. glau- cophylla, Lem. (var. variegata, Hort.). Lvs. varie- gated with pale yellow or white along the veins. F. 1867, p. 154. I.H. 14:528 (as S. nobilis); 16:580.— A hothouse plant which is very attractive when well grown, but which becomes straggling and weedy if neglected. Grown mostly for its foliage. S. parvibrac- teata, Sprague & Hutch. Allied to S. nobilis, from which it differs in having wingless petioles, smaller bracts with fewer (3-5) fls. and longer staminodes. Corolla yellow. Trop. Amer. HEINRICH HASSELBRING. SANDERSONIA (named after John Sanderson). Liliacex. Herb, suitable for the greenhouse: sts. sub- erect, simple, leafy: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls. showy, orange, solitary in the axils, without bracts; perianth persistent, urn-shaped to globose, somewhat inflated; stamens 6; ovary sessile: fr. unknown. — One species, S. Afr. Treatment the same as for gloriosas. aurantiaca, Hook. Rootstock tuberous: st. simple, 1-2 ft. high, leafy to the apex: Ivs. sessile, alternate, linear or lanceolate, 2—4 in. long: perianth bright yellow, y*-\ in. long. Nov. Natal. B.M. 4716. R.H. 1868, p. 311. J.F. 4:408. SANGUINARIA (Latin, blood; referring to the yel- lowish red juice of the plant). Papaveraces. BLOOD- ROOT. Low spring-blooming perennial used for borders and for rock-gardens. 3544. Bloodroot. — Sanguinaria canadensis. ( X H) Rootstock several inches long, about Hm- thick, hori- zontal: Ivs. radical, cordate or reniform, usually only 1 from each root-bud, on petioles about 8 in. long: fls. white, often tinged with pink, 1-3 in. across, mostly solitary, on scapes about 8 in. long, appearing just preceding the full-grown Ivs.; sepals 2, fugacious; petals 8-12, in 2 or 3 rows, oblong or obovate, early deciduous: caps. 1 in. long, oblong, 2-valved. — A single species common in woods of E. N. Amer., running into several forms (see Fedde in Engler's Pflanzenreich, iv, 104). The bloodroot is a showy spring flower usually found in woodland, but not a true shade-loving plant, since its growth is made, to a great extent, before the foliage of the trees expands. In cultivation it prefers a rather light soil, biit will grow anywhere. It will do as well in sunlight as in shade and will even grow amongst grass, if care be taken not to mow down the leaves until it has perfected the root growth and buds for the follow- ing season. The roots are best transplanted after the leaves have ripened, August-dug and -planted roots being best, but they may be moved when the plants are in flower. The roots are offered at such low prices by collectors that the plant should be used to a much greater extent for spring gardening. canadensis, Linn. BLOODROOT. REB PUCCOON. Fig. 3544. Described above. April, May. B.M. 162. G.F. 8:215. G.C. III. 51:284. G. 31:447; 34:329. Gn.M. 3:134. Var. major, Hort., is merely a form with large fls. J.H. III. 52:457. Var. plena, Hort., has more numerous narrower petals. f\ \y. BARCLAY. 3070 SANGUISORBA SANSEVIERIA SANGUISORBA (Latin, blood and drink up, from reputed styptic properties in folk-medicine). Rosacese. Chiefly perennial herbs, grown as salad plants and also sometimes used in the hardy border. Leaves unequally pinnate; stipules adherent to the petiole: fls. small, often polygamous or dioecious, crowded in a dense head or spike at the summit of a long, naked peduncle; calyx-tube persistent, with 4 broad petal-like spreading deciduous lobes; petals none; stamens 4-12: achene (commonly solitary) inclosed in the 4-angled dry and thickish calyx-tube. — About 35 species, natives of the North Temperate Zone. See Poterium. minor, Scop. (Poterium Sanguisdrba, Linn.). BURNET. Perennial, growing in clumps, glabrous or sparsely hairy: Ivs. long, odd-pinnate, narrow, the small Ifts. 6-10 pairs and orbicular to oblong and deep- toothed :sts. 1-2 Yi ft. tall, terminating in small globular or oblong heads: lower fls. in the head staminate, the others perfect, the stigmas purple, tufted and exserted. Eu., Asia, and naturalized in this country. — Sometimes grown in the herb-garden for the fresh young Ivs., which are used in salads. It is also an interesting plant for the hardy border. Also recommended as a pasture plant, particularly for sheep. It thrives in dry soils. canadensis, Linn. Taller, larger in every way than the above: Ifts. oblong to almost triangular-oblong, truncate or cordate at the base, long-stalked, obtuse, sharp-toothed: fl.-heads cylindrical, 2-6 in. long, the fls. all perfect, whitish. Low grounds, Mich., east and south. — An interesting plant, worthy a place in the hardy border, and sometimes sold for that purpose. It pro- duces much foliage. Grows 5-6 ft. tall. S. atrosangutnea, Hort., is a form listed in the trade as having wiry sts. 3 ft. high bearing heads of rich crimson fls. Possibly the European S. omcinalis, Linn. F TKACY HuBBARD.f SANICULA (name said to be from sanare, to heal; or perhaps from San Nicolas). Umbelliferse. SANICLE. BLACK SNAKEROOT. Perennial rather tall glabrous herbs, useful sometimes as a ground-cover. Leaves few, palmately lobed or parted, those from the base long-petioled : umbels irregular or compound; fls. greenish or yellowish, capitate in the umblets, per- fect and with staminate ones intermixed; involucre and involucels few-lvd.: fr. globular, carpels not separating spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles. — About 39 species (Wolff, Das Pflanzenreich, hft. 61), temperate regions of the world. The sanicles have no particular horticultural merit, being rather weedy in habit; but they are useful in wild-gardens and for colonizing hi woods. A. Fls. yellow. Menziesii, Hook. & Arn. St. solitary, 1-2% ft. high, branching: Ivs. round-cordate, 2-3 in. across, very deeply 3-5-lobed: fr. about 1 line long, becoming dis- tinctly pedicellate. Calif, and northward. AA. Fls. purple (rarely yellowish). bipinnatifida, Douglas. About 1 ft. high, with a pair of opposite Ivs. at the base and 1-3 above, long-petioled, triangular to oblong in outline, 2-3 in. long, pinnately 3-5-lobed: fr. sessile. Calif, to Brit. Col. AAA. Fls. greenish white. mariUndica, Linn. St. stout, lJ^-4 ft. high: Ivs. bluish green, the basal long-petioled, the upper sessile, 5-7-parted: fr. sessile. Atlantic to Brit. Col. Common fr woods. Fi TRACY HuBBARD.f SANSEVIERIA (after Raimond de Sangro, Prince of Sanseyiero, born at Naples 1710. The spelling Sanse- viera is not the earliest). Lilidcese. BOWSTRING HEMP. Herbaceous perennials, essentially tender foliage plants, although beautiful in flower, adapted to the coolhouse. They are grown for the stiff erect Ivs., which are usually variegated. Rhizome short, thick, sometimes stolonif erous : Ivs. in a basal rosette, thick cartilaginous, frequently elongated, rather flat or terete: scape simple, tall, stout: fls. greenish white, medium-sized or long, clustered in an often dense raceme; perianth-tube slender, some- times very long; stamens 6; ovary free, 3-celled. — Trop. and S. Afr. and India; the most recent treatment is by N. E. Brown in Kew Bulletin, 1915, where 54 species are described. The genus is important in yielding fiber. Sansevierias are easily propagated by division or they may be raised from leaf-cuttings about 3 inches long. These cuttings form roots in sandy soil after about one month, after which a long stolon-like bud is formed, which produces the new plant at some dis- tance from the cutting. Sansevierias are well adapted to house decoration, since they do not require much sunlight. A rather heavy soil suits them best. A. Lvs. fiat or nearly so. thyrsifldra, Thunb. (S. guineensis, Willd:). Lvs. 2-4 to a growth, from a stout creeping rootstock, erect and smooth, to \Yi ft. long and 3K in. broad, lanceolate, acute or obtuse, on both sides marked with pale green transverse bands which become obscure with age, tapering into a channelled petiole: fls. greenish white, fragrant. Trop. Afr. B.M. 1179 (properly 1180). AA. Lvs. concave. zeyldnica, Willd. Lvs. 1-3 ft. long, 8-15 in a cluster, sword-shaped, subterete, variegated with transverse markings of a grayish white: scape longer than the Ivs. : bracts many : fls. whitish green, l%in. long. India. B.R. 160. Var. Laurentii, Hort. (S. Laurentii, Wildem.) has a band of creamy yellow ^-^in. or more wide along the If .-margins in addition to the regular variega- tion. Trop. Afr. G.W. 13, p. 125. R.B. 30:169. AAA. L^s. cylindrical. cylindrica, Bpjer. Lvs. often 3-4 ft. long, 8-10 in a tuft, terete, solid within, dark green, often banded with paler lines, acuminate, occasionally furrowed: scape with infl. shorter than the Ivs.: raceme about 1 ft. long; fls. creamy white, tinged with pink. Trop. Afr. B.M. 5093. G.C. III. 16:222. R.H. 1861, p. 448, 450. The following species have been grown in various botanical gardens but are not known to be in general cult, unless otherwise specified. S. xthidpica, Thunb. Succulent, stemless subshrub: Ivs. somewhat rosulate, suberect or erect-spreading, 5^-16 in. long, thick, linear-lanceolate, acute, running out into white awl-like tips 2-3 in. long, concave-channeled, back strongly convex, sometimes trans- versely dark green-banded, margins red or white, somewhat glau- cous: infl. 16-30 in. long; fls. white. S. Afr. B.M. 8487.— S. arbor- escens, Cornu, has sts. reaching a height of 4 ft., furnished entirely with short spreading Ivs. E. Trop. Afr. — S. conspicua, N. E. Br., is a stemless herb: Ivs. 3-5, lanceolate, 9-24 in. long, green on both surfaces, with dark lines above and rusty brown margins: fls. white, E. Trop. Afr. — S. Cornui, Ge>. & Labr., is stemless, the Ivs. not bor- dered and only a little striped at the base and on the outside. Senegambia; properly S. senegambica, Baker. — S. Crdigii, Hort., is offered in the American trade as a form with variegated Ivs. — S. fascidta, Cornu, is stemless: Ivs. flat, leathery, 2J4 ft. long, 5 in. broad in the middle, bright green, striped and bordered with brown. Congo. — S. glaiica, Hort., not Haw., resembles S. zeylanica, but the Ivs. are somewhat shorter and not striate. Cochin-China. — S. grdndis, Hook. f. Stemless: Ivs. few, rosulate, obovate-oblong, the largest 3-4 ft. long, 6 in. broad, dull green with broad bands of much darker green: scape 2 ft. high, bearing a densely fld. terminal spike- like panicle 2-3 ft. long: fls. pure white, about 2 in. across. Trop. Afr. B.M. 7877. It produces a very strong, silky fiber. — S. inter- media, N. E. Br., is very similar to S. cylindrica, but the Ivs. are channeled, the edges of the channel being acute below and obtusely rounded above. E. Trop. Afr. — S. liberica, G6r. & Labr. Lvs. more than 3 ft. long, bordered with ivory-white, not striped. W. Trop. Afr.— S. metdllica, G6r. & Labr., is closely allied to what is called S. guineensis having shorter and somewhat broader Ivs., which have a metallic tint and fewer markings. — S. rdrida, N. E. Br. (Sanseverina rorida, Lanza), is almost stemless: Ivs. 2-ranked, erect-spreading, horn-shaped, terete beneath, deeply channeled above: scape flexuous, longer than the Ivs.: panicle elongated with many short reflexed branches: fls. small. Italian Somaliland. — S. Stiickyi, Godefr., is stemless: Ivs. quite cylindric except a small furrow on the upper surface. E. Afr. — S. zanzibdrica, Ge>. & Labr., is short-stemmed: Ivs. in a distichous rosette, subterete, without furrows, very rigid, up to 5-6 ft. long. Zanzibar. F. TRACY HUBBARD. SAXTALUM SAP 3071 SANTALUM (from the Persian Chandal which in turn is derived from the Sanscrit Chandana, the name of the tree). Santalacex. Evergreen glabrous trees or shrubs, and one species, S. album, yields the sandal- wood: Ivs. opposite, rarely alternate, coriaceous: fls. axillary or in terminal trichotomous paniculate cymes, dioecious; perianth campanulate or ovoid, lobes 4, rarely 5, valvate with a tuft of hair on their face; stamens 5-4, short ; disk of scales between the stamens; ovary at first free, finally half-inf erior : drupe subglobose. — About 10 species, India, Malaya, Austral, and Pacific Islands. Plants more or less parasitic. album, Linn. SANDALWOOD. A small evergreen gla- brous tree: Ivs. opposite, 1^-2 in. long, thin, elliptic- ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or subacute, narrowed into a slender petiole: panicles terminal and lateral; pedicels about equaling the perianth-tube: fls. at first straw-colored, then blood-red, inodorous even when bruised : drupe globose, size of a cherry, black when ripe. Deccan Penin. B.M. 3235. G.C. III. 49:20.— The •wood is white or citron-colored, sweet-scented when dry, and is esteemed in India, as a perfume. SANTOLINA (derivation of name doubtful). Often, but incorrectly spelled Sanctolina. Composite. Shrubs or rarely herbs, natives of Eu. and Asia, mostly in the Medit. region, sometimes grown in the open for orna- ment. Leaves alternate, aromatic; margins tuberculously dentate or pinnately lobed, often finely divided: fl.- heads yellow or rarely white, of disk-fls. only, many- fid.; involucre mostly campanulate, squarrose, imbri- cated, appressed. — About 8 species. Santolina is valuable for its distinct foliage and is used in the South for specimen planting and in the North for summer bedding and borders. Cuttings for the latter purpose are usually taken in the spring from plants win- tered in a frame but may be taken before frost in the fall. Thej- are easily rooted in sand. Chamaecyparissus, Linn. (S. incana, Lam.). LAVEN- DER COTTON. A hardy half-shrubby, much-branched plant, 1^-2 ft. high, with evergreen, silvery gray Ivs., having tiny ovate-oblong Ifts. and small globular heads of yellow fls., borne in summer: heads solitary, terminal about %in. diam. : branches and Ivs. canescent. Medit. region. Gn. 78, p. 21. Var. incana differs but little from the type: involucre pubescent. S. alpina. Linn., is Anthemis montana, Linn., which makes a pretty ground-cover and has yellow fls., but appears not to be in the trade. Gn. 75, p. 595. — S. riridis, Willd. An erect shrub: branches leafless: Ivs. in 4 vertical ranks, toothed: involucral scales lanceolate. S. Eu. G. 36:25. F W BARCLAY. SANVITALIA (after a noble Italian family). Com- posite. Usually low, much-branched herbs grown for their attractive yellow flowers. Leaves opposite, petioled, mostly entire: heads of fls. small, solitary, with yellow or sometimes white rays; involucre short and broad, of dry or partly herbaceous bracts; receptacle from flat to subulate- conical, at least in fr.; its chaffy bracts concave or partly conduplicate : achenes all or only the outer ones thick-walled, those of the rays usually 3-angled, with the angles produced into rigid, spreading awns or horns, those of the disk often flat and winged. — About 4 species, natives of the S. W..U. S. and Mex. May be grown as an annual in the open, but if given protection it will sometimes flower the second year. Sanvitalias are of easy culture but prefer a light or sandy soil in full sunlight. procumbens, Lam. A hardy floriferous annual, grow- ing about 6 in. high, trailing in habit: Ivs. ovate, about 1 in. long: fl. -heads with dark purple disk and yellow rays, resembling small rudbeckias, less than 1 in. across, numerous: achenes of the disk flattened and often winged and 1-2 aristellate. Summer to very late autumn. Mex. B.R. 707. R.H. 1860, p. 127. Var. fldre-pleno, Hort. A double-fid, variety coming true from seed, and as vigorous as the type. R.H. 1866, p. 70. — Worthy of more extended use as a low border annual. F w. BARCLAY. SAP, a term applied to the juices of living plants. Sap is composed of water containing mineral salts absorbed from the soil, and organic substances chiefly constructed within living cells. The water taken from the soil by the roots or other absorbing organs may con- tain potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, and nitrates, phosphates, sulfates, and chlorids. The differ- ent processes and the different reactions that take place in separate tracts of tissue are responsible for the fact that the sap is not alike in composition throughout the body of the plant. The mineral elements and their salts may be found in nearly all saps. The limits of this note do not permit the enumeration of the large number of organic sub- stances which may be found in the sap of various spe- cies. The more important of such compounds may be grouped under the acids, sugars, or carbohydrates and proteins. Many plants are of economic importance because of the materials dissolved in the sap. The sap of the sugar maple, for example, contains over 3)^ per cent of sugar, while the sugar-beet and sugar-cane have a sap in which the proportion is very much higher. The popular expression of "ascent of sap" refers to the fact that water entering the living cells of the roots is forced into the woody tissues or non-living elements through which it passes upward to the leaves at a rate which may vary from a few inches to over a yard an hour. (See Transpiration.) The forces operative and the mechanism of the flow are not perfectly understood. Among other facts of interest it may be mentioned that the sap-current may pass through dead sections of stem, although it is equally certain that the activities of the living cells furnish at least a part of the motive power. The flow of sap from the sugar maple and other trees in the early spring, before the soil has thawed and while it is yet too cold for the living matter of the plant to show any great activity, is not due to4;he bleeding pres- sure, but to the expansion of the gases and liquids in the trunk and branches of the tree due to the direct warming action of the sun's rays. During the daytime the bubbles of air in the wood-cells become heated and expand, driving the sap from the wood-cells into the auger-hole which has been bored into the tree. At night the trunk of the tree cools slowly and the flow ceases, to be begun again next day. The exudation pressure by which water or sap is forced from the living cells is exhibited in the bleeding which ensues when stems and branches are cut away. The pressure which produces bleeding is often called root-pressure, although it is exerted by any part of the plant. Bleecling is exhibited by a large number of trees at the beginning of the growing season, 'and is also especially noticeable in the vine, dahlia, castor-oil plant, calla. nicotiana, and corn. The amount of bleeding exhibited by any plant may be found if the stem is cut and bent over in such man- ner that the end is thrust into a tumbler or small ves- sel, which will serve to collect the escaping sap. Interesting records of measurement of the amount of bleeding are available. A specimen of Betvla papy- racea gave off over sixty-three pounds of water in twenty-four hours; an Agave americana yielded twelve and one-half pounds in twenty-four hours. The pulque of Mexico is the preparation of sap which collects in the center of the mature rosette of agave when a cavity is cut into it. The range of concentration of sap as denoted by its osmotic properties varies widely. Cacti and other suc- culents have a sap which would set up a pressure of only three to twelve atmospheres. Spinose desert shrubs may have a sap which would set up a pressure of over a 3072 SAP SAPIUM hundred atmospheres. The concentration is greatest in mature leaves, and in the lilac this may be from twelve to twenty-five atmospheres, while the roots of the same plant may not show more than four or six atmospheres. D. T. MACDOUGAL. SAPINDUS (Latin, soap and Indian, alluding to use of the fruit as soap in India). Sapindacese. SOAP- BERRY. Trees or shrubs, sometimes somewhat climbing, of economic use and sometimes used as ornamentals. Leaves alternate, without stipules, abruptly pin- nate or simple, 1-lvd. in one species; the Ifts entire, rarely serrate : racemes or panicles terminal or axillary : fls. polygamous, regular; sepals 4-5, in 2 rows; petals 4-5, naked or bearing 1 or 2 glabrous or villous scales above the claw; disk annular; stamens 8-10: berry fleshy or leathery ; seeds frequently globose, with a bony testa and no aril, black or nearly so. — About 15 species, tropical regions of the world. The fruit has an alkaline principle known as saponin which makes it useful for cleansing purposes. The fruit was much used in eastern countries before the introduction of soap and is still preferred for washing the hair and cleansing delicate fabrics like silk. The seeds of some species are used for making rosaries, necklaces, and the like. The soapberry trees in cultivation are evergreen or rarely deciduous trees with pinnate, rather large foliage and with terminal large panicles of small whitish flowers followed by berry-like globose orange-brown to black fruits. With the exception of S. Drummondii, which has proved fairly hardy in sheltered positions as far north as Massachusetts, they can be grown in subtropical regions only, but S. Mukorossi is apparently somewhat hardier than the rest. They are sometimes planted for ornament in the southern states and in southern Cali- fornia and some, particularly S. Mukorossi var. carina- tus, may possibly be profitably planted for their fruits which are rich in saponin. They do well in rather dry and rocky or sandy soil. Propagation is by seeds which germinate readily and by hardwood cuttings in early spring. A. Lfts. obtuse or acutish, 4~9; rachis usually broadly winged: petals without scales. Saponaria, Linn. A small tree, to 30 ft., with rough grayish bark: Ifts. oblong-lanceolate and acute to elliptic-ovate and somewhat obtuse, opposite or alter- nate, entire, glabrous, veiny and lucid above, tomentu- lose beneath, 3-4 in. long; rachis usually winged: Eam'cle 7-10 in. long; sepals rounded, petals ovate, airy: fr. %-%in. across, globose, keeled, orange- brown, translucent. Fls. in Nov. : fr. in spring. S. Fla., W. India, and S. Amer. Cult, in S. Fla. and S. Calif. S.S. 2:74, 75. AA. Lfts. acuminate, 7-19; rachis with narrow margin or marginless: petals with 2 scales. B. Trees evergreen. marginatus, Willd. A tree reaching ultimately 60 ft. in height: Ifts. very short-stalked or nearly sessile, 7-13, lance-oblong, acuminate, glabrous above, paler beneath and somewhat pubescent on the midnerve, 2-5 in. long, the upper nearly opposite, the lower alternate; rachis narrowly margined or marginless: fls. white, sometimes tinged with red, in pyramidal panicles; petals ciliate, ovate to ovate-lanceolate; filaments villous: fr. yellow, translucent, globose, keeled, %in. across. May, June. S. C. to Fla. S.S. 13:623.— Cult, for ornament in S. Fla. Mukordssi, Gaertn. Tree, to 60 ft.: Ifts. 8-13, stalked, the stalk K-J^in. long, oblong-ovate to oblong- lanceolate, oblique and cuneate at the base, glabrous, reticulate beneath, 3-6 in. long; rachis with narrow margin: panicles 5-8 in. long; sepals suborbicular to ovate, obtuse, petals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, ciliate; filaments villous: fr. globose, yellow or orange- brown, about %in. across, slightly keeled. China, cult, in Japan. S.I. F. 1:71. Var. carinatus, Radlk. (S. utilis, Trabut). Fr. more fleshy, strongly keeled. — According to Trabut this variety is cult, in Algeria for its fr. which contains nearly 38 per cent of saponin ; the trees come into bearing in 8-10 years and a tree may yield 60-120 pounds of berries every year. BB. Trees deciduous. Drummondii, Hook. & Arn. WILD CHINA TREE. SOAPBERRY. Tree, to 50 ft., with scaly red-brown bark: branchlets pubescent while young: Ifts. 8-19, short- stalked, lanceolate, broadly cuneate and oblique at the base, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, 2-3 in. long; rachis marginless: panicles pubescent, 6-9 in. long; sepals acute, ciliate; petals much longer, ovate, pubescent inside; filaments villous: fr. subglobose, not keeled, J^in. across, yellow, finally black. May, June; fr. Sept., Oct. Ark., La. to Ariz, and N. Mex. S.S. 2:76, 77 (as S. marginatus). B.B.(ed. 2) 2:500. ALFRED REHDER. SAPIUM (the Latin name used by Pliny for a resiniferous pine). EuphorHacese. Tropical trees and shrubs cultivated for their economic products and sometimes for ornament. Glabrous: juice milky and poisonous: Ivs. alternate or rarely opposite, simple, denticulate to entire; stipules small, 2 conspicuous glands at the apex of the petiole and on each of the scale-like bracts: fls. generally in terminal spikes, the pistillate singly below, the stami- nate in 3's above, all apetalous; calyx of staminate fls. 2-3-lobed, the lobes imbricate; stamens 2-3, filaments free; ovary 1-3-celled, 1 ovule in each cell; a 3-parted central column remaining after dehiscence of the caps.: seed without a caruncle. — Nearly 100 species, in the tropics of both hemispheres, but chiefly in Amer. Two intro. species are now found wild in S. Fla. Related to Stillingia, Hura, and Homalanthus. In their native country a number of species of Sapium are utilized in many ways. They are chiefly important as a source of rubber. S. Jenmanii is the chief source of rubber in British Guiana, where it is found in the alluvial forests in humid situations. It does best in well-drained clayey peat. S. verum, once common in Colombia, has been cut for the rubber until it is now rare, but does well under cultivation in higher altitudes, yielding ten to eighteen pounds of raw rubber to each tree. A number of other species are used for rubber in South America. S. Pavonianum yields a medium grade. It is easily grown but is scarcely in cultivation. S. sebiferum is cultivated, especially in China, for the wax of the seed-covering which is used for candles, soap, and cloth-dressing. The wood of this and other species is utilized. Some of the "jumping beans" are seeds of sapium which contain insect larvae. Sapium may be propagated by seeds or by cuttings. The best varieties are sometimes top-grafted on seedling stocks. Pavonianum, Huber (S. utile, Preuss. S. biglandu- losum, Muell. Arg. in part). PALO DE LECHE. Tree, 30^-50 ft. high: Ivs. oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate: spikes solitary, elongate: style cylindrical, not persist- ent on the caps. : the seeds with red, aril-like covering, soon separating from the central column. Colombia. verum, Hemsl. VIRGIN RUBBER. CANCHO BLANCO. Tree, 60-75 ft. high: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate to elliptical, acute at the base, apex rounded: style persistent on the caps.: otherwise similar to the foregoing species. Col- ombia and Ecuador. Jenmanii, Hemsl. A large tree: Ivs. oblong-lanceo- late, abruptly and obtusely acuminate; glands of the petiole short, sessile; lateral If .-veins more curved than in the preceding species and the ovary 1-celled: style not persistent. British Guiana. SAPIUM SAPODILLA 3073 sebiferum, Roxbg. (Croton seblferus, Linn. Excae- caria sebifera, Muell. Arg. Stillinffia sebifera, Michx.). CHINESE TALLOW TREE. VEGETABLE TALLOW. Tree, 25-30 ft. high: Ivs. broad rhombic-ovate, 1-3 in. broad, beautifully red-colored in age: racemes terminal: caps. Viva, thick: seeds long adhering to the central column," the aril-like coating white. China, and now cult, and naturalized in many tropical lands. Among the species noted for their very poisonous juice are: 6. tndicum. Wild., with white bark and oblong willow-like Ivs., in India, and S. Hippomant, Mey., MILK THEE, Poisox TBEE, with thick elliptical Ivs. with the apex cucullate inflexed. W. Indies to J. B. S. NORTON. SAPODILLA is the name applied in the United States to Achras Sapota, Linn., of the family Sapo- tacfie. generally considered one of the best indigenous fruits of the American tropics. The tree is commonly cultivated, as well as naturalized, on the Florida Keys, and the fruit (Fig. 3545) is offered in south Florida markets. Botanically the sapodilla is closely related to the mamey sapote (Lucuma mammosa), the ti-es (L. nervosa) and the star-apple (Chrysophyllum Caintio), fruits which are well known in various parts of tropical America. The tree is evergreen, stately, with a dense rounded or conical crown sometimes attaining a height of 50 to 60 feet, horizontal or drooping branches, and stiff, glossy leaves thickly clustered at the ends of the young branchlets. The wood is hard and very durable, timbers in an excellent state of preservation having been found in the Mayan ruins of Yucatan. The bark contains a milky latex known commercially as chicle, 3545. Sapodilla, the fruit of Achras Sapota. ( X about which is secured by tapping the trunk, and is exported in considerable quantities from Mexico to the United States, where it forms the basis of chewing-gum. The leaves are borne upon slender petioles up to 1 inch long, the blades entire or emarginate. ovate-elliptic to ellip- tic-lanceolate in outline, rounded-cuneate at the base and commonly obtuse at the apex, 2 to 5 inches long, glabrous, of rich green color, the midrib prominent below. The small inconspicuous flowers are produced upon short finely pubescent pedicels in the leaf-axils toward the ends of the branchlets; the calyx is composed of six small ovate-acuminate hairy sepals, the corolla white, tubular or urceolate, lobulate at the top, the stamens six. opposite the lobules, with short flattened attenuate filaments and lanceolate-acuminate extrorse anthers; staminodes six, petaloid: style clavate, hairy at the tip, the ovary ten- to twelve-celled, each cell containing one ovule . The fruit is very variable in form, commonly round, oval, globose-depressed, or conical, and 2 to 3 j^ inches in diameter. The skin is thin, rusty brown, somewhat scurfy, giving the fruit a striking resemblance to an Irish potato. The flesh is yellowish brown, translucent, soft and melting when fully ripe, sweet and delicious, but when green containing tannin and a milky latex, so that it must not be eaten until it has become quite mellow. The seeds vary from none to ten or twelve, and are hard, black and shining, obovate, flattened, about % inch long, easily separated from the pulp. The flavor of the sapodilla is difficult of description, likened to that of a pear by some writers, and with a peculiar character common to several sapotaceous fruits. Some of the early writers were enthusiastic in praising it, the Spanish historian, Oviedo, going so far as to call the sapodilla the best of all fruits. More recently Finninger, an Anglo-Indian horticulturist, wrote that "a more luscious, cool and agreeable fruit is not to be met with in this or perhaps any country in the world," while Descourtilz says it is "melting, and has the sweet perfumes of honey, jasmin, and lily-of-the valley." In Florida it is a general favorite, especially among residents of the keys, and in numerous other parts of tropical America it assumes considerable importance among cultivated fruits. The tree is considered by Pittier to be indigenous in Mexico south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in Guate- mala, and possibly in Salvador and northern Honduras, being especially abundant in the lowlands of Tabasco, Chiapas, and the western part of Yucatan, which are the principal centers of production of chicle gum. The common name is derived from the Xahuatl word zapotl or tzicozapotl, the latter meaning "gum zapotl" and surviving to the present day in the precise form chicozapote, by which the tree is commonly known in southern Mexico; zapotl was the name given by the Aztecs to all soft sweet fruits. In Spanish-speaking countries the sapodilla is frequently called nispero, which name properly belongs to the European medlar. In the British West Indies the name naseberry is common. In Brazil one form of the fruit is called sapoti, another sapota. The German name for the tree is Breiapfelbaum, the French sapotillier, and the Dutch mispelbopm. From its home in tropical America, the sapodilla has been carried around the globe, and though less com- monly cultivated in the Orient than the papaya, it is grown in many regions, particularly in some parts of southern India, where, according to MacmiUan, it thrives up to elevations of 3,000 feet, though in Ceylon it is seldom productive above 1,500 feet and succeeds best on the coast. In Ecuador its cultivation is said by Pittier to extend into the temperate belt at altitudes of more than 8,000 feet. Its culture in Florida is limited to the southern part of the state, approximately the sec- tion south of Palm Beach on the east coast and the Manatee River on the west. Mature trees have passed uninjured through temperatures of 28° F., according to Reasoner. A notable advantage of the tree for some parts of the West Indies is the fact that the branches are tough and not easily broken by hurri- canes. In California it has not yet fruited, though in favored locations specimens have occasionally attained an age of several years without being injured by frost. Even in the tropics, however, the tree grows very slowly, and in California the cool winters greatly hinder its development. It seems probable that it may yet be fruited in protected foothill regions, but its culture in most parts of southern California is not practicable. The soil best adapted to the sapodilla seems to be rich sandy loam, but it thrives almost equally well on light clay and on the shallow sandy soil, underlaid with soft limestone, which is found on the lower east coast of Florida. Even though grown under the most favor- able conditions, the trees rarely come into bearing until six to eight years of age, if seedlings, and in some sections do not attain a greater ultimate height than 20 to 30 feet. They should not be set closer together than 25 to 30 feet, and require very little pruning, because of their close compact growth. As a general 3074 SAPODILLA SAPONARIA thing the trees bear heavily, and two crops a year are frequently produced; this, with the natural variation in season among seedling trees, results in ripe fruit being found in the markets of tropical America at nearly all times of the year. Experiments have shown that the sapodilla can be shipped very successfully and without excessive care in packing; notwithstanding the delicate texture of the skin it keeps well, and if picked while still hard can be kept in good condition for ten days or more. Shipments have been made from the Florida Keys to New York, the fruit being placed in small baskets which hold half a dozen good-sized fruits, six of these baskets being packed in a tomato-crate. For local consumption or for shipping to short distances, the common procedure in Florida is to pull the fruits from the tree and throw them into boxes or baskets, in which they are carried to market, where the ripe ones are picked out and sold from day to day. The sapodilla is used almost exclusively as a fresh fruit, usually eaten out of hand, but is sometimes utilized in Brazil and Cuba to prepare a delicious sherbet. Little is known of its culinary possibilities. Due to its lack of acidity it is doubtful whether it will lend itself to many differ- ent uses. The sapodilla is generally propagated by seed, but the variation among seedlings in productiveness as well as in quality, size, and shape of fruit necessitates some asexual means of propagation, if the most desirable seedling forms are to be perpetuated. Horticulturists have been as dilatory in applying vegetative propaga- tion to the sapodilla as they have with most of the other tropical fruits, but experiments in Florida have shown that it can readily be budded, using as stocks seedlings of the same species. Seeds, if kept dry, will retain then- vitality for several years, and are easily transported through the mails to any distance. They should be planted in shallow flats of light sandy soil, covering them to the depth of Y^ inch. In warm weather germination takes place within a month, and the young seedlings, after they have made their second leaves, can be potted off and carried along in pots for the first year or two, when they are ready to be set out in the open ground. If to be budded, they may be planted in nursery rows about 3 feet apart, 18 inches apart in the row. In south Florida, May has proved to be a favorable season for budding; in strictly tropical regions the work can probably be done at any time, provided the stock plants are in active growth. Budwood should be chosen from young branches which have begun to lose their greenish color and assume a brownish tinge, and should be carefully examined to see that the eyes are well developed. Shield-budding is the method used, the details being practically the same as with the mango ; buds should be cut slightly more than an inch in length, and the wood removed if it comes out readily. After making the incision in the stock, the bud should be inserted and tied as promptly as possible, as the latex soon collects around the incision and renders it difficult to do the work properly. Waxed tape should be used for wrap- ping. After three or four weeks the stock may be headed back, and the wrap loosened, leaving the eye exposed so that it may start into growth. Occasional seedlings produce fruits which are nearly or quite seedless; some produce fruits weighing more than a pound, while others do not weigh over two or three ounces; some are unusually prolific, or ripen their fruit at especially desirable times of the year. From such seedlings one should select the best for propaga- tion, having in mind the characteristics which it is most desired to perpetuate. The tree seems to be remarkably free from insect pests and fungous diseases, and in Florida requires very little attention. While fertilizers are not commonly employed, their judicious use will doubtless improve the size of the fruit and have a beneficial effect in those frequent instances where the tree brings to maturity so many fruits that some remain very small. F. W. POPENOE. SAPONARIA (Latin, soap, the mucilaginous juice forming a lather with water) . Caryophyllacese. SOAP- WORT. Hardy often coarse annual or perennial erect or decumbent herbs, used for borders and rockeries. Habit either annual and resembling that of gyp- sophila or perennial* and similar to that of silene: Ivs. flat: fls. in dichotomous cymes; calyx ovoid or oblong- tubular, 5-toothed, nerves obscure; petals 5, narrow- clawed, blade entire or emarginate, the base with scales or naked; stamens 10; ovary 1-celled: caps, ovoid or oblong, very rarely subglobose. — About 40 species, Eu., principally the Medit. region and extra-Trop. Asia. Saponarias are readily established in any soil and require but little care. >S. ocymoides is an attractive plant for the rockery or for edging. Prop, by seed or division. A. Plants annual. B. Calyx 5-angled. Vaccaria, Linn. (Lychnis Vaccdria, Scop. Vaccaria vul- garis, Hort.). COW-HERB. Annual: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, sessile: fls. paniculate, red; calyx pyramidal, 5-angled, glabrous; bracts membranaceous, acute. July, Aug. Eu. B.M. 2290. Var. alba, Hort., is a white-fld. form. BB. Calyx not 5-angled. calabrica, Guss. (S. multiflbra, Hort.). Annual, divaricate-branched, pilose-viscous above: Ivs. opposite, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, attenuate to the petiole, glabrous, ciliate at base: fls. in a dichotomous corym- bose panicle, solitary in the axils, pale rose; calyx cylindrical, segms. obtuse; petals entire, top orbiculate, throat naked. Spring, Italy and Greece. Gn. 71, p. 78. Gt. 1:100. R.H. 1851:281. Var. alba, Hort. (S. multiflbra alba, Hort.), is a form with white fls. There are horticultural forms of this species offered in the trade under the names of S. multiflbra compdcta and S. multiflbra com- pdcta alba. — Seed should be sown in autumn for spring bloom or in April for summer-flowering. AA. Plants perennial. B. Fls. yellow. c. Lvs. linear: stamens violet. Ifitea, Linn. Cespi- tose: sts. 3-6 in. high, 2-lvd. : Ivs. subradical, linear, ciliate at base: fls. yellow, in dense heads; calyx round, hairy; petals linear, crenate; stamens violet. Eu. cc. Lvs. spatulate-oblong: stamens yellow. bellidif olia, Smith. Cespitose, glabrous: sts. 8-16 in. high: Ivs. spatu- late-oblpng, attenuate to the petiole; cauline Ivs. few, linear-spatulate : fls. yellow, sessile, congested in a small head at the top of the st. ; calyx subcylin- drical, teeth triangular; petals oblong-linear ; sta- mens yellow: caps, ob- 3546. Saponaria officinalis. (X*$) long. S. Eu. to Greece. SAPOXARIA SAPOTE 3075 BB. Fls. rose or white. c. The plants not cespitose. D. St. stout, erect. officinalis, Linn. BOUNCING BET. Fig. 3546. Per- ennial: sts. 1H~2J2 ft. high, leafy, simple, clustered, glabrous: Ivs. mostly oblong-lanceolate, 3-nerved: fls. light pink (nearly white in shady situations), in com- pact, corymbose, paniculate cymes; calyx glabrous, the teeth triangularly acumi- nate; petal -lobes obo- vate, entire, notched at apex. July, Aug. Eu. Var. albo-plena, Hort., is a double white-fld. form growing 2 ft. high. June- Sept. Var. caucasica, Hort. (S. caucasica, Hort.), is a double-fld. form, the fls. described as white tinted rose by some, as deeper colored than the type by others, grows 15 in. high. All summer and fall. Var. caucasica flore-pleno, Hort. (S. caucasica flore- pleno, Hort.), is said to have double reddish pur- ple fls. July-Sept. Var. flore-pleno, Hort., is quite double-fld., the fls. paler than the type. Var. plena, Hort., grows 1-3 ft. high and lilac, rose, or white fls. July- Oct. Probably includes some of the other double varieties. Var. roseo- plena, Hort., grows 234-3 ft. high and rose-colored fls. July-Sept. DD. St. slender, decumbent. ocymoides, Linn. Sts. much- branched, 6-9 in. high, half-trailing: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, about 1-nerved, small, acute: fls. bright pink, in loose, broad cymes. Summer. Eu. B.M. 154. Gn. 60, p. 245; 78, pp. 319, 593. G 35:841. G.M. 56:433:57:651. G.W.8, p. 1; 15, pp. 8, 647. Var. alba, Hort., is a form with pure white fls., in reality a hybrid between two forms of the species. Var. floribunda, Hort., is a form more profusely fld. than the type, with Ivs. small and lanceolate and fls. soft pink. Gn.W. 25:67. Var. splendens, Hort., has large fls. which are a more intense rose than the type. Var. splendidissima, Hort., has large deep rosy crimson fls. Var. versi- color, Hort., is a form in which the fls. are at first pure white later becoming rose. A cross between a white-flowering variety and var. splendens. R.H. 1913, p. 303. cc. The plants cespitose. D. Lrs. oborate-elliptic. depressa, Biv. Cespitose: radical Ivs. tufted, obo- vate-elliptic, depressed: fls. subumbellate, large, rose, pedunculate: calyx very long, 5-angled, viscous-pubes- cent ; petals bifid". Sicily. DD. LVS. linear. caespitosa, DC. Cespitose: sts. 2-3 in. high, nearly naked, fl.-bearing at the top: Ivs. linear, glabrous, mostly radical, hardly denticulate: fls. rather umbellate, rose; calyx cylindrical, villous, deeply lobed, lobes 195 acute; petals emarginate at the top, the blade very narrow. Pyrenees. G.C. II. 15:501. S. japonica, Hort. John Saul, is botanically unknown. — S pul- nndris,' Boiss. (S. libanotica, Hort., S. Pumilio, Boies ) Densely cespitose-pulyinate: sts. low, 3-7-fld. : Ivs. small, linear, subcarinate- infl. hirsute- villous; fls. bright rose.— S. Simdermannii, Hort., closely resembles S. bellidifoha, but has rather larger fls. and more of theni June.— S. Weinmannii, Hort., is closely allied to S. caespitosa, pos- sibly only a form of it, but has paler purple fls. and a shorter calyx. Its habit is very compact and it is only 2-3 in. high. F. TRACY HUBBAKD.! 3547. White sapote. — Casimiroa edulis. SAPOTE, WHITE. A tropical fruit (Fig. 3547). The zapote bianco of the Mexicans (Casimiroa edulis), known in California and Florida as white sapote, is a fruit little cultivated outside of Mexico, but occasionally seen in the southernmost parts of the United States, in the West Indies, and even in the Orient, where it is probably of recent introduction. Horticulturally, it has been given more attention in southern California, than in any other region. (P. 680.) The tree reaches an ultimate height of 50 feet or more, with a short stout trunk, often covered with warty excrescences around the base, and a broad erect crown, sometimes spreading and dome-shaped, under favorable conditions densely foliaged and of very attractive and ornamental appearance. The bark is somewhat rough, ashen gray when mature, and dotted with numerous warty light gray lenticels. The leaves are alternate, digitate, borne upon long slender petioles and composed of three to seven, commonly five, ellip- tical to lanceolate, acuminate leaflets, coppery when young but eventually of glossy bright green color. The small greenish flowers, less than % inch in diameter, are produced in spring on short axillary panicles, and are composed of a four- or five-parted calyx, with short 3076 SAPOTE SARACA acute pubescent segments, and a four- or five-petaled greenish corolla, valvate in the bud, with small oblong- elliptic acute concave petals; the stamens are as numerous as the petals and alternating with them, with short filaments and small oblong anthers; the ovary is superior, five-celled, globose, bearing at its apex a three- to five-lobed sessile stigma. The fruit, when of a choice variety, is as large as a good-sized orange, and somewhat resembles a quince in general appearance. The tender yellow or yellowish green skin, scarcely as thick as that of an apple, sur- rounds the soft cream-colored pulp, of melting and delicate texture and pleasant but peculiar flavor, sweet and lacking any trace of acidity, with sometimes a touch of bitterness. The seeds, normally five in number, an inch long and half as wide, are oblong to elliptical in form, light yellow in color, reticulated on the surface; their number is frequently decreased by abortion to two or three. In the tropics the fruit ripens in July and August, in California usually not before October; it is picked when fully mature but while still hard, and must be laid away for a few days before it is mellow and ready for eating. Because of its thin skin and the delicate texture of the flesh it does not ship so readily as some other fruits, yet if taken while still hard, and carefully packed, it can be sent considerable distances. It is commonly used while fresh, and an over-indulgence in it is thought by the Mexicans to induce sleep, but it is doubtful whether there are grounds for this belief. The white sapote is popular among the Mexicans, especially in the region around Guadalajara, and is regularly found in the markets. The hardiness of the tree is attested by its behavior in southern Europe; it has fruited at La Mqrtpla, and is cultivated at other points on the Riviera; it is also said to have fruited in the island of Jersey. In Mexico it flourishes up to altitudes of 7,000 feet, according to Von Mueller. Although introduced to California from Mexico about 1810, it has not yet become extensively cultivated in that state, and large specimens are rather rare. One of the oldest trees, thought to have been planted about a century ago, is growing on De la Guerra Street in Santa Barbara. Although uncared for amidst the most unfavorable surroundings it bears regularly; its fruits, however, are small and practically worthless. A number of trees of considerably lesser age-^-most of them planted about 189& — are in bearing in various parts of southern California, and while some produce small, inferior fruits others produce large ones of delicious flavor. After it comes into bearing the tree commonly produces regularly and abundantly. It has shown itself to be remarkably drought-resistant, though it naturally succeeds much better when irrigated in the dry season. It seems to prefer a well-drained sandy loam, but thrives on heavy clay if the drainage is good, and in south Florida has done well on shallow sandy soil underlaid with soft limestone. In this latter state it has not been cultivated many years, but has come into bearing in the vicinity of Miami and seems to be at home. It has also fruited in Cuba. Seeds should be planted as soon as possible after their removal from the fruit, in flats of light, porous soil, or singly in 3- or 4-inch pots, covering them to the depth of 1 inch. If the weather is warm, or artificial heat is provided, germination will take place within three or four weeks. The young plants should be grown in pots until 2 to 3 feet high, when they may be set out in the open ground. While young, the white sapote should be watered liberally to encourage growth, though it can get along with little water if necessary. The terminal bud should be pinched out to force the tree to branch when about 3 feet high; otherwise it is likely to make a growth of 10 to 12 feet before branch- ing, being liable to be broken off by a severe wind. Seedlings do not come into bearing until seven or eight years old, and are undependable at best, many producing fruit of inferior quality. For this reason trees propagated by some vegetative means should be planted. Shield-budding is successfully practised, the method being essentially the same as with the avocado. Stock plants should be selected from young, vigorously growing seedlings, with stems about % inch in diameter at the base. Budwood is taken from the ends of the branches, using fairly well-matured wood which has assumed the ashen-gray color. The buds are cut about 1^2 inches long, leaving any wood that may adhere to them, and are inserted in T-incisions, after which they are bound firmly in place with waxed tape. At the end of two to four wreeks, depending upon the climate, they may be unwrapped, and then re-wrapped loosely, leaving the bud exposed so that it may start into growth, at the same tune lopping back the stock to a point 3 or 4 inches above the bud. In the tropics budding can probably be done at almost any season; in California spring and summer, when the stock plants are in most active growth, are the best times. Three named varieties have been established in California — Harvey, Parroquia, and Gillespie. Of these Harvey is the largest and probably the best; the tree is very prolific, and individual fruits sometimes measure 3% inches in diameter. -p. \y. PQPENOE. SAPROPHYTE (Greek, rotten, and plant, i.e., living on dead organic matter). A dependent, or hetero- trophic, plant (whether bacterium, fungus, or higher plant) subsisting upon the humus of the soil, or dead or decaying organic materials. A holosaprophyte is a plant which lives exclusively on dead organic food. One which is only partially dependent on dead organic food and also feeds independently, as an autophyte, is appropriately called a partial saprophyte. The cus- tomary classification which includes under the term "saprophyte" all bacteria that do not subsist on living plants or animals no longer corresponds with facts. The integrity of the classification has been destroyed by the discovery of certain bacteria in the soil, as the nitrifying bacteria, which are able, even without sun- light, to appropriate the carbon dioxid of the atmo- sphere. Saprophytes intergrade with parasites on the one hand so closely and with autophytes on the other that the distinction of them is often difficult. For example, it is supposed that the chestnut blight (Endothia parasitica) was originally saprophytic, but has recently assumed a virulent parasitic development. Among the fungi we class as saprophytes all plants which live upon a dead or decaying organic substratum. Such are the baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisise), the mushroom (Agaricus campestris), and the stinkhorn (Phallus impudicus). Most mushrooms and toadstools are saprophytes. Some of the flowering plants possessing ectotrophic mycorrhiza (Indian pipe, Monotropa uni- flord) and endotrophic mycorrhiza (Neottia Nidus-avist Corallorhiza innata, Epipogum aphyllum, snow-plant, Sarcodes sanguinea and Thismia Aseroe) are also classed as saprophytes. A few algae are saprophytic. A cave- growing form of Glceothece rupestris, known as var.. cavernarum, utilizes organic food and is colorless. JOHN W. HARSHBERGEE. SARACA (from Sarac, the name of the genus in. India). Leguminosx. Unarmed trees (or tall climbing shrubs?), grown in the warmhouse. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the Ifts. leathery, often few-paired; stipules small, caducous: fls. yellow, rose, or scarlet, racemose, the racemes in short very branched panicles which are often lateral; calyx-tube elongated, segms. 4, petal-like, ovate, strongly imbricated; petals none; stamens 3-9, free; ovary stipitate, ovules many: legume oblong or elongated, flat-compressed or turgid, leathery to somewhat woody, 2-valved. — About 6 species, Trop. Asia. SARACA 3077 indica, Linn. A medium-sized tree: Ifts. 6-12, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, 3-9 in. long, entire, short-pet ioled: fls. orange-red, fragrant, col- lected in compact, roundish panicles which are shorter than the Ivs.; stamens usually 6 or 7, inserted on the fleshy annular ring at the summit of the calyx-tube ; style long, curved: bracts red, appearing as a calyx: pod 4-10 in. long, 4-8-seeded; seeds oblong, compressed, 1H in- long. India and Malaya. B.M. 3Q18 (asJonesia Asoca). — It has flowered well with greenhouse treatment at height of 4 ft. It is suitable for outdoor planting only in tropical regions. Intro, into S. Fla. caulifldra, Baker. A shrubby tree: Ifts. 10-12, rigidly subcoriaceous, the upper oblanceolate-oblong, acute, 1 ft. or more long, the lower shorter, more oblong: corymbs solitary or in pairs, nearly sessile, dense, 4-6 in. "broad: fls. scarlet; stamens 7. India. — Intro, into S. Fla. F. TRACT SARCANTHTJS (name from Greek words signifying and flower, in allusion to the fleshy nature of the blossom). Orchidacese. A small genus related to Vanda, and owing to the smallness of the fls. seldom cult.: sepals and petals similar; labellum firmly united with the base of the column, spurred, with 2 small lateal lobes and a longer concave middle lobe: foliage and habit of vanda. Give plenty of water in the growing season. They should have basket cult., with fern- root, and a temperature of 65° to 85°. When at rest, give very little water and reduce the temperature to 55 =. Cult, practically as for vanda.' teretifdlius, Lindl. (Luisia teres, Lindl.). St. 1 ft. high, with cylindrical Ivs. 2-4 in. long: raceme bearing inconspicuous fls.; sepals and petals oblong, dull green, with red disk; labellum slipper-shaped, white, lateral lobes edged with red. Sept. China. B.M. 3571. 5. inflatus, Rolfe. Distinguished by its inflated spur, which is much longer than the segms. of the lip: sepals and petals green, with 2 dark brown stripes; front lobe of lip light yellow, side lobes white, Annam. — S. robustus, O'Brien. Lvs. narrowly oblong, about 6 in. long: spike few-fld. : fls. cream- to blush- white, marked with claret- purple. Borneo. G.C. III. 55:21. HEINRICH HASSELBRING. SARCOCEPHALUS (Greek, flesh and head, alluding to the fleshy heads of fruit). Rtibidcese. Shrubs or trees sometimes climbing, suitable for warmhouse culture or hardy in the extreme southern United States. Branches subterete or obtusely quadrangular: Ivs. opposite, rarely in whorls of 3, subcoriaceous: heads terminal and axillary; fls. whitish, pale pink or yellowish and crowded; calyx-tubes cohering, teeth 5-6, hairy; corolla narrowly funnelfprm, rather fleshy, 5-lobed; anthers 5, subsessile; disk inconspicuous; ovary 2- celled; syncarpium fleshy. — About 30 species. S. csculentus, Afzel. A tree with long branches or often a scandent shrub 10-25 ft. or more high: Ivs. elliptical, short-acuminate: fls. in terminal heads, white, pale pink or yellowish, fragrant; calyx-teeth furnished with alternating filiform-clavate appendages: fruiting head 2%-3% in. diam., deep red with brown granulated surface. Trop. Afr. — Edible, the peach or country fig of the natives of Sierra Leone. S. ovatus, Elmer. Tree, 18 ft. high, with rigid branchlets: Ivs. glabrous, leath- ery, ovate or elliptic, acute at the base, obtuse at the apex, 7 x 3H in.: infl. capitate, peduncled; fls. reddish; calyx with clavate, pubescent and deciduous appen- dages; corolla glabrous, nearly J^in. long. Philippines. Said to be intro. into Calif. SARCOCHiLUS: Thrixtpermum. SARCOCOCCA (Greek, flesh and berry, alluding to the fleshy fruit). Buxaceae. Ornamental woody plants grown chiefly for the handsome lustrous foliage. Evergreen glabrous shrubs: lys. petioled, alternate, coriaceous, entire, without stipules: fls. unisexual, apetalous, in short axillary racemes with the pistillate fls. at the base; sepals 4 or 6; disk wanting; st animate fls. with 4-6 stamens opposite the sepals; pistillate fls. with a 2-3-celled ovary with 2-3 short erect or recurved styles: fr. indehiscent, globose to ellipsoid, coriaceous or fleshy, 1-2-seeded. — Five species distributed from Cent, and W. China to the Malay Archipelago. They are handsome evergreen shrubs with ovate to lanceolate entire lustrous leaves, rather insignificant whitish flowers in axillary clusters and red or purple berry-like fruits. S. ruscifolia and S. Hookeriana var. humilis have proved hardy in sheltered positions at the Arnold Arboretum, while S. saligna is tender. They do not seem particular as to the soil and do best in partly shaded situations. Propagation is by seeds or by cut- tings which root easily. A. Lvs. distinctly 3-nerved, caudate-acuminate. saligna, Muell. Arg. (S. pruniformis, Lindl. Pachy- sdndra coriacea, Hook.). Shrub: Ivs. oblong-ovate to ob- long-lanceolate, caudate at the apex, broadly cuneate at the base, 2-5 in. long; petiole J^-Jim. long: racemes about y&n. long: fr. purple, ovoid, J^-J^in. long. Himalayas. B.R. 1012. I.T. 3:90. AA. Lvs. obscurely veined. Hook.eriana, Baill. (S. pruniformis var. Hookeriana, Hook.). Shrub: Ivs. oblong- lanceolate to narrow-lanceo- late, acuminate, cuneate at the base, 2^-3^ m- l°ng> petiole M-Hin- long: styles 3: fr. subglobose, black. Himalayas, Afghanistan. Gn. 25, p. 359. Var. digyna, Franch. Styles 2. W.China. Var. humilis, Rehd. & Wilson. Shrub, 1-5 ft. : Ivs. lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 1M~2 in. long. W. China. — Only the varieties seem to be in cult. ruscif 61ia, Stapf . Shrub, to 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate to elliptic- ovate, acuminate, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base, dark green and lustrous above, 1K~2 in. long; petioles >£->£in. long: fls. in few, usu- ally 4-fld. racemes: fr. sub- globose, dark scarlet. Oct. -Feb. Cent, and W. China. Var. chinensis, Rehd. & Wilson (S. saligna var. chinensis, Franch.). Lvs. elliptic-ovate to ellip- tic-lanceolate, cuneate or broadly cuneate at the base, 1M-2J3 in. long. W. China. ALFRED REHDER. 3548. Snow-plant — Sarcodes sanguinea. ( X about 1) SARCODES (Greek, flesh-like) . Monotropaceae. S. sanguinea, Torr. (Fig. 3548), is the SNOW-PLANT of the Sierra Nevadas. It is a low and fleshy plant growing 3-12 in. high and entirely devoid of green Ivs. It belongs to that strange family which comprises the fleshy and parasitic plants, of which the Indian-pipe or corpse- plant is an example. Few species are known in this family, and they are all local or rare. The snow-plant derives its popular name from its habit of shooting up and blossoming as soon as the snow melts away in the 3078 SARCODES spring. The specific name sanguinea refers to the blood- red color of the entire plant. The snow-plant grows at an altitude of 4.000-9,000 ft. It is the only species of the genus, ana is not known to be in cult. SARCOPODIUM (Greek f or flesh and foot). Orchidd- cese. Warmhouse orchids, by some referred to Bulbo- phyllum and Dendrobium. Rhizome creeping, the 2-lvd. pseudobulbs usually distant on it: infl. terminal, the fls. single or in racemes; sepals and petals similar, the former usually forming a manifest chin; lip much smaller. Related to Dendrobium, and much like it in fl.-structure. — Species about 20, in the Malay Penins. and adjacent islands, and in the Trop. Himalayas. amplum, Lindl. (Dendrobium dmplum, Lindl. Bulbo- phyllum dmplum, Reichb. f.). Habit much like a bulbo- phyllum: pseudobulbs oblong, ovate, or fusiform, up to 2 in. long: Ivs. oblong, acute, 4-6 in. long, 2 in. broad: fls. greenish white, suffused purplish; raceme few-fld., dorsal sepal lanceolate, the lateral triangular; petals linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate; lip with round lateral lobes erect, the middle lobe rhomboid, acute. Trop. Himalayas. P.M. 7:121. S. acumin&tum, Kranzl. (Dendrobium acummatum> Rolfe). Raceme few- to many-fid., lax; sepals triangular, long-acuminate, about 1}^ in. long; petals of same length but narrower, yellowish white; lip with lateral lobes obovate, rounded, retuse, the midlobe ovate-triangular, acute, the apex reflexed. G.C. III. 42:210; 46:150. G.M. 52:659. J.H. III. 59:291.— S. Cadogyne, Kranzl. (Dendrobium Coelogyne, Reichb. f.). Fls. usually solitary, large, 2-2 Vi in. across, fleshy, yellow or straw-color, purple-lined, the lip deep purple; dorsal sepal lanceolate, the lateral broader and form- ing a manifest angled obtuse chm; petals narrowly linear-lanceo- late; lip with the ovate-acute front lobe separated by a narrow isthmus. Tenasserim and Moulmein. C.O. Dend. 32. 0. 1910, p. 122. J.H. III. 57:585. — S. cymbidioides, Kranzl. (Dendrobium cym- bidioides, Lindl. D. triflorum, Lindl.). Raceme few-fld.; fls. pale yellow or straw-color, the lip yellow, suffused with rose or purple, with 2 orange spots at base of middle lobe; sepals and petals similar, acute, oblong-lanceolate, the sepals forming a very short rounded chin; lip with the middle lobe ovate-cordate, obtuse, longer than broad. Java and Philippines. G.33:417. G.W. 14, p. 405. G.C. III. 37:15. — <S. Z/o66u=Bulbophyllum. — S. Treacheri&num, Kranzl. (Dendrobium Treacherianum, Reichb. f.). Raceme 3-5-fld. ; fls. rose, the front part of lip yellow; dorsal sepal and petals linear- lanceolate, the lateral sepals triangular, forming a round chin, all the parts acuminate; lip with middle lobe linear-oblong, acuminate, deflexed. Borneo. B.M. 6591. J.H. III. 48:137. GEORGE V. NASH. SARCOSTEMMA (name refers to the fleshy corona). Asclepiadacese. A few small-fld. more or less succulent leafless trailing or twining shrubs of the dry parts of tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World, to which N. E. Brown refers a plant long known as a Euphorbia. Fls. greenish, yellowish, or white, in sessile terminal or lateral umbels; corona double, the outer Eart ring-like or cup-shaped and truncate or shortly )bed, the inner part of 5 fleshy erect lobes; pollen- masses solitary in each anther-cell, pendulous. S. viminale, R. Br. (Tithymalus pendulus, Haw. Euphor- bia pendula, Link), grows in Trop. Afr.: trailing, twi- ning, or bush-like, woody below, the Ivs. sometimes represented by minute ovate bracts: corolla rotate or somewhat campanulate, greenish white or sulfur-col- ored. S. Brunonidnum, Wight & Arn., of India, has yellow fls. The sarcostemmas require the treatment given ceropegias and similar succulents. SARGENTODOXA (after C. S. Sargent, director of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University; and Greek, doxe, glory). Lardizabalacese. A woody vine, with deciduous 3-foliolate Ivs. and dioacious, yellow campanulate fls. in pendulous racemes and with frs. consisting of berry-like bluish black ovoid carpels. Staminate fls. 6-merous; sepals petaloid; petals want- ing; nectaries minute, suborbicular; stamens with short filaments and oblong anthers: fr. consisting of ovoid stipitate carpels each with 1 ovoid, glossy black seed. Differs from all members of the family by its numerous 1-ovuled carpels. One species in Cent. SARRACENIA China. A handsome vigorous-growing vine with rather large foliage and fragrant yellow fls. appearing with the leaves. Probably not hardy N. Prop, is by seed and by layers or cuttings. S. cuneata, Rehd. & Wilson (Holbcellia cuneata, Oliver, partly). Climbing, to 20 ft., glabrous: Ivs. long-petioled; Ifts. 3, the middle one stalked, rhombic to rhombic-obovate, 3-5 in. long, the lateral ones sessile, very unsymmetrical, ovate, slightly larger than the terminal one: staminate racemes 4-5 in. long; fls. nearly Hm- long, slender-stalked, yellow, fragrant; sepals narrow-oblong; stamen much shorter; ripe car- pels Hm- long on a stalk of about equal length. H.I. 19: 1817 (excluding the fruits, which belong to Sinofran- chetia). ALFRED REHDER. SARMIENTA (named after Mart. Sarmiento, a Spanish botanist) . Gesneriacese. A glabrous shrub, creep- ing or clambering over trees and rocks, to be grown in a moist greenhouse: sts. slender: Ivs. opposite, rather fleshy, entire or few-toothed: fls. red, peduncled at the axils, solitary; calyx free, 5-parted, segms. narrow; corolla-tube elongate, ventricose, limb slightly oblique, lobes 5, rounded, spreading; stamens 2, posterior per- fect, 2 anterior staminodea; disk obsolete; ovary supe- rior.— One species, Chile, S. repens, Ruiz & Pav. Sts. slender: Ivs. rather small, somewhat fleshy: fls. scarlet, axillary and solitary; calyx 5-parted; corolla- lobes 5, rounded and spreading. Summer. G.C. III. 29:303. F.S. 16:1646. J.H. III. 47:413.— It is said that it does not always thrive very well in cult, and that it should be planted in soft peat mixed with sphagnum and charcoal and either in a small pan or orchid-basket. It likes plenty of water, shade from bright sunshine and a position near the glass in a moist house. SAROTHAMNUS SCOPARIUS: Cytisus scoparius. SARRACENIA (Dr. D. Sarrasin, of Quebec, a well- known physician and naturalist of his day, who sent <S. purpurea to Tournefort nearly two centuries ago) . Sar- raceniacese. PITCHER-PLANT. INDIAN PITCHER-PLANT. SIDE-SADDLE PLANT. DEVIL'S BOOTS. FOREFATHER'S CUP. HUNTSMAN'S CUP. TRUMPETS. WATCHES. Pitcher-plants of swamps and savannas of the eastern United States, grown for their great oddity. Acaulescent perennial herbs, with hollow radical Ivs. usually provided with a lid or expanded blade, with a wing or keel on one side, variously colored: fl. single, terminating a naked scape, nodding, perfect, the parts mostly free and distinct; sepals and petals each 5, the latter incurved and deciduous, the sepals thick and persistent; bracts 3 beneath the calyx; stamens many; ovary globose, 5-celled, with 1 short style bearing a broadly expanded umbrella-like 5-rayed structure on the margin of which are borne the stigmatic surfaces: fr. a loculicidally 5-yalved many-seeded dehiscent caps. The family consists of three genera, Darlingtonia, Heliamphora, each with a single species, and Sarracenia, with seven species. The present genus is confined to North America, and almost wholly to the region east of the Mississippi. The most widely distributed spe- cies is S. purpurea, that extends from Florida and Alabama to Labrador and Minnesota. The others occur from southern Virginia to Florida and eastern Texas. All grow in moist or even in swampy savanna lands, in black sandy humus soil. The striking and beautiful pitchered leaves, as well as the large hand- some flowers, early attracted the attention of gardeners, so long ago even as three centuries. But the apparent difficulty of cultivation long prevented their becoming popular objects. The careful observations of Macbride and Mellichamp in the southern states, and later of J. Hooker in England, clearly proved that the pitchered leaves are carnivorous, ana that they show a remarka- ble microscopic structure in connection with this habit. Such has caused them to become popular objects of SARRACEXIA study in the past three decades. All are perennial rhizomatous plants, that produce three to eight pitchered leaves in spring, and in some species (S. Drummondii, S. psiUacina) another set of these, or of flat green leaves (S.flai'a, S. Sledgei), in autumn. When grown in sunny situations, the pitchered leaves are often richly mottled with crimson or white; sometimes even the entire leaf may be of a dark crimson-purple hue, and correspondingly attractive. Minute honey- glands occur over the exterior, which forms therefore the "alluring surface." But these are specially abundant over the inner lid surface, where they are interspersed with down-directed hairs that incline insects to move on to the upper part of the tube. So this inner lid area has been termed the "attractive surface." The upper third to half of the tube is extremely smooth, and affords little foothold for insects, which often tumble from it into the pitcher cavity. So this has been called the "conducting surface." Beneath it in S. purpwrea is a wide glandular surface that is absent in the other species, although in some of them glands scattered SARRACEXIA 3079 3549. Josselyn's picture, slightly reduced, of the "Hollow Leaved Lavender," 1672. amongst fine hairs may occur. This area excretes a slightly viscous juice, which accumulates in the pitcher cavity, and which, as Mellichamp showed, readily wets and drowns any insect that falls into it. The lowest part of the pitcher in all species bears long delicate down-directed hairs that effectually prevent upward passage of insects, and so has been called the "detentive surface." The seven species van,- in their carnivorous capacity, S. flora, S. Sledgei, and S. Drumrnondii being best; 5. minor (S. variolaris) , S. purpurea, and S. rubra being rather poor; while S. psittacina, with its small flat pitchers, catches relatively few. The insect prey is not digested, but its dissolved material is either absorbed by the pitcher walls, or rotting inside the decaying leaves, affords valuable nitrogenous food for the roots. But an over-abundant animal diet often causes brown- ing and decay of the leaves, so that some gardeners have advised plugging with cotton wadding. The pendent flowers vary in size from an inch to 3 inches across, and in color from pale lemon-yellow, as in S. minor, to deep crimson, as in S. Drumrnondii and S. rubra. Each lasts from eight to twelve days. The five spreading sepals inside three small bracteoles are more or less petaloid; the petals are large pendent banners, the stamens are numerous and discharge abundant pollen which early falls into the umbrelloid cavity of the style. The pistil consists of a five-celled ovary that is covered outside by crystalline nectar- secreting warts, and within bears "many ovules; a style that expands above into a large umbrelloid structure with five marginal notches, at the base of each of which is a minute dry peg-like stigma. The entire pistil after pollination matures in about three months into a many- seeded capsule. Cross-pollination seems always to be necessary for formation of good seeds. This act, as well as hybridization of distinct species, can readily be effected if pollen from one flower that has been wetted by nectar from its ovarian surface be placed on the dry stigma of a flower on another plant. AU of the seven species cross readily with each other, alike in the wild state and under cultivation, if flowers mature about the same time. Thus at various localities in western Florida and in Alabama, where the tall handsome species S. flava, S. Drumrnondii, and S. Sledgei grow, the writer has found hybrids at times to be nearly as abun- dant as either parent. The numerous artificial hybrids between the species, that are themselves fertile and give rise to second hybrids in which the characters of at least three parents may be blended, also testify to ease of hybridization. The seeds germinate readily in about four weeks if sown with chopped sphagnum moss on a moist sandy muck. After production of the linear cotyledons, each seedling plant forms pitchered leaves that successively increase in size till good specific characters are shown by the second year. The larvae of certain moths, flies, and beetles at times prey on the pitchers, while the rhizomes may be excavated and destroyed by still another type. Care- ful detection and destruction of the infested leaves or pieces of rhizome are recommended. Mosquitos also may breed in the liquid of the pitchers of <S. purpurea. All of the species succeed well under cultivation if grown in pots filled with fine sandy muck, from which, while decaying, humic acid constituents are evolved. Alkaline waters are always detrimental. In this respect they require the same treatment as do other swamp or semi-swamp plants of the eastern states. They should also have a bright sunny southeastern exposure, should be kept near the glass if grown in greenhouses, and the pots should stand permanently in about an inch of water. All can endure a temperature that approaches the freezing-point in winter. The writer has monographed the genus in Engler's "Pflanzenreich," Vol. 4, No. 110 (hft. 34, 1908). A useful synopsis, along with some helpful figures, was given by Masters in 1881 (G.C. II. 15, 16. 1881). The sarracenias have always excited the interest of the curious, and many of the native haunts have been depleted. In his "New England's Rarities," 1672, Josselyn gives a picture (Fig. 3549) of what he calls the "Hollow Leaved Lavender," and the following account of the plant we now call Sarracenia purpurea: It "is a Plant that grows in salt Marshes overgrown with Moss, with one straight stalk about the bigness of an Oat straw, better than a Cubit high; upon the top standeth one fantastical Flower, the Leaves grow close from the root, in shape like a Tankard, hollow, tough, and alwayes full of Water, the Root is made up of many small strings, growing only in the Moss, and not in the Earth, the whole Plant comes to its perfection in August, and then it has Leaves, Stalks, and Flowers as red as blood, excepting the Flower which hath some yellow admixt. I wonder where the knowledge of this Plant hath slept all this while, i. e. above Forty Years." 3080 SARRACENIA SARRACENIA INDEX. acuminata, 4. Farnhami, 21. Popei, 31. adunca, 1. Fildesii, 3. porphyroneura, 32. alata, 2. flambeau, 22. psittacina, 7. alba, 5. flava, 2, 3. pulchella, 7. areolata, 9. formosa, 23. purpurea, 6. Atkinsoniana, 8. Gronovii, 2, 4, 5. rubra, 4, 5. atrosanguinea, 3. heterophylla, 6. Rugelii, 3. calceolata, 7. illustrata, 24. Sanderse, 33. cantabrigiensis, 10. lacunosa, 5. Sanderiana, 34. Catesbsei, 11. leucophylla, 5. Sledgei, 2. Chelsonii, 12. limbata, 3. Stevensii, 35. Claytonii, 13. Maddisoniana, 25. Swaniana, 36. Cookiana, 14. Mandaiana, 26. Sweetii, 4. Courtii, 15. maxima, 3. Tolliana, 37. crispata, 2, 16. melanorhoda, 27. undulata, 5. decora, 17. minima, 3. variolaris, 1. Drummondii, 5. minor, 1, 4. vittata, 38. erythropus, 3. Mitchelliana, 28. Williamsii, 39. excellens, 18. Moorei, 29. Willisii, 40. exculta, 19. ornata, 3. Wilsoniana, 41. exornata, 20. Patersonii, 30. Wrigleyana, 42. I. SPECIES. A. Pitchers erect: fls. yellow or whitish yellow. 1. minor, Walt. (S. variolaris, Michx. S. adiinca, Smith). Fig. 3550. Pitchers erect, 8-24 in. long, gradually enlarging upward, with white areoles and often brownish red streaks above; lid cucullate, in- curved over orifice; wing broadest in middle, narrowed above and below: fl. 1-2 in. wide, with pale yellow petals. Moist savanna lands, S. N. C. to N. Fla. B.M. 1710. L.B.C. 9:803. Mn. 4:1. Gn. 48, p. 203. 2. Sledgei, Macfar. (? S. Gronbvii var. alata and S. flava var. crispata of authors). Pitchers erect, 12-30 in. long, trumpet-shaped, green with purple veins above, or greenish purple throughout; lid vertical or often slightly incurved, ovate-cordate; wing as in last: fls. 1^-2 H in. wide; petals whitish yellow to yellow, often fading to white, odor agreeable. Savanna swamps from west side of Alabama and Mobile rivers to E. Texas, often covering wide areas of marshland. — Very uniform in structure, but varying in color from green to dark claret in the pitchers; often con- founded in the past with S. flava, which does not occupy the same area. Frequently hybridizes with S. Drummondii in nature to form S. areolata. 3. fljiva, Linn. Pitchers erect, 10-34 in. long, trumpet-shaped, with prominent longitudinal veins, yellow- green to green, often crimson throat, or deep crimson throughout; lid ovate - orbicular, slightly inflexed over mouth, with strong median nerve ending in mucro ; wing narrow, uniform in width: fls. 2-3}^ in. wide, flavous yellow, odor rather pungent. Abundant over swamps and savannas, often in humus-sand that becomes dry in summer but moist in winter; S. Va. to W. Fla. B.M. 780. L.B.C. 20:1957. R.H. 1852 : 121. F.S. 10 : 1068, 1069. G.C. II. 16:11, desc. Gn. 30, p. 367; 48:202; 57, p. 326. Mn. 2:113. Var. atrosanguinea, Bull (Mast.; G.C. 1881). Pitcher and lid dark crimson-claret. G.C. II. 16: 13. I. H. 27:386. Not uncommon Pitcher of from N- to S- C- over the coastal Sarracenia Plain re§lon- VaF' Umbata, Bull, minor. ^vs- medium to large, margin of (XM) operculum crimson. A rare form. Var. maxima, Mast. Lvs. large, uniformly yellowish green. Frequent in S. N. C. Var. minima, Mast. Lvs. small, 9-12 in., pale green with purple veins over tube and lid. Occasional with the type form. Var. ornata, Bull (S. Fildesii, Hort.). Lvs. 26-32 in., throat of pitcher and base of lid furnished with purple radiate lines. Fre- quent in N. and S. C. Var. Rugelii, Shuttl. (S. erythropus, Bull). Lvs. large, 26-34 in., top of pitcher and base of lid dark crimson. Frequent throughout Ga. and W. Fla. AA. Pitchers erect to decumbent: fls. crimson to purple-red. 4. rubra, Walt. (S. Sweetii, DC. S. Grondvii var. rubra, Wood. S. t-JKi minor, Sweet) . Pitchers erect, 6-20 in. long, slender, enlarging upward, tubular above, green to purple- veined over upper part of tube and lid; lid ovate, slightly con- cave and inflexed over mouth; wing rather wide, nearly uniform, from middle to top of pitcher: fls. M~l/4 m- wide, petals crimson, scent of sweet violets. Moist to dry savanna lands, usually in shade, from N. C. to N. W. Fla.; the most delicate and graceful species of the genus. B.M. 3515. L.B.C. 12:11. Var. acuminata, DC. Lid ovate, apex acuminate. All transitions occur between this and the type species. 5. Drummondii, Groom (S. lacu- ndsa, W. Bartram. S. leucophylla, Raf. £>. undulata, Decne. S. Grondvii var. Drummondii, Wood). Pitchers erect, 10-32 in. long, attenuate, trumpet-shaped, green below, richly purple-veined and with numerous rounded white areoles above and over lid; lid orbicular, nearly erect, margin undulate, beset within by numerous white bristle hairs: fls. on long peduncles 2-3 in. wide, greenish purple to deep purple. Often abundant in swamps and over wet savanna lands from S. Ga. through N. Fla. to E. Ala. F.S. 6:560; 10:1071, 1072. G.C. II. 15 : 633 ; 16 : 8. — The richest in color and most striking in aspect of the genus; well worthy of cult, in every green- house collection. Var. alba, Hort. Pitchers tall, strong, green with pure white areoles above. Occasional along- side the type in S. Ga. and W. Fla. Var. rilbra, Hort. Pitchers attenuate, deep purple above. At times found growing with the type-species in W. Fla. The var. undulata, Hort., scarcely differs from the type except in the rather more undulate margin to the lid. 6. purpurea, Linn. The common pitcher-plant of the N. and the one on which the genus was founded. Fig. 3551. Pitchers ascending, in rosettes of 3-6, 2-10 in. long, widest toward middle, narrowed below and upward, green to dark purple; lid upright or slightly inclined outward with fine hispid hairs over inner lid or attractive surface; wing broad, prominent: fls. 1%- 1% in. wide; sepals and petals greenish purple to pur- ple. In wet sandy muck or by swamp margins from Labrador and Minn, to N. Fla. and Ala.; flowering from fourth week in March in N. Fla. to second week of Aug. in Lab. B.M. 849. L.B.C. 4:308. F.S. 10: 1076. G.C. II. 15:821. Mn. 1:81. G.L. 27:179.— Very variable in coloring from bright green in shady places to dark purple in sunny situations. According to Lod- diges, writing in 1823, this species was "cultivated before the year 1640 by Tradescant, who was gardener 3551. Pitcher of Sarracenia purpurea. (XH) SARRACENIA SASSAFRAS 3081 to King Charles the First." Var. heterophylla, Eaton. L^s pale green: fls. yellow-green to yellow. Very rare in Mass., W. X. Y., and S. N. J. 7. psittacina, Michx. (S. calceoldta, Nutt. S. pul- chella, Groom). Pitchers procumbent in radial rosettes, 2-6 in. long, enlarging from base to hooded apex, green with purple and white veins or areoles to claret-purple throughout; apex of tube psittacoid, forming with fused lid an incurved margin to pitcher-orifice; wing narrow to wide vertical in position: fls. %-lM in. wide, greenish purple to purple. Often abundant in pine- barren swamps of Ga., N. Fla., and westward to La. F.S. 7:268, desc.; 20:2063. G.C. II. 15:816. F. 1877, p. 254. — This species flourishes well under cult, when treated as a semi-aquatic, that is with its roots largely submerged in water. II. NATURAL AN*D ARTIFICIAL HYBRIDS. 8. Atkinsoniana, Nichols. A hybrid of like parentage as S. Sterensii. 9. areolata, Maefar. (S. Sledgei X S. Drummondii'). Pitcher elongate-tubular, green below, purple-veined and areolate above and over lid. Lid circular-cordate, margin somewhat undulate, with fine white hairs within: fls. 2-2}^ in. wide, yellowish purple. — This is a frequent hybrid wherever both parents occur near each other. It is specially abundant from near Mobile, Ala,, westward for 30 miles, and thrives readily in cult, if grown like both parents with the roots largely submerged in waters that have a humic acid reaction. 10. cantabrigiensis, Lynch. A cross of S. Drummondii and S. minor (S. tariolaris) that shows intermediate form and coloring between the parents. Raised by Lynch in Cambridge Botanic Garden, England. 11. Catesbsei, Ell. A hybrid between S. flata and S. purpurea, that is common throughout the southern states. It was first described by John Ray fully 200 years ago from specimens sent to him from this country. The writer has noted as many as 117 specimens in a forenoon near Ponce de Leon, Fla. It is easily cult., and produces pitchers and fls. that are the most striking and beau- tiful of the genus. 12. Chelsonii, Veitch. A cross of S. rubra with S. purpurea raised in the Veitch gardens, and that shows intermediate char- acters. The writer has once only found 2 wild examples in E. Ala., the comparative rarity seeming to be due to a difference of nearly 3 weeks in the flowering periods of the parents. G.C. II. 13:725; 15:817. I.H. 27:388. S.H. 1:189. 13. Claytonii, Nichols. Origin and parentage unknown; it is thus described by Nicholson: "pitchers beautifully colored vinous purple at the summit, shading to crimson." 14. Cookiana, Hort. Parentage unknown, said to be one parent of S. Sanderse. 15. Courtii, Hort. One of Court's hybrids between S. purpurea and S. psittacina, and combining in exact and striking manner the details of both parents. Pitchers semi-decumbent, 6-8 in. long, greenish red becoming deep crimson upward. Orifice and incurved rim wider than in S. psittacina. S.H. 1:177. 16. crispita, Andre. A name of doubtful value, that seems to have been variously applied by different authors. Probably either S. Sledgei or a hybrid of S. flaxa with S. minor. The writer has gath- ered undoubted examples of the last-named cross near Summer- ville, S. C. Pitchers erect, green with whitish areolations above, lid broadlv ovate, somewhat constricted over orifice: fls. bright yellow. I.H. 27. 387. G.C. II. 15:633; 16:9. 17. decora, Hort. A probable cross between S. psittacina and S. minor, and so of like but more recent parentage with S. formosa. 18. excellens, Nichols. A probable hybrid between S. minor and the var. alba of S. Drummondii. 19. eiculta, Nichols. A hybrid of like parentage as S. Moorei, which see. 20. exornata, Nichols. Said to be a hybrid of S. purpurea with S. crispata. 21. Farnhami, Hort. A beautiful hybrid said to be a cross between S. Drummondii and S. rubra, and which combines details of both parents in pitcher and fl. The writer has collected a single wild example near Milligan, Fla., where the former parent is com- mon and the latter is sparse. 22. flambeau, Hort. A hybrid of doubtful origin and parentage, cult, at Kew Gardens. Possibly a cross of S. purpurea with S. minor, and so of like origin as S. Swaniana. 23. formosa, Veitch. Pitchers ascending, intermediate between the parents S. psittacina and S. minor as to shape, color, and lid- formations. Gt. 32 :317. 24. illustrata, Nichols. Lvs. elongate-tubular, veins becoming deep crimson upward, lid cordate, sightly acuminate, with crimson veins. Between S. flana var. picta and the hybrid S. Stevensii, so with 3 parts of S. flava "blood" and 1 of S. purpurea. 25. Maddisoniana, Nichols. A hybrid with the same parentage as S. formosa, but in reversed relation. Pitchers ascending, short, with dull purple veins and fine whitish areoles upward, cucul- late end of tube and fused lid richly white and purple-veined, 26. Mandaiana, Hort. A natural hybrid with like parentage to <S. Moorei. Over wide areas from N. Cent. Fla. to the Alabama River it is nearly always to be found wherever both parents are common. A tall handsome type with crimson throat of S. flava var. Rugelii, and the crimson and white areolations of S. Drummondii. It grows well under cult. First sent out by Pitcher & Manda. 27. melanorhoda, Veitch. A cross between S. Stetensii and S. purpurea, so with 1 part parentage of S. flata and 3 parts S. pur- purea. Pitchers ascending, 6^-12 in. long, widening from base to mouth, lid erect or slightly incurved with undulate margin and within showing short hairs, top of pitcher and lid erimson- green with dark crimson hispid veins, wing prominent, broadest in middle. 28. Mitchelliana, Nichols. (S. Drummondii var. rubra crossed by S. purpurea). Pitchers almost erect, funnel-shaped, pale green with rea veins and whitish areoles above, lid cordate-renifonn with undulate margins, and deep crimson veins around white areoles. — The artificial hybrids were sent out by Bull. The writer has got a few like plants growing wild near Bay Minette, Ala,, where both parents are common. 29. Moorei, Mast. This, the first artificial hybrid produced, was raised by Moore, of Glasnevin, as a cross of S. flata with S. Drummondii. Pitchers tall, erect, tubular, with strong veins, light green below, crimson-veined and faintly white-areolate above with usually rich crimson posterior throat area; lid crimson, and white-areolate with slightly undulate margin and hispid hairs within: fls. of a yellowish rose-to-purple color. As noted above S. Mandaiana is a natural hybrid of similar parentage. G.C.II. 1 : 702, desc.; 16:44. 30. Patersonii, Hort. A hybrid raised by Patterson, orchidologist of Bridge of Allan, Scotland, and with parents like No. 28. 31. Popei, Hort. Pitchers narrow, erect, with crimson veining around mouth and ovate-acuminate lid: fls. yellowish crimson with characters intermediate between those of parents. G.C. II. 16: 41. Raised by Pope of Glasnevin Garden, Dublin, between S. flata and S. rubra. It seems rarely to be produced in nature, since the former flowers about 3 weeks before the latter. 32. porphyroneura, Hort. Probably a synonym of, and of like parentage with S. Catesbsei, and first exhibited about 1882. 33. Sanders, Nichols. An artificial cross of S. Drummondii var. alba with S. Cookiana of unknown parentage. 34. Sanderiana, Hort. A garden hybrid of S. Drummondii var. rubra and S. Farnhami, distributed by Sander. Cult, at Kew, and of great beauty. 35. Stevensii, Mast. Similar in appearance to, and of like origin as, the natural hybrid S. Catesbxi. Raised by Stevens, gardener at Trentham, England. G.C. II. 16:40. 36. Swaniana, Nichols. Pitchers ascending to suberect, greenish crimson above with crimson veins and whitish areoles, lid ovate- cordate with slightly bilobed apex, similarly colored as extremity of tube, wing broad in middle tapered toward extremities. According to Nicholson, it is ''a handsome and well-marked hybrid between S. variolaris (minor) and S. purpurea." 37. Tolliana, Nichols. Stated to be a hybrid of S. Drummondii var. alba and S. flava, but the writer considers it rather to be S. flata crossed by S. purpurea. So like S. Catesbxi and S. Stetensii. 38. vittita, Nichols. Between S. purpurea and S. Chelsonii. Not in general cult. 39. Wflliamsii, Mast. Of same hybrid origin and aspect as S. Stetensii. 40. Wfllisii, Nichols. A beautiful but complex cross of S. Courtii (S. purpurea X S. psittacina) with S. melanorhoda, that is a hybrid of S. Sterensii (S. purpurea X S. flata) with S. purpurea. It more or less combines characters from all of the 3 species-parents, and is delicately colored pale green, white, and crimson. 41. Wilsoniana, Nichols. Of same hybrid origin as S. Stetensii and others. 42. Wrigleyana, Veitch. Reputed to be a garden cross between S. psittacina and S. Drummondii or the converse. J. M. MACFARLAXE. SARSAPARILLA of commerce comes from various species of Smilax. Wild sarsaparilla of America is Aralia nudicavlis. SASKATOON. Fruit of a bush-like species of Amelanchier. SASSAFRAS (Spanish, Salsafras, Saxifraga; medici- nal properties similar to those of Saxifraga were attrib- uted to it by Spanish discoverers). Lauracex. SASSA- FRAS. Ornamental trees grown for their handsome foliage assuming beautiful tints in autumn and for their bright-colored fruit. 3082 3552. Sassafras tree. Deciduous: Ivs. alternate, entire or 3-lobed, slender- petioled: fls. dioecious, rarely perfect, apetalous; calyx 6-parted; stamens 9, the 3 inner ones furnished at the base with 2 stalked, orange-colored glands; stami- nodes 3 or wanting; anthers opening with 4 valves; ovary superior, 1-loculed: fr. an oblong-ovoid, 1 -seeded, dark blue drupe sur- rounded at the base by the thickened scarlet calyx. — Two species, one in E. N. Amer. and one in China. The sassafrases are handsome trees of py- ramidal habit with rather large, entire or 3-lobed leaves and small yellow flowers in few-flowered racemes appearing in spring with the leaves and followed by orna- mental dark blue fruits on red fleshy stalks. The native species is hardy North, while the Chinese one which is still little known in cultivation is somewhat tenderer. The American sassafras usually affects light lands, although it may grow in clay loams. It is a desirable tree for ornamental planting on account of its handsome light green foliage, which is interesting with its varying shapes and its orange-yellow or bright red color in autumn, and on account of its decorative bright-colored fruit. It prefers, at least in the North, a warm and sunny posi- tion. It is not easily transplanted when old on account of its long tap-roots. Propagation is by seeds sown as soon as ripe; also by suckers, which are often freely produced, and by root-cuttings. variifdlium, Kuntze (S. officinale, Nees. S. Sdssafras, Karst. Laiirus Sdssafras, Linn.). Figs. 3552 (winter tree), 3553. Tree, 30-60, or occasionally 90 ft. high: young branches bright green, pubescent: Ivs. oval and entire, or 3-lobed almost to the middle, obtusish, silky- pubescent when young, glabrous at length, 3-4 in. long: fls. yellow, J^in. across, glabrous inside, without stami- nodes, in several-fld. racemes, umbellate when unfold- ing, afterward at the base of the young branchlets; staminate fls. without rudimentary pistil; staminodes wanting: fr. J^in. high. April, May. Maine to Ont. and Mich., south to Fla. and Texas. S.S. 7:304, 305. Em. 2:360. G.F. 7:215. Gn. 31, p. 449; 63, p. 167. G.W. 13, p. 366. Var. filbidum, Fern. (Laurus dlbida, Nutt.). Buds and younger branches glabrous and glaucous: Ivs. glabrous. Mass, to S. C. and Ky. Tzftmu, Hemsl. (Pseudosdssafras Tzumu, Lecomte). Tree, to 100 ft.: Ivs. similar in shape to those of the preceding species, 4-8 in. long: fls. perfect, smaller, pubescent inside, with 3 staminodes alternating with the 3 glandular stamens ; the staminate fls. with rudimentary pistil: otherwise like the preceding species. Cent. China. H. I. 29:2833. ALFRED REHDER. SATUREIA (the old Latin name used by Pliny)', also spelled Salureja. Syn., Calamintha. Labiatse. SAVORY. Hardy aromatic herbs and subshrubs, grown in borders for their flowers and also as pot-herbs. Leaves entire, narrow and small or toothed, or broad and larger: floral whorls either axillary or in terminal spike-like racemes; calyx campanulate-tubular or tubular, rarely campanulate, 10-13- rarely 15-nerved, 5-toothed, sometimes 2-lipped; corolla-tube short or long, exserted, upper lip flat, entire or emarginate, lower lip expanded, 3-cleft, with flat lobes, the midlobe usually larger and emarginate; stamens 4: nutlets ovoid, smooth.— About 160 species in the warmer regions of both hemispheres. A. Plants annual. Acinos, Scheele (Calamintha Acinos, Clairv.). Annual, herbaceous, about 6 in. high: sts. suberect, branched, pubescent or villous: Ivs. ovate, rather obtuse, base narrowed, subserrate, green on both sides; floral Ivs. similar, exceeding the fls.: floral whorls about 6-fld., distant; calyx 3-4 lines long, deeply 13-striate, hispid; corolla purple-blue, scarcely exceeding the calyx. Eu., Caucasus. — Escaped from cult, in N. Amer. hortensis, Linn. (Calamintha hortensis, Hort.). SUMMER SAVORY. Annual herb, pubescent: sts. erect, about 6 in. high or a little more: Ivs. oblong-linear, acute, base narrowed to a short petiole; floral Ivs. similar: floral whorls laxly somewhat 6-fld., in dense interrupted spikes; calyx scabrous-hispid on the nerves; corolla sparsely pubescent outside, scarcely exceeding the calyx. Eu., and widely escaped from cult. AA. Plants perennial. B. Lvs., at least some of them, subrotund. alpina, Scheele (Calamintha alpina, Lam.). Peren- nial, diffuse, pubescent or villous: sts. much branched and somewhat woody at base, about 6 in. high: Ivs. petioled, subrotund or ovate, scarcely serrate; floral Ivs. sometimes narrower, about equaling the calyx: floral whorls 4-6-fld.; calyx subsessile, purplish; corolla larger, purple, throat strongly dilated. Medit. region. Corsica, Caruel (Thymus Corsica, Pers. Calamintha Corsica, Benth.). Subshrub, perennial, small, much- branched, rather glabrous: Ivs. scarcely 2 lines long, petioled, subrotund, entire, usually glabrous, sometimes pilose; floral Ivs. similar: floral whorls on flowering branches, 1 or 2; calyx subsessile; corolla light purple. Corsica. BB. Lvs. ovate, oblong-linear or spatulate. montana, Linn. (Calamintha montana, Lam. C. officinalis, Mpench). WINTER SAVORY. Subshrub, glabrous or slightly scabrous-pubescent: sts. woody at base; branches erect or ascending, 6-12 in. high: Ivs. oblong-linear, acute or inferior spatulate or cuneate, obtuse; upper and floral Ivs. narrower: floral whorls many-fld., laxly secund, approximate in a spike or raceme; calyx campanulate, 10-nerved or rarely obscurely 13-nerved; corolla white or purplisht Eu., N. Air., and widely cult. varia, Webb & Berth. (Thymus ericaefolius, Roth. Micromeria varia, Benth.). Subshrub, pubescent or vil- lous: sts. pro- cumbent, much branched, branch- lets ascending, ca- nescent - tomentose, rarely glabrous : Ivs. sessile, lower ovate, upper lanceolate, fascicled at the axils, all obtuse, some- what canescent beneath; floral Ivs. minute: floral whorls 2-10-fld.; calyx erect, slightly pubescent, pur- plish ; corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx. Canary Isls. S. grandifltrra, Scheele (S. grandiflora, Mcench.) Herbaceous perennial: Ivs. ovate, serrated: sts. decumbent, branching from the base: fls. in axillary whorls, quite large, 1 J/£ in. long, with a straight tube; upper lip flattened, purple. June, July. F. TRACY HUBBARD. 3553. Sassafras variifolium. SATYRIUM SAUSSUREA SATfRIUM (Greek, satyr; Saiyrion was the name given by Dioscorides to one of the orchids). Syn., Dipledhrum. Orchidaceie. Terrestrial orchids with tuberous roots, some of the species adapted to the warmhouse, others to the coldframe. Tuber undivided: Ivs. few, on the lower part of the St., rarely many at the sides of the tall st.: fls. medium- sized or rather large, in often densely fid. spikes; bracts membranaceous or somewhat leafy, sometimes imbri- cate in the young spike and often strongly reflexed, in a dwarf species overtopping the fls.; sepals free, rather similar to the petals; labellum erect, broad-concave, galeate or cucullate undivided: caps, erect, oblong, not beaked. — About 125 species, India, Mascarene Isls., Trop. and S. Afr. Most of the species, of which several are more or less commonly cult, abroad, succeed well in a coldframe, in a compost of turfy peat, fibry loam and sand with plenty of drainage. Prop, by division of roots, made as fresh growth is commencing. carneum, R. Br. One to 2 ft. high: sts. stout: Ivs. 2, radical, subsessile, ovate or orbicular-ovate : scapes with several ovate or spathaceous sheaths; spikes oblong, 3-8 in. long, dense, many-fld.: fls. large, pink or rose- colored; sepals and petals united at base, odd sepal lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, lateral sepals larger; petals elliptic-oblong; lip cucullate. S. Afr. B.M. 1512. G.C. 111.4:697. G.W. 2, pp. 349, 350. nepalense, Don. St. 6^30 in. high, usually very stout : Ivs. few, oblong to linear-oblong, 4-10 x 2-4 in., rather fleshy, sessile: spike 1-6 in. long, densely fld.; bracts oblong or lanceolate, much larger than the fls.: fls. fragrant, white to rose-pink; sepals linear-oblong, obtuse; petals rather narrower, lip superior, broadly ovate, concave and strongly keeled on the back. Himalayas to Ceylon and Burma. B.M. 6625. Var. ciliatum, Hook. f. (S. dliatum, Lindl.), is a small plant with the spurs hardly longer than the sepals. Hima- layas.— This species and its variety require greenhouse heat. sphaerocarpum, Lindl. About 12-18 in. high: sts. stout: Ivs. 2-4, suberect, ovate-oblong or elliptic- oblong, somewhat fleshy : scapes with a few large spatha- ceous sheaths; spikes 2-8 in. long, dense and many-fld.; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate: fls. large, white, vari- ously blotched and sometimes suffused with red; sepals and petals united nearly to the middle, lanceolate- oblong, more or less recurved, lateral sepals broader than the other segms., lip cucullate, broadly elliptic- ovate. S. Afr. B.M. 7295. S. aurantiacum, T. S. Ware, is a species with broad Ivs., long and compact fl. -spike and rich orange fls. Probably of garden origin. F. TRACT HrBBARD. SAUROMATUM (saura, lizard; referring to the spotted flower). Arac&e. Perennial herbs, with uni- sexual naked flowers, grown for ornament. Tubers bearing a single pedate If. one year, the next year Ivs. and fls.: petioles cylindrical, spotted below; blade pedately parted: peduncle short: spathe soon withering, its tube oblong, swollen at the base, more or less connate, its blade or banner long-lanceolate, black- purple, variously spotted. — Species 6, India, Java, and Trop. Afr. The following are hardy bulbous -plants, with large and curious fls. The fls. are produced from Jan. until June, and the bulbs have kept well in a dry state for a year. There is little danger of the bulbs shriveling or rotting. Plant them 6 in. deep in pots or in the garden. Easily managed by the amateur. guttatum, Schott. Petioles 3 ft. long, not spotted; If .-segms. 6-8 in. long, 2-3 in. wide, the lateral smaller: spat he-tube green on the back, 4 in. long, the upper third narrowed; blade 12 in. long, 2 in. wide below, gradually narrowing above, olive-green on the back, yellowish green within, with dense, irregular black- purple spots. Himalayas. J.F. 1 : 12. B.R. 1017 (as A rum venosum). venosum, Schott (S. simlense, Schott.). Petioles spotted, 3 Yz ft. long; If. -segms. 8-10 in. long, 4 in. wide, the lateral smaller: spathe-tube 3-^4 in. long, purple on the back: blade 14-16 in. long, 3 in. wide below, about 1 in. wide from the middle to the apex, purple on the back, yellow within and with crowded oblong purple or black spots. Himalayas. B.M. 4465 and F.S. 13:1334 (both erroneously as S. g/uttatum). S. brfvipei, N. E. Br. Petiole up to 15 in. long, rose, the segms. of blade 5-9, 4-6 in. long, narrowly linear-lanceolate, caudate- acuminate: spathe shortly stalked, the tube swollen, 1H in. long, pale yellowish green, faintly rose-spotted, the limb narrow, convo- lute, twisted, arching, 4-6 in. long, pale greenish or rose, bright red at throat ; spadix as long as spathe, slender, rose below, orange above. SkMm. B.M. 7940. GEORGE V. SAUROPUS (Greek for lizard foot). Euphorbiacex. Tropical shrubs rarely cult.: Ivs. alternate, simple: fls. in axillary clusters, apetalous, sepals imbricate; no rudiment of a pistil in the staminate fls.; disk absent from the pistillate fls.; styles almost entire; ovules 2 in each of the 3 cells of the ovary: fr. more or less fleshy. — About 20 species of Trop. Asia and South Sea Isls. Related to Phyllanthus. S. dUncans, Blume, occurring in many varieties from Ceylon to the Philippines, has edible fr. and has been in cult, in Eu. J. B. S. NORTON. SAURURUS (Greek, lizard's tail, referring to the curve of the spike of fls.). Saururacex. LIZARD'S TAIL. Perennial marsh herbs, suitable for the bog-garden. Erect: Ivs. heart- shaped, converging- ribbed, petioled, without dis- tinct stipules: fls. crowded in a slen- der - naked - pedun - cled terminal spike or raceme; perianth none; stamens mostly 6 or 7, hy- pogynous: fr. some- what fleshy, wrin- kled, of 3-4 carpels united at base and indehiscent; seed usually solitary. — Two species, one in N. Amer., the other in Asia. cernuus, T.inn. LIZARD'S TAIL. Fig. 3554. Height 2-5 ft.: Ivs. cordate, acuminate: fls. white, fragrant, in a spike which is nodding at the end; bract lanceolate; filaments long and capillary. In swamps and shallow water, Conn, to Ont., Minn., Mo., and southward. June-Aug. B.B. 1:482. Loureirii, Decne. (S. chinensis, Hort.). Perennial, from a strong rhizome: sts. stout, 12-16 in. high, round below, angled above: Ivs. alternate, petioled, cordate- based, ovate, acute, 4—5 in. long, bright green: spikes cylindrical, 4-5 in. long, axillary in the uppermost Ivs., which turn yellowish white at the time of flowering; filaments very short. China and Japan. R.H. 1908, p. 395- F. TRACY HUBBARD. SAUSSUREA (named after Theodor de Saussure, 1767-1845, or for his father, Horace Benoit de Saussure, 1740-1799). Composite. Annual, biennial, or peren- nial, glabrous or tomentose herbs of various habit, sometimes planted in the garden for ornament. 3554. Saururus cermms, 3084 SAUSSUREA SAXIFRAGA Leaves unarmed, alternate, entire, toothed, pinnati- fid or pinnatisect: heads narrow or broad, sometimes crowded on the dilated top of a simple st., peduncled, or sessile, solitary, corymbose or panicled; fls. purple or bluish, all perfect and similar, tube slender, limb narrow 5-cleft; involucre ovoid-oblong, globose or hemispheric, bracts not spinescent: achenes glabrous, oblong, 4- ribbed. — About 200 species, temperate regions of Eu., Asia, and N. Amer., mostly in the mountains. S. gossipiphora, Don. Perennial, densely long white or yellowish matted woolly: st. 6-12 in. high, hollow, clavate. often 4 in. broad at top: Ivs. sessile, linear, remotely toothed or runcinate-pinnatifid: heads very many, cylindric; involucre-bracts linear-oblong, shi- ning: achenes narrowly obovoid. Himalayas and China. G.C. III. 51:85. S. leucoma, Diels. Plant 4-9 in. high: Ivs. basal, narrowly pinnate, upper almost linear, the blade being entirely sacrificed to the development of the abundant cottony tomentum in which practically the whole plant is smothered, the fl.-heads alone are free of it and form a compact mass 2-3 in. diam. China. G.C. III. 51: suppl. Feb. 10. S. Veitchiana, Drumm. & Hutchins. Herb, 2-3 ft. high, with about 2-5 leafy scapes from a tufted crown: fl.-sts. rigid, floccose upward: Ivs., the lowest, 10x2 in., oblong-linear, green above, loosely hairy below; the upper ovate-lanceolate; bracts blush-pink- or purplish : heads nearly ovoid, over 1 in.; florets deep purple. China. B.M. 8381. G.C. III. 50:85. F. TRACY HUBBARD. SAVORY. Sweet-herbs. Summer savory is Satureia hortensis of the Labiatse. Cultivated in kitchen-gardens for its aromatic green parts, which are gathered in midsummer for flavoring meat, dressings, and other culinary preparations. The slender, erect, branching, herbaceous stems, 10 to 12 inches tall, bear soft narrow green leaves and in sum- mer clusters of pink, purplish or white flowers, which are followed by brown ovoid seeds whose vitality lasts three years. Propagation is by means of seed, which is sown in drills 12 to 18 inches apart in April or May in light, mellow, well-drained loam of moderate richness. When 2 to 3 inches tall the plants are thinned to 5 or 6 inches asunder, or for early crop they may be transplanted from hotbeds sown in March. Winter savory (S. montana) is a hardy European perennial species, having much the qualities of the annual, but with woody, slender, very branching stems 12 to 16 inches tall, narrow, very acute leaves, white, pink or lilac flowers and brown seeds, whose average vitality is three years. It may be managed like thyme. M. G. KAINS. SAXEGOTILEA (in honor of Prince Albert of Saxe- Coburg-Gotha, consort of Queen Victoria). Taxaceae. An evergreen tree, native of Chile, similar in habit and foliage to the yew: mono3cious, staminate fls. in cylin- drical spikes clustered at the end of the branchlets; pistillate fls. solitary at the end of branchlets: fr. a small stalked irregularly subglobose cone with the scales terminating in spiny flattened points; seeds ovate, keeled, lustrous, brown. The plant is not hardy North and it is doubtful whether it is in cult, in this country; it is of slow growth and has no particular ornamental merit, but botanically it is very interesting. Prop, is by intro. seeds or by cuttings treated like those of taxus; it also may be grafted on taxus or podocarpus. S. con- spicua, Lindl. Tree, to 40 ft., with whorled drooping branches: Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate, spiny-pointed, at the base abruptly contracted into a short decur- rent stalk, dark green above, with 2 broad white lines beneath, J^-l in. long: staminate spikes J^in.long: fr. about Hin. across. J.H.S. 1851, pp. 260, 261. FS. 7, p. 84. J.F. 2, pp. 69, 71. B.H. 6, p. 309 (pi. 75). I.H. 1, p. 16. G.C. III. 2:684; 5:782. S. grdcilis, Hort.=Podocarpus nubigena. ALFRED REHDER. SAXIFRAGA (Latin, rock and to break; said by some to refer to the fact that many of the species grow in clefts of rock, by others to the supposition that certain spe- cies would cure stone in the bladder). Including Ber- genia and Peltiphyllum, genera which are maintained as distinct by Engler in his last treatment of the group. Saxifragaceae. SAXIFRAGE. ROCKFOIL. Chiefly peren- nial herbs, but a few species are annual and a few others biennial, while some others are subshrubby; useful for border planting, rockeries, and alpine gardens, and much prized by fanciers, particularly abroad. Plants usually with more or less developed caudicles which are either above or below ground: Ivs. commonly clustered at the base and most often alternate on the sts., very variable in shape: infl. paniculate, corymbose, racemose or solitary: fls. as a rule not large, white, yellow, red, pink, or purple; calyx either free from or partly adnate to the base of the ovary, the tube short or elongated, 5-cleft or 5-parted; petals usually equal but occasionally decidedly unequal; stamens 10, rarely 5: fr. a 2-beaked, 2-celled caps, opening down or between the beaks, or sometimes 2 almost separate fol- licles; seeds numerous. — About 400 species from a horti- cultural viewpoint or approximately 250 botanically speaking. Temperate (principally alpine) and northern boreal regions, rare in Asia, very few in S. Amer. and lacking in Austral., S. Afr., and the Pacific islands. In preparing the following treatment of the genus and in the arrangement of species, Engler, in Engler & Prantl's Pflanzenfamilien, has been followed with the exception above mentioned, while the specific delimitation is largely based on Engler's Monographic der Gattung Saxifraga, 1872, with cultural and other horticultural information drawn from Irving & Malby's Saxifrages. The :true saxifrages, so-called (excluding Bergenia and Peltiphyllum), have been separated into several genera at different times. The horticultural species men- tioned in this treatment which are native of N. Amer. have been divided among the following genera: Saxifraga, Muscaria, Chondrqsea, Micranthes, Spatu- laria, Leptasea, Heterisia, Peltiphyllum and Antiphylla. See Small in N. Amer. Fl., vol. 22, pt. 2, 1907. Saxifrages are various in habit and stature, but they are mostly low and spreading with rosulate or tufted root-leaves. Most of the species in cultivation are grown as rock-garden plants, although the large-leaved members of the Megasea or Bergenia section are some- times used as border plants. Owing to the small atten- tion given to rock- and alpine-gardening in America, the saxifrages are little known to our horticulturists. Most of them are abundantly hardy as to frost, but are likely to suffer from the dryness and heat of the American summer. Partial shade in summer is essential for the best results with most of the species. In winter the stools should be given ample covering of leaves. The most useful kinds for this country are the species of the Megasea section. These are low plants of bold habit, and are admirably adapted for rockwork and for spring forcing under glass. Fig. 1819, Vol. Ill, shows a clump of these plants in the lower left-hand corner. The alpine species are mostly dwarf plants with more or less persistent foliage. Many of them, as S. oppositi- folia, make dense moss-like mats; others, of which S. Aizoon may be taken as a cultural type, produce a dense rosette of leaves at the surface of the ground, from which arises a flower-scape. Some of these forms are very interesting because of the vari-colored or sil- very effect produced by natural incrustations of lime on the leaves, particularly on the leaf-edges. Give shade. Most saxifrages make stolons and offshoots freely, and by these the plants are easily propagated; they are also increased by division. Some make bulblets and multiply in this manner. The number of species of saxifrage cultivated abroad in rockeries and alpine-gardens is very large and there are many fanciers who have made very large collec- SAXIFRAGA SAXIFRAGA 3085 tions of them. The following account has attempted to include those species which are in more general cultiva- tion, although there are numerous others which occur in some of the collections, and it includes the better INDEX, CONTINUED. salmtmica, 127. Stabiana, 73. tridentina, 94. Salomon!!, 127. SttUeriana, 57. trifurcata, 24. sancta, 95. Sternbergii, 31. turfosa, 53. sanguinea, 31. Stracheyi, 4, 5. umbrosa, 64, 65, 104. known hvbrids and certain seedlings. A large part of these species are either very rare or lacking in American gardens. Verv few of the species have been modified sarmentosa, 50. Stribrnyi, 79. unguiculata, 5. scardica, 84. Sturmiana, 73. valdensis, 91. scareliica, 84. subintegra, 63. Van-Bruntiae, 59. Schmidtii, 5. Sundermannii, 122. VandeUii, 93. to any extent under domestication. sempertirum, 81. superba, 31, 36, 50, Van Houttei. 2. serrata, 64. 67, 97. variegata, 64. serratifolia, 64. taygetea, 9. tera, 84. IXDEX. tibirica, 2. tellimoides, 101. Vetteriana, 103. acantblfolia, 64, 104. cuneifolia, 2, 63. Leichtlinii, 4. spathulata, 28. tenella, 14. villosa, 31. adscendens, 10. cuscutaeformis, 51. leptophylla, 15. speciosa, 4, 94, 95, 97. thessalica, 81. virginiensis, 45. cuspidata, 21. leucanthemifolia, 37. splendens, 31, 97, thysanodes, 4, 5. WaUaceana, 22. , , - ' -' Cvmbalaria, 6, 7. ligulata, 4. 102, 107. tombeanensis, 92. WaUacei, 22. / hnnixtanica 5 dahurica, 39, 40. lilacina, 88. spuria, 97. tricolor, 49, 50. Whitlavii. 27. aizoides, 59. davurica, 39. lingulata, 67, 69. squarrosa, 89. tridentata, 94. Zelebori, 74. Aizoon, 71, 73. decipiens, 31. longifolia, 66. ajugifolia, 18. alba, 1,5,31,97,118, densa, 36. dentata, 65. lutea, 73. luteo-purpurea, 112, KEY TO THE SECTIONS. 125. Albert!, 67. Allionii, 36. sltissinia, 72. diapensioides, 92. diversifolia, 52. dubia, 73. elatioT, 71. 118. lutescens, 31. Lyallii, 40. Macnabiana, 111. A. Lts. glandular-punctate, usually large and thick; the petiole sheathed at the base. I. BERGENIA. Species 1-5. ambigua, 73, 112. elegans, 94, 130. macrantha, 94. AA. Lts. not glandular-punctate (sometimes pitted). Andrews!!. 104. Elizabethae, 129. madida, 48. usually not large; the petiole not sheathed at the androsaeea, 17. Engleri, 105. magna, 94. base. c; • ;.!•-:. >. aptnnina, 63. aphvlla. 15. erecta, 67, 73. erosa, 41, 64. Eudoxiana, 117. magnifica, 66, 94. major, 69, 73, 75, 90, 94,97. B. Seeds spherical: the hs. brown-striate. II. CTMBALARIA. Species 6, 7. apiculata, 118. exarata, 33. majuscula, 61. BB. Seeds fusiform or elongated: the hs. usually not aretioid Ferdinandi-Coburgi, Malyi, 73, 118. brown-striate. arguta, 46. Arkwrightii, 31. aspera, 56. atropurpurea, 36, 73. atrorubens, 59. 83. Fergusonii, 36. flagellaris, 62. flavescens, 73. flore-pleno, 12, 45. marginata, 86, 87. marmorata, 64. Maweana, 30. Mayli, 118. media, 78, 80. C. Pits absent on the hs. (some species of Section Trachyphyttum hate 1 pit at the apex of the If.): lime secreted. D. Plants annual or biennial: caudicles absent. aurantiaca, 59, 113. folia ta, 52. Mertensiana, 47. IV. TRIDACTTLITES. Species 10, australis, 67. austromontana, 57. balcana, 73. foliis-variegatis, 16, 64. Fortune!, 49. Michauxii, 37. ffiicranthidiioiia, 41 Milesii, 5. DD. Plants perennial (No. 20 may occasionally be biennial): caudicles present. Friderici-Augusti, 81, minima, 73, 94. E. Caudicles subterranean. bathoniensis, 31. 118. minor, 64, 69, 73, 94. F. The caudicles annual, biennial, or per- Bellardii, 67. Gaudiniana, 110. mixta, 35. ennial; the secondary shoots with bellidifolia, 64. Gaudinii, 110. Alolyi, 118. shortened internodes, bulbous and Bertolonii, 115. biflora, 98. Borisii, 120. gemmifera, 27. gemmipara, 58. geranioides, 20. montenegrina, 80. moschata, 36. muscoides, 16, 31, 36. separating from them with age. V. XEPHBOPHYLLUM. Species 11-13. Borvi, 87. Geum, 65. mutata, 77. FF. The caudicles perennial; the secondary Boydii, 94, 125. brevifolia, 73. gigantea, 100. glandulosa, 8. nepalensis, 76. nivalis, 44. shoots permanently attached to them. bristoleana. 31. bronchialis, 57. globulifera, 29. gloria, 94. notata, 73. Obristii, 128. G. Lts. peltcte. XV. PELTTPHYLLUM. Species 100, 101. Brunoniana, 61. Godseffi, 135. obscura, 34. GG. LTS. not peltate. bryoides, 56. brvophora, 38. Bucklandii, 63. bulgarica, 73. Godseffiana, 135. gracilis, 64, 73. Grandfieldii, 109. grandiflora, 1, 31, 54, obtusa, 84. oppositifolia, 97. orbicularis, 2. ornata, 4. H. Caps, somewhat inflated, splitting abote the middle. VII. BOBAPHTLLA. Species 37—47. Burnatii. 108. Burseriana, 94, 125, 61, 94, 97. granulata, 12. pallida, 118. palmata, 20. HH. Caps, not inflated, splitting below 130. Grisebacbii, SO, 114. paradoxa, 73. me miaaic. bursiculata, 132. grcenlandica, 31. Paulina, 133. L. Fls. white. caesia. 90. Guthrieana, 104. pectinata, 73. III. MISCOPETALCM. Species 8, 9. cxspitosa, 31. 32. Haagei, 134. pedatifida, 21. n. Fls. yellow. californica, 73. cal'jciflora, 78. Camposii, 22. hiberntta, 27, 31. Hirculus, 54. hirsuta, 65. pedemontana, 25. peltata, 100. pennsyivaniea, 42. IX. HIBCTTLUS. Species 52-54. EE. Caudicles above ground. canaliculata, 23. hirta, 32. perdurans, 19. T. Petals unequal: plants mostly with capillipes, 63. Hostii, 71, 72, 111. Petraschii, 123. runners. VIII. DIPTERA. Species 48-51. izirinthiara, 73. Huetiana, 7. plena, 12. •n i 1 cartilaginea, 75. Hufttii, 7. porophylla, 79, 81. FF. Petals equal. catalaunica, 68. hvbrida, 31, 66, 102. Porta, 73. G. Chary more or less adnate with the ceratophylla. 24. hypnoides, 27, 31, 32. primulina, 82. calyx-tube. cervicornis. 25. icelandica, 76. primuloides, 64. H. Lts. herbaceous, undivided or cespitosa, 31. 32. 36. incrustata, 70. Probynii, 69. /rtr „ J cherlerioides. 57. chinensis, 50. incurvifolia, 32. intacta, 73. punctata, 46. pungens, 119. looea. VI. DACTTLOIDES. Species 14-36. chrvsantha, 55. Churchillii, 73. integrifolia, 43. intermedia, 114. purpurascens, 3, 102. purpurea, 1, 27, 31, 36. HH. Lts. rigid, withering, commonly setose, not herbaceous. ciliata, 4. cinerascens, 60. Iratiana, 35. Irvingii, 130. pygmaea, 36. pyramidalis, 76. X. TRACHYPHYLLUM. Species 55-62. Clibranii, 31. japonica, 50. pyrenaica, 76, 97. GG. Chary entirely free. coccinea, 97. juniperifolia, 96. recta, 73. XI. ROBEBTSONIA. Species 63-65. cochlearis, 69. compacta, 27, 36 102 juniperina, 96. Kellereri, 116. recurti folia, 90. retusa, 99. cc. Pits present on the Its.: lime secreted. 133. kestoni, 125. Rhaei. 36. D. Secondary shoots separating early from the conifera, 26. kestoniensis, 124. rhstica, 71. caudicles, more or less stoloniferous, their cordifolia, 1, 102. coriophylla, 85. corrugata, 102. kewensis, 131. Kingiana, 27. Kingii, 27. Rhei, 36. Rhtti, 36. rheetica, 71. apex with a rosette of Its. XII. EUAIZOONIA. Species 66-77. cortusifolia, 48. Kolenatiana, 75. rivularis, 13. DD. Secondary shoots remaining attached to the coryophylla, 85. Kyrillii, 121. robwsta. 73. perennial caudicles. Cotyledon, 76. crassifolia, 2. crassiphylla, 64. lactea, 11. lagaveana, 73. La Grareana, 73. Rocheliana, 85. rosea, 1, 4, 27, 31, 73, 94, 98, 130. E. The Its. alternate. XIII. KABSCHIA. Species 78-96. crenata, 65, 94. lantoscana. 67. rosularis, 73. EE. The Its. decussately opposite. crinitum, 65. Lapeyrousii, 112. rotundifolia, 8, 9, 64. XIV. POBPHTBION. Species 97-99. crustata, 70. cultrata, 73. lasiophylla, 8. latina, 97. rubra. 4. Rudolphiana, 97. Unkeyed XVI. HYBBIDS. Species 102-135. 3086 SAXIFRAGA SAXIFRAGA Section I. BERGENIA (MEGASEA). A. Margin of If. not ciliate, but more or less undulate or crenate: Ivs. not pubescent. B. Scape and infl. glabrous. c. Lvs. orbiculate-cordate 1. cordifolia cc. Lvs. obovate to long-obovate, more or less cuneate at the base 2. crassif olia BB. Scape and infl. pubescent 3. purpurascens AA. Margin of If. ciliate: Ivs. sometimes pu- bescent. B. Base of If. distinctly cordate although narrow: calyx glabrous 4. ligulata BB. Base of If. usually narrowed to the petiole: calyx pubescent or at least puberulent 5. Stracheyi 1. cordifolia, Haw. (Megdsea cordifolia, Haw. Ber- genia cordifolia, Sternb.) . Twelve to 20 in. high, robust : Ivs. orbiculate-cordate, broad -and fleshy, margin undu- late-serrate, glabrous, shining; petioles long and thick: infl. a short, thick, angled, shiny scape: fls. clear rose, in dense nodding cymes partly hidden in the Ivs. ; pedicels short and thick; calyx-lobes short and broad; petals roundish. March-May. Siberia. Gn.M.3:136. — Closely allied to S. crassifolia but differing in the broader cordate-based Ivs. and in the rounder petals. Var. alba, Hort. (Megdsea cordifolia yar. alba, Hort.). Fls. delicate blush-pink, not true white. Var. grandi- flora, Hort. Said to be unusually handsome in If. and fl. Var. purpfcrea, Hort. (S. purpurea, Hort. Megdsea cordifolia var. purpurea, Hort.). Lvs. smooth and coarsely serrate, the panicles larger than the type and carried well above the Ivs.: petals broad rounded and deep reddish purple. Var. rdsea, Hort. (Megdsea cordifolia var. rdsea, Hort.) has been offered. 2. crassif dlia, Linn. (S. cuneifolia, Hort., not Linn. S. sibirica, Hort., not Linn. Megdsea crassifolia, Haw. Bergenia crassifolia, Fritsch). Fig. 3555. Six to 16 in. high, stout: rhizomes woody: Ivs. obovate to long-obo- vate, large and thick, narrowed at the base and decur- rent on the petiole, margin serrate to nearly entire, apex obtuse, glabrous, shining: infl. a fairly tall, angled, reddish or purplish scape: fls. deep rose, lilac or pur- plish, in dense panicles, elevated above the Ivs.; calyx- lobes oblong, obtuse; petals elliptic-oblong. March-May. Altai to Mongolia. B.M. 196. G.M. 34:67. Mn. 10, p. 74.— S. Van Houttei, Hort., is only a variation of this species, with lighter pink fls. Var. orbicularis, Hort. (S. orbicularis, Hort. Bergenia orbicularis, Stein. Megdsea orbicularis, Hort.). A small-growing form with broad rather rounded Ivs., a branching habit and an abun- dance of light rosy fls. which are borne well above the foliage. 3. purpurdscens, Hook. f. & Thorn. (Megdsea pur- purascens, Hort. Bergenia purpurascens, Engl.). Three to 12 in. high: Ivs. roundish-obovate to short- oblong, 2-3 in. long, base somewhat cordate, margin more or less undulate, glabrous: infl. a scape about 1 ft. high, purple, this and the pedicels very pubescent: fls. deep purple, nodding, in few-fld. corymbose panicles; calyx-lobes very obtuse; petals %in. long, obovate- oblong, sometimes long-clawed: fr. elliptic-lanceolate, erect. June. Sikkim (India), 10,000-15,000 ft. B.M. 5066. H.F. II. 1:172. B.H. 9:1. F.S. 14:1401.— A very handsome species because of its purple scapes and fls. and the beautiful purple-and-crimson autumnal foliage. Succeeds best in a rather sheltered spot. 4. ligulata, Wall. (Megdsea ligulata, Hort. Bergenia ligulata, Engl.). One foot high, stout: radical Ivs. large, orbicular or obovate, 2-12 in. diam., base cordate, mar- 3555. Saxifraga crassifolia. gins entire but ciliate, both surfaces glabrous: infl. an erect naked scape, this and the pedicels and calyx gla- brous: fls. white, rose or purplish, campanulate in nod- ding 1-sided racemes; calyx-lobes ovate, not narrowed at base; petals J^-l in. long, orbicular and clawed: fr. subglobose, cernuous. March-May. Himalayan region. B.M. 3046 ("the sepals too acute and the leaves too undulate," according to Hooker). L.B.C. 8:747 RH 1868:270. J.H. III. 69:136. Gn. 62, p. 25; 76, p. 204. — Not perfectly hardy at Boston. Sometimes erro- neously written S. lingulata which is a very different species (No. 67). — S. orndta, Decne. (Bergenia orndta, Stein), is said to have large coriaceous, persistent Ivs., fleshy sts., and large rose fls. in cymes. Apparently does not possess any character to distinguish it from S. ligulata except the fls. are a shade lighter in color. Var. ciliata, Hook. (S. ciliata, Royle. S. thysanodes, Lindl. S. Stracheyi var. thysanodes, Hort. Megdsea ciliata, Haw. M. ligulata var. ciliata, Hort. Bergenia ciliata, Stein). Lvs. hirsute on both surfaces, margins strongly ciliate. B.M. 4915. B.R. 32:33 (as S. thysanodes). G.C. III. 5:365. F.E. 16:472. Var. Leichtlinii, Hort. (S.Leichtlinii,HoTt. Megdsea Leichtlinii, Hort.). Grows about 1 ft. high and has large crimson Ivs. and rose- colored fls. Var. rdsea, Hort., is a form with rose- colored fls. Var. rftbra, Hort., is an early-flowering, low form with red or red-purple fls. Var. speciosa, Hort. (S. speciosa, Hort., not Doerfl. & Hayek. Megdsea speciosa, Hort.). Lvs. broadly ovate/ leathery : fls. crimson or deep rosy crimson. Gn. 71, p. 250. J.H. III. 60:393. — By some this is thought to be a garden hybrid . S. ligulata x S. crassifolia. 5. Stracheyi, Hook. f. & Thom. (S.unguiculdta, Hort., not Engl. Megdsea Stracheyi, Hort. Bergenia Stracheyi, Stein). Fig. 3556. Six inches to 1 ft. or more high: Ivs. obovate, usually not cordate at base, margin subentire, ciliate or crenate-serrate, both surfaces glabrous: infl. a scape about 1 ft. high with the pedicels and calyx pubescent or puberulous: fls. blush-pink to rose (some- times yellow), in broad branching panicles %-l in. diam.; calyx-lobes oblong. March. Kashmir, 8.000- 14,000 ft. B.M. 5967(?). G.M. 39:233. J.H. III. 32:281. G. 12:337.— More hardy than S. ligulata. Var. alba, Hort. (S. afghdnica, Aitch. & Hemsl. S. afghanistdnica, Leicht. Megdsea afghdnica, Hort.). A snowy white-fld. form, the Ivs. bronzy or ruby-brown. Gt. 35:1228. G. 31:751. Var. Milesii, Hort. (S. Mllesii, Hort. Leicht. Bergenia Milesii, Stein. Megdsea Stracheyi var. Mllesii, Hort.). Differs from the type in having longer Ivs. (9-12 x 4-5 in. at the middle) : fls. white; petals distinctly clawed. March. Himalaya. Var. Schmidtii, Hubb. (S. thysanodes, Hort. Haage & Schmidt, not Lindl. S. Schmidtii, Regel. Bergenia Schmidtii, Hort.). Lvs. ovate, base equally rotundate or attenuate to the petiole, margin coarsely crenate and then dentate, the teeth cuspidate-ciliate : fls. pani- cled, similar to those of S. crassifolia. Himalaya . Gt. 27:946. B.R. 29:65 (as S. ciliata). Section II. CTMBALARIA. A. Lower Ivs. 7-11-lobed; the lobes acute.. 6. Cymbalaria AA. Lower Ivs. 5-7-lobed; the lobes obtuse or very shortly apiculate 7. Huetiana 6. Cymbalaria, Linn. Annual or biennial: sts. nearly erect or somewhat flexuous, branched, 3-12 in. high: Ivs. tender, with age brown-striate on both sur- faces, margin glandular-pilose; lower Ivs. reniform, cordate or truncate at base, 7-11-lobed, lobes broad- acute; upper Ivs. short-petioled, 3-7-lobed, base atten- uate: infl. cymose with elongated axis; pedicels long, 1-fld., these and the calyx short glandular-pilose: fls. yellow; calyx-lobes oblong, acute; petals oblong, base cordate, distinctly clawed, 3 times the length of the calyx-lobes. May-Aug. Caucasus and Asia Minor. — The Ivs. are light green, glossy and ivy-like. It sows itself SAXIFRAGA ^AXIFRAGA 3( )S7 abundantly and is suitable for moist spots in rock- work or along streams. Some, possibly much, of the material cult, as S. Cymbalaria is really the closely allied -S. Huetiana. 7. Huetiana, Boiss., frequently incorrectly offered as Hutttiana. Hitftii, and Huettti (S. Cymbalaria, Hort., not Linn.). Annual or biennial(?): sts. weakly erect or decumbent, flaccid, 4-6 in. high: Ivs. soft, with age brown-striate below; lower Ivs. reniform-cordate, base cordate or truncate, broader across, 5-7-lobed, lobes broad, obtuse or very shortly apiculate; upper 3-lobed or entire, ovate: infl. cymose with long erect pedicels: fls. small but numerous, bright yellow; calyx-lobes triangular, acute; petals oblong, ob- / tuse, base distinctly clawed, 3 times the length of ^ the calyx-lobes. May-Aug. Asia Minor. — Very j ^ closely allied to S. Cymbalaria and by some con- / ^ sidered a variety of that species. It differs in its \, dwarfer less upright habit, fewer and more obtuse \v lobes of the Ivs. and other technical floral charac- ters and probably in its infl. being a cincinnus instead of a bostryx. A very effective plant for the rockwork. Section III. MISCOPETALUM. A. Rhizome rather thick: hs. unevenly and coarsely crenate or dentate 8. rotundifolia AA. Rhizome slender: hs. 5-9-crenate or shalloi£-lobed, the Its. smaller than the last 9. taygetea 8. rotundifolia, Linn. Sts. 8-12 in. high, erect from a somewhat thickened rhizome, leafy and paniculate from the middle or above : Ivs. rather thick, more or less hairy on both surfaces; basal and lower on petioles 3-4 times longer than the blades, reniform or orbicular, base cordate, unequally and coarsely crenate or den- tate; cauline almost sessile, base obtuse or cuneate, with more or less incise-dentate lobes: infl. a branched panicle with long, slender glandular-hirsute peduncle and pedicels; fls. white, spotted with red or purple; calyx-tube very short, lobes triangular oblong, acute; petals oblong-lanceolate. May, June. Eu. and Asia. B.M. 424. — A very satisfactory species for moist and shady parts of the rockwork. Var. glandulosa, Griseb. (5. glandulosa, Hort. S. lasiophytta, Schott. S. angu~ losa. Schott. S. rotundifolia var. angidosa, Hort.). Sts. tall, glandular-pubescent: basal Ivs. obtusely crenate; the cauline Ivs. incise-dentate: the panicle branches spread out and many-fld. 9. taygetea, Boiss. & Heldr. (S. rotundifolia var. taygetea, Engl.). Sts. 3-6 in. high, erect from a slen- der rhizome, almost naked, pubescent: Ivs. small, firm, sparse hirsute, slightly membranaceous-margined; the radical Ivs. long-petioled, subcordate-reniform, broadly and obtusely 5-9-crenate; the cauline Ivs. none or 1 or 2 minute ones which are 3-parted or linear: infl. loosely paniculate-corymbose; the branches 1-2-fld.: fls. white with purple dots; calyx-lobes oblong, rather obtuse; petals elliptical-lanceolate, obtuse. June- Aug. Greece.— Much of the material cult, under this name is really 5. cuneifolia. Section IV. TRIDACTTLITES. 10. adscendens, Linn. (Muscariaadscendens, Small). One to 6 in. high, the whole plant viscidulous and clothed with short glandular hairs: sts. erect: the basal Ivs. crowded, the cauline few, cuneate, gradually attenuate all the way to the base, the apex rounded or truncate, 3-5-lobed, the lobes subequal, oblong or ovate, rather obtuse or acutish: infl. corymbose, spar- ingly branched from the middle or base of the fl.-st. branches erect; fls. white: calyx glandular-pilose, tube campanulate, in fr. rounded at the base and twice as long as the lobes; petals cuneate, emarginate, slightly 5-nerved, double as long as the calyx-lobes. June, July. Eu. and in the Rocky Mts., S. Canada to Colo. and Utah. — A very common and widespread European species which has not been frequently cult. Section V. NEPHROPHYLLUM. A. Basal hs. cuneate or spatulate 11. lactea AA. Basal hs. cordate or reniform. B. Infl. corymbose-paniculate 12. granulata BB. Infl. racemose, 1-6-fld 13. rivularis 3556. Sazif raga Stracheyi, as the flowers are appearing in earliest spring. ( X J£) 11. lactea, Turcz. Cespitose, 4-^6 in. high: sts. erect, glandular-pubescent below, paniculate above: Ivs. fight green, lower cuneate, 3-5^parted, lobes oblong, very obtuse, horizontal -spreading; upper 3-parted, lobes linear, obtuse: infl. axillary, with pedicels much longer than the fls., 2-fld., the terminal fl. exceeded by the lower; fls. white (milky white according to trade- lists); calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, longer than the tube; petals obovate-cuneate, lightly 3-nerved, 3 times as long as the calyx-lobes. June. Siberia. — Probably not in general cult. 12. granulata. Linn. MEADOW SAXIFRAGE. Sts. erect or ascending from a bulbiferous base, 6-20 in. tall, slightly foliose, often branched below, lax panicu- late, soft-hirsute, glandular-viscous above: Ivs. pilose, bearing bulblets in the axils, renifonn, incise-lobed, lobes entire or crenate, decurrent at base on the hirsute petiole; cauline Ivs. subsessile, wedge-shaped, 3-5- parted: infl. open, panicled, with glandulose elongated pedicels (sometimes contracted and umbel-like): fls. white, campanulate, somewhat drooping, about 1 in. diam.; calyx-lobes longer than the ovate tube, linear- oblong, obtuse; petals obovate-oblong, strongly atten- uate at base, 3-nerved. April-June. Eu., N. Afr. Gn.W. 25:513. — The common meadow saxifrage of Eu. and an attractive plant. The species proper is, how- ever, seldom cult. Var. flore-pleno, Hort. (S. granu- lata var. plena, Hort.), is the common form in cult, and differs only in its double fls. G. 25: 201; 26: 213. Gn.W. 23:389. 13. rivularis, Linn. Cespitose, the sts. ascending 1-3 in. high, more or less villous: basal lys. with petioles 3-5 tunes longer than the blades, renifonn, palmately 3-7-lobed, lobes obtuse, petioles with broad ciliate stipules; upper Ivs. short-petioled, 3-lobed: infl. long, peduncles arising from the axils of the lower Ivs., almost as long as the whole st.; fls. at the top short- pedicelled or sessile : fls. 1-5, white (often tinged purple), erect; calyx short-glandular pilose or rather glabrous, tube hemispherical, lobes ovate, obtuse, shorter than the tube; petals obovate-oblong, twice as long as the calyx-lobes. July, Aug. Circumboreal, in X. Amer. to the White Mts. and in the Rocky Mts. to Mont. Section VI. DACTTLOIDES (MUSCARIA). A. Lower hs. undivided or short 3-5- pointed: petals mostly small (see also S. moschata and S. globulifera, which have some of the hs. undivided). B. Plants loosely cespitose, with indeter- minate secondary shoots borne in the If.-axils. 3088 SAXIFRAGA SAXIFRAGA c. Infl. a few-ftd. panicle borne on a fl.-st. 2-4 in. high 14. tenella cc. Infl. 1-, rarely 2-fl.d., borne on a fl.- st. about 1 in. high 15. aphylla BB. Plants densely cespitose: scape 1-fld. or few-fld., paniculate C. Axils of the Ivs. of the secondary shoots with buds of undeveloped cataphylla. D. Calyx-lobes mucronate 26. conif era DD. Calyx-lobes obtuse 28. spathulata cc. Axils of the hs. of the secondary shoots without buds of undevel- oped cataphylla. D. Lvs. linear 16. muscoides DD. Lvs. spatulate 17. androsacea AA. Lower Ivs. more or less digitately lobed or divided (entire in Nos. 26 and 28) : petals longer and broader than calyx- lobes. B. Secondary shoots indeterminate: the infl. borne in the axils of the lower Ivs. c. The Ivs. glandular-pilose, orbicu- late-digitate: fls.-sts. 3-6 in. high.18. ajugifolia cc. The Ivs. not glandular, wedge- shaped: fl.-sts. 1 %-3 in. high . . 19. perdurans BB. Secondary shoots determinate, ending in an infl. c. Petals obovate-cuneate, attenuate- clawed. D. Blades of the almost sessile hs. oblong-cuneate 25. pedemontana DD. Blades of the petiolate Ivs. ovate or orbicular. E. Divisions of the suborbicular or reniform Ivs. lanceolate. . 20. geranioides EE. Divisions of the ovate Ivs. linear 21. pedatifida cc. Petals obovate, obovate-oblong or oblong, not attenuate clawed. D. Plants loosely cespitose, frutes- cent, the rosettes of rigid Ivs. of this year far removed from those of the previous year. E. Lvs. cuneately attenuate to the petiole; the lobes horizontally spreading. F. Lower Ivs. incise 3-lobed; the midlobe usually entire 22. Camposii FF. Lower hs. pedately divided; the midlobe 3-parted 34. obscura EE. Lvs. trifurcate, bowed-attenuate to the petiole; the lobes divaricate. F. Petiole deeply grooved; the midlobe of If. entire 23. canaliculata FP. Petiole not deeply grooved: the midlobe of If. 3- toothed 24. trifurcata DD. Plants densely cespitose, the rosettes of Ivs. of this year close to those of the previous year (specimens of S. decipiens excepted). E. Axils of the hs. of the second- ary shoots without buds of undeveloped cataphylla. F. Petals oblong, equaling or rarely exceeding the calyx- lobes in width 36 . moschata FF. Petals obovate or obovate- oblong, exceeding the calyx-lobes in width. G. Nerves of the hs. usually prominent. H. Blades of hs. sessile or short - petioled; the midlobe oblong .... 33. ezarata HH. Blades of hs. with petioles as long as the blades: the mid- lobe linear 35. mixta GG. Nerves of the hs. not at all prominent. H. Divisions of the hs. more or less acute. ...31. decipiens HH. Divisions of the hs. more or less obtuse. .32. cespitosa EE. Axils of the hs. of the second- ary shoots with buds of undeveloped cataphylla. F. Calyx-lobes mucronate. G. Lvs. undivided and ses- sile 26. conif era GG. Lvs. 3-lobed and petioled.27. hypnoid es FF. Calyx-lobes obtuse. G. The hs. all undivided. . . 28. spathulata GG. The hs. (the lowest excepted) lobed. H Calyx-lobes ovate-tri- angular, about equal- ing the length of the tube 29. globulifera HH. Calyx-lobes ligulate- lanceolate, twice the length of the tube. . .30. Maweana Subsection HOLOPHYLL.<E. 14. tenella, Wulf. Lax, cespitose, 2-4 in. high, with foliose, prostrate or erect caudicles: sts. erect, slender, glabrous: Ivs. yellow- or apple-green, shining, thin but rather stiff, lower and also cauline, linear-subulate, cuspidate-aristate, margin setulose-ciliate or glabrous, glandulose-ciliate toward the base: infl. terminal, few- fld. panicles with slender pedicels longer than the fls. : fls. white or yellowish white; calyx-lobes triangular, acute, equaling the tube, glabrous; petals obovate- oblong, recurved above, 3-nerved, twice as long as the calyx-lobes. June, July. Mountains of Cent. Eu. 15. aphylla, Sternb. (S. leptophylla, Froel.). Loosely cespitose, about 1 in. high with numerous sparsely foliate caudicles with rosettes at the top: sts. sparsely glandular-pilose: Ivs. light green, rather thin, entire or 3-5-cuspidate, the divisions ovate-lanceolate, obtuse: infl. almost leafless 1-fld., rarely 2-fld. glandular scapes: fls. light yellow; calyx-lobes ovate, acute; petals linear, acute, equaling the calyx-lobes. June, July. Moun- • tains of Eu. 16. muscoides, All. Densely cespitose, 1-2 in. high, with short caudicles: sts. columnar, densely imbricate- foliose, ashy pilose: Ivs. linear, rounded-obtuse, base attenuate, when dried 3-nerved, apex cinerous: infl. numerous, terminal, few-fld. racemes or more seldom several-fld. panicles with very short pedicels: fls. white or yellowish white (rarely citron-yellow or purple); calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; petals round-obovate, very obtuse, smoothly emarginate, 3-nerved, twice as long as the calyx-lobes. July, Aug. High mountains from the Pyrenees to Austria. Gn. 76, p. 615. — Frequently con- fused with S. moschata and S. cespitosa. A strictly Alpine species forming a dense moss-like cushion, the uppermost Ivs. of which are reddish toward the base and fresh green toward the apex and are rather fleshy. Suitable only for alpine-gardening. Var. fdliis-varie- gatis, Hort., is a form with yellow-and-white varie- gated Ivs. Very likely this really is a variety of S. moschata. 17. androsacea, Linn. Cespitose, 1-3 in. high (pos- sibly more), with the basal and lower Ivs. aggregated and sessile: Ivs. dark green, shiny, spatulate or obo- vate, cuneate, apex entire or 3-5-toothed, the teeth short and acute, the central twice longer than the lateral, when dry 5-11-nerved, margin ciliate, at the top glandulose-ciliate; cauline Ivs. oblong-lanceolate: infl. numerous, almost naked, sparsely glandular, 1-3- fld., rarely 5-fld. scapes: fls. small, clear white or green- ish white; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, the base and margins glandular; petals obovate-oblong, 3-nerved, at the top emarginate, the uppermost portion reflexed, twice longer and broader than the calyx-lobes. June- Aug. Mountains of S. and Cent. Eu., also the Baikal region of Asia. SAXIFRAGA SAXIFRAGA 3089 Subsection AXILLIFLOILE. 18. ajugifdlia, Linn., also spelled ajugsefolia. Cespi- tose. about 3-6 in. high: st. decumbent, rooting: Ivs. sparsely glandular-pilose, light green, rather thick and fleshy, orbiculate-digitate, 3-5-parted, attenuate to the flat petiole, lobes lanceolate, acute: infl. 1-5 slender, nearly simple, few-fld. scapes arising from the axils of the lower Ivs.; bracts linear, entire, acute; pedicels very short, puberulent: fls. rather small, whitish or clear milk-white; calyx-lobes ovate, acute; petals ovate- oblong, 3-nerved, very shortly clawed, twice longer than the calyx-lobes. May-July. S. Eu. 19. perdurans, Kit. Cespitose, 1H~3 in. high: sts. procumbent: Ivs. rather thick, bright green, the lower surface striped purple at the nerves, those of the young shoots and the lower cauline similar, without glands, wedge-shaped, attenuate to the flat petiole, palmately 3-5-parted, lobes horizontal spreading, oblong, obtuse, muticous, faintly 3-nerved: infl. a solitary, axillary, sub- simple, few-fld. scape with a reddish base and one partially clasping If.; bracts 3-parted or entire: fls. 1-5, cymose^ white; calyx-lobes roundish; petals spreading, oblong, 3-nerved, more than twice as long as the calyx- lobes. June, July. Mountains of E. Cent. Eu. — Closely allied to S. ajugifolia. Subsection CZRATOPHYLLUE. 20. geranioides, Linn. (5. palmata, Hort., not Smith and others). Biennial or perennial, cespitose, 2-10 in. high, with numerous frutescent subwoody, leafy caudicles: sts. erect, somewhat pilose: Ivs. bright green, lower rather pilose, suborbicular or reniform, palmately 3-divided with the lateral lobes bifid, lobes lanceolate- acute or 2-3-toothed, base of the ciliate petiole dilate; cauline Ivs. cuneate-ovate with narrow lobes: infl. sub- corymbose, many-fld., with pedicels shorter than the fls.: fls. white, campanulate; calyx-lobes erect, linear- lanceolate, acute; petals obovate-oblong, long-clawed, more than twice longer than the calyx-lobes. May- July. Mountains of Eu. — Best prop, by seed. A showy little ground-cover plant suitable for terraces and the like. 21. pedatifida, Ehrh. (5. cuspiddta, Schleich.). Cespitose, 2-8 in. high, with frutescent, subwoody, leafy caulicles: sts. erect, rather stiff, puberulent: Ivs. fresh green, the lower with ovate and pedate-parted blades, many-nerved and borne on flat petioles which are longer than the blades, the lateral lobes of which are 3-lobed, the lobules linear, entire and more or lessmucronate; the Ivs. of the young shoots longer-petioled and with longer, narrower lobes; the cauline Ivs. 3-5-lobed; bracts narrowly linear: infl. subcorymbose, the peduncles much overtopping the Ivs., the pedicels and calyx glandular-pilose: fls. 3-9 on a peduncle, campanulate, white; calyx-lobes erect, lanceolate, acute; petals obovate-oblong, 5-7-nerved, long-clawed, 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx-lobes. June. S. Eu. — Closely allied to S. geranioides but distinguished readily by the gradual narrowing of the blades, which are many-nerved into the petiole and also by the linear divisions of the Ivs. 22. CampSsii, Boiss. & Reut. (S. Wdttacei, McNab. S. Walloxea.no., Hort.). Fig. 3557. Perennial, loosely cespitose, 3-6 in. high, with slightly shrubby caudicles 3557. Saxifraga Camposii. covered with old retroflex Ivs.: fl.-sts. erect, reddish, entirely glabrous: Ivs. stiff, dark green, shiny, those of the young shoots and the lower ones incise-3-lobed, more than double the length of the strongly broadened, nerved petiole and having decidedly prominent nerves, the lateral lobes of the blade again 2-lobed or dentate with the teeth mucronulate, the midlobe usually entire, linear and mucronate; cauline Ivs. cuneate, attenuate to the petiole, more obtusely dentate; bracts spatulate, acute: infl. terminal, 6-10-fld., more or less congested corymbs or panicles: fls. large, %in. across, subcam- panulate, white; calyx-lobes oblong, acute; petals rounded-obovate, shortly clawed, 3-nerved. May- July. Spain. B.M. 6640. Gn. 35, p. 392; 75, p. 335. A.F. 4:493. G.M. 43:192; 55:276; 57:620. J.H. III. 70:250. — This species has been intro. into Amer. but never succeeded well owing, it is said, to the hot climate. An attractive little plant on account of its showy fls. which are occasionally used for cut-fls. 23. canaliculata, Boiss. & Reut. Lax, cespitose. 6-8 in. high, with ascending caudicles which are covered below with old, rather remote Ivs., and terminate in rosettes: fl.-sts. numerous, erect, very glabrous: Ivs. very stiff, quite dark green, strongly viscid below, with transversely broader blade which is 3-parted and is borne on a flat, deeply grooved petiole, midlobe of the blade entire, the lateral ones 2-3-parted, with the lobes bowed and mucronate at their apex; cauline Ivs. 3-parted; bracts linear, mucronate: infl. corymbose-paniculate: fls. white; calyx-lobes linear- lanceolate, mucronulate; petals obovate-oblong, attenu- ate to the claw, 3-nerved, twice as long as the calyx- lobes. July. Spain. — Allied to S. Camposii from which it differs in the more spreading divisions of the Ivs. and the fact that the petioles are not broadened except at the base. 24. trifurcata, Schrad. Perennial, loosely cespitose, 4-8 in. high, with slightly shrubby leafy caudicles covered with old reflexed Ivs.: fl.-sts. erect, glabrous: Ivs. dark gray-green, viscid, twice as long as the petioles, palmately 3-parted, nerved, the lateral lobes of the blade sub-3-divided, the midlobe cuneate, 3-toothed, with the teeth mucronulate; cauline Ivs. few, shorter- petipled, 3-parted; bracts linear, acute: infl. loosely paniculate; pedicels long: fls. milk-white, numerous; calyx glabrous, the lobes lanceolate, acute; petals obovate-oblong, 3-nerved, nearly 3 times the length of the calyx-lobes: fr. ovate. May. Spain. G.C. III. 48:295. F.E. 18:442. — A quick grower, which is frequently cult, abroad and which is also useful for pot cult. Var. ceratophylla, Hort. (S. ceraiophylla, Dry.). Lvs. rigid and more deeply parted than the type and rather glaucous: fls. white, in lax panicles. June. Spain. B.M. 1651. 25. pedemontana, All. Sparsely glandular-pubes- cent, cespitose, 2-4 in. high, with densely leafy caudi- cles: Ivs. bright green, those of the young shoots and the lower cauline, cuneate or obversely triangular, attenu- ate to the flat ciliate petiole which equals or is shorter than the 3-lobed blade, lobes horizontally spreading, the lateral ones bifid or all 3 incise-dentate, teeth obtuse or rather acute, obsoletely nerved; lower bracts cuneate, sessile, 5-7-parted or linear-oblong, obtuse: infl. few- Ivd., rather glabrous scapes bearing corymbose pani- cles with slender pedicels which are glandular-pubescent as is the calyx: fls. large, campanulate, milk-white; calyx-lobes linear, obtuse; petals obovate-cuneate, attenuate to a claw, 3-nerved, double the length of the calyx-lobes. July. Mountains of S. Eu. Gn. 78, p. 271. Var. cervicomis, Engl. (S. cervicornis, Viv.). Younger Ivs. longer-petioled, the blade 3-lobed; the lateral lobes bifid, less horizontally spreading, rather acute, the nerves decidedly prominent: the calyx-lobes rather acute. June. Sardinia and Corsica. Gn. 76, p. 19; 79, p. 29. 3090 SAXIFRAGA SAXIFRAGA Subsection GEMMIFER^E. 26. conifera, Coss. & Dur. Densely cespitose, in. high, with numerous short, densely imbricate- foliose caudicles: fl.-sts. stiff, ascending, few-lvd., pur- ple below, densely glandular-pubescent above: Ivs., those of the caudicles, subpatent; cauline erect-spread- ing; all of them undivided, sessile, oblong- or lanceolate- linear, cuspidate-aristate, leathery, margin short-cUiate : infl. 3-9-fld., corymbose-racemose or paniculate: fls. white; calyx pubescent-glandular, the lobes ovate- triangular, mucronate; petals not known. June, July. Spain. — Rare and seldom cult. 27. hypnoides, Linn. (S. hibernica, Hort.). Peren- nial, loosely cespitose, l%-8 in. high, with herbaceous loosely foliose caudicles which are frequently reddish tinted: sts. erect, covered with very slender glands: Ivs. light green, those of the caudicles rather thick, sparsely covered with slender hairs, when old rather glabrous, the suborbicular blade is cut all the way to the base, 3-lobed, and is borne on a rather broad, flat, 1-nerved, ciliate petiole which is shorter than the blade, lobes of the blade linear-lanceolate, a little dilated at the middle, acute or mucronate, with the lateral lobes divaricate, often 2-lobed; upper Ivs. of the young shoots 3-toothed, attenuate to the long petiole, the uppermost linear- lanceolate; cauline Ivs. few and like the bracts linear-lanceolate, ciliate and acute or mucronate: infl. 3-7-fld. panicles: fls. long-pedicelled, white, J^-l in. diam. ; calyx very densely glandulose, the lobes oblong- triangular, mucronulate; petals obovate, 3-nerved, twice longer than calyx-lobes: fr. ovate-globose. May- July. Mountains of Eu. as far north as Great Britain and Ireland. G.C. III. 43 : 302.— Frequently confused with S. cespitosa, Linn., and S. decipiens, Ehrh., and the varieties of the 3 species are almost hopelessly confused. Botanically speaking very probably Hooker in his Students' Flora of the British Islands, ed. 3, p. 142, is correct in referring S. cespitosa and S. dedpiens as varieties to this species, but horticulturally at least they are better retained as separate species. Var. gemmifera, Hort. (S. Kingii, Hort., also spelled Kingidna), is a close-growing, compact form. Var. purpurea, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. rdsea, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. Whitlavii, Hort. (S. Whitlavii, Hort.), is a form with closely packed foliage said to be suitable for edging. A variation of this is offered as S. Whitlavii compdcta. 28. spathulata, Desf., also spelled spatulata. Peren- nial, very densely cespitose, 2^-4 in. high, with short, prostrate, very densely imbricate-foliose caudicles: sts. slender, erect, few-lvd.: lower Ivs. spatulate, ciliate, apex obtuse, rarely 3-toothed, 3-neryed; cauline linear: infl. 3-5-fld. corymbose panicles with pedicels longer than the fls. and sparsely glandular as is the calyx: fls. white; calyx-lobes ovate, very obtuse; petals obovate- oblong, twice as long as the calyx-lobes: fr. subglobose. June. N. Afr. — It is doubtful whether this species is hardy in E. U. S. It forms very thick, close mats which are reddish green or brownish with the silver-gray buds of the shoots dotted through. Not very showy, as the panicles are few-fld. 29. globulifera, Desf. Cespitose, about 3-4 in. high, with densely foliose, short caudicles: sts. prostrate, nearly glabrous or sparsely pilose, few-lvd.: Ivs. bearing in their axils buds which are shorter than the Ivs. ; Ivs. all nerved and borne on dilated rather flat petioles; the lowest spatulate-cuneate, entire; the others 3-lobed or, if the lateral lobes are bifid, 5-lobed, the midlobe oblong- lanceolate or, if all the lobes are tridentate, with the teeth rather acute; cauline Ivs. oblong-linear, obtuse; bracts linear, obtuse: infl. 3-7-fld., subcorymbose- panicled; pedicels twice or more longer than the fls. : fls. white; calyx short-pilose, the lobes ovate-triangular, obtuse; petals obovate, 3-nerved, more than twice the length of the calyx-lobes: fr. subglobose. May, June. S. Spain and N. Afr. 30. Maweana, Baker. Cespitose, about 6 in. high, with copiously branched, slender purple caudicles which are glandular-pubescent: fl.-sts. erect from a decumbent base: Ivs. 6-8 to a shoot, loosely disposed, cordate-reniform, ternate-palmately-parted, the lobes with 3-5 oblong, subobtuse teeth; the petioles spread- ing, the upper half narrowly winged, often 2-3 times longer than the blade: axillary buds copious and robust: infl. laxly corymbose, 4-9-fld., borne on densely Euberulent peduncles: fls. white, large; calyx-lobes gulate-lanceolatet subobtuse, twice as long as the densely puberulent tube ; petals obovate-cuneate. May. Morocco. G.C. 1871:1355. Subsection CESPITOSE. 31. decipiens, Ehrh. (S. csespitbsa, Hort., not Linn.). Cespitose, about 3 in. high, the caudicles herbaceous, rarely subligneous, rather long and leafy: sts. erect, few-lvd., smooth or at first glandular-pilose above: Ivs. obovate-cuneate or spatulate, attenuate to the 1-nerved, flat petiole, apex either 3-pointed or 3-lobed, lateral lobes 2- or 3-lobed or even the midlobe 3-lobed, the lobes oblong acute; cauline Ivs. deeply 3-lobed: infl. loosely panicled, few-fld. (usually 3): fls. white; sepals oblong-lanceolate, subacute; petals obovate, 3-veined. May, June. Eu. L.B.C. 16:1510. Gn. 78, p. 271.— Approaches S. cespitosa, Linn., from which it is most easily distinguished by the acute If .-lobes and subacute sepals; also approaches S. hypnoides, from which it is readily told as that species has buds in the axils of the Ivs. of the barren shoots, whereas S. decipiens has not. Very variable; some of the cult, forms are: Var. alba, Hort., which has strong ^growth and white fls. Var. Arkwrightii, Hort. (S. Arkivrightii, Hort.). Rather tall-growing and free-flowering: the buds are suffused with a pale rose tint, but the fls. are pure white, flat, and large, %-l in. across. G.C. III. 45:314. Var. bathoniensis, Hort. (S. bathoniensis, Hort. S. muscoides var. bathoniensis, Hort.). A rapid grower, 10-14 in. high, with stout branching sts. bearing large scarlet- crimson fls. Var. bristoleana, Hort. Fls. bright crim- son. Var. Clibranii, Hort. (S. Clibranii, Hort. S. muscoides var. Clibranii, Hort.). A plant of robust con- stitution, increasing rapidly and flowering freely; the foliage consisting of closely set rosettes of grass-green color: fl.-sts. 5-6 in. high, bearing fls. which are variously described as deep clear rose, rich crimson and rich blackish crimson, J^in. or more diam. G.C. III. 45:301. G. 36:395. Gn. 73, p. 264. J.H. III. 58:431. Var. grandifldra, Hort., is a free-growing plant 6-8 in. high with good-sized fls. of a rich red fading to pink. Very similar to var. bathoniensis. Var. groenlandica, Engl. (S, cespitosa var. groenlandica, Hort.) . Densely cespitose, with few-lvd., few-fld. sts. and broadly cuneate, pal- mately 3-5-divided Ivs.; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute. Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Norway, Iceland, Greenland, and Lab. Var. hybrida, Hort., is probably a strain of red-fld. hybrids. It is suggested by one author that they are the result of a cross between S. decipiens and S. granu- lata. Some of the trade names of these variants are S. decipiens hybrida grandiflora, Hort. (S. decipiens grandiflora hybrida, Hort. S. hybrida grandiflora, Hort.), with large rich crimson or bright red fls. S. hybrida grandiflora alba, Hort., with neat cushions of dark green foliage and large pure white fls. resembling those of S. Burseriana var. gloria. S. rdsea superba, Hort., which is said to be a remarkably effective variety with rich rose-red fls. G.M. 56:151. S. hybrida splendens, Hort., with rosettes of moss-like foliage covered with medium-sized brilliant red or dark car- mine-red fls. All of these forms are much prized by fanciers abroad. SAXIFRAGA SAXIFRAGA 3091 Var. lutescens, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. purpurea grandiflora, Hort., is a trade name for a form which is said to be more vigorous than previous red saxifrages. It is said to form compact basal tufts with bright red fls., fading to rose, nearly 1 in. diam. April. Var. sanguinea, Hort. (S. sanguined superba, Hort., not S. sanguinea, Franch. S. musandes var. sanguinea superba, Hort.). Habit neat and compact, growth rapid : fls. rich blood-red, well retained when old. Var. Sternbergii, Engl. (S. Sternbergii, Willd. S. hibernica. Haw., not Sternb. S. hypnoides var. Stern- bergii, Hort.). Lvs. cilia te, somewhat pedate; the mid- lobe entire, the lateral 2-parted, or the midlobe and also the lateral 3-parted; the divisions rather obtuse. Germany. Ireland, Norway, and Greenland. Var. villdsa, Engl., is a form which is villous and canescent and has white fls. 32. cespitosa, Linn., more commonly spelled c&spi- tosa (Muscaria c&spitbsa, Haw.). Cespitose, 2-6 in. high, a robust grower with short, more or less densely foliose caudicles: sts. few, few-lvd., densely glandular above: Ivs. of the caudicles deep green, smooth, nearly glabrous, either cuneate, attenuate to the petiole, the apex 3-toothed, or obovate-cuneate, attenuate to a petiole double the length of the blade, 3-parted (rarely 5), the lobes linear and obtuse: infl. terminal, 1-5-fld. ; fl.-sts. stoutish: fls. white; sepals oblong-deltoid, obtuse ; petals narrowly obovate or oblong- obovate, rounded at the apex. June-Aug. N. Eu., X. Asia, and N. Amer., Greenland, and Lab., the Rocky Mts. of X. U. S. and Canada to the Pacific coast, south there to Wash, and Ore. Gn. 76, p. 283.— Probably the true S. cespitosa is rare in cult . Var. hirta, Hort. (S. hypnoides var. hirta, Hort.). A distinct form with very hairy Ivs. giving it quite a white, woolly appearance. Var. incurvifdlia, Groves (S. incurvifolia, D. Don), has the cauline Ivs. more numerous with incurved lobes. Mountains of Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. Subsection EXARAT.E. 33. exarata, Vill. Fig. 3558. Cespitose, 876 in. high, with subligneous and also herbaceous caudicles which are rosulate at their tips: fl.-sts. erect, few-jvd., soft hirsute below, mixed with slender glandular hairs above: Ivs. of the caudicles cuneate, sessile or petiolate, 3- lobed, the midlobe oblong-obtuse, the lateral either undivided or 2-parted, rather acute; Ivs. of the young shoots 3-divided or lanceolate undivided; cauline Ivs. 3-parted; bracts lanceolate: infl. paniculate, 4-10-fld.; the pedicels and calyx short-glandular: fls. usually white or yellowish white but sometimes rose or purple: calyx-lobes obtuse or subacute; petals obovate or obovate-oblong, 3-nerved, double the length of the calyx-lobes. June, July. Alpine regions of Eu., Pyrenees to Greece. G.M. 54:555. — A variable spe- cies not commonly cult. 34. obscftra, Gren. & Godr. Cespitose, 3-8 in. high, with somewhat shrubby, elongated caudicles covered with old Ivs.: fl.-sts. erect, slender, nearly naked, pilose: Ivs., those of the shoots and the lower, pedate- divided, with lanceolate lobes, linear, long-pet ioled, broadened at base, lateral lobes bifid or 2-toothed, teeth lanceolate, the midlobe 3-parted; cauline Ivs. 3-5-parted: infl. 5-15-fld., with pedicels shorter than 196 the fls.: fls. white; calyx-lobes linear, subacute; petals oblong, not at all clawed, double the length of the calyx-lobes. July, Aug. Pyrenees. — A rare, little- known species. 35. mixta, Lapeyr. The whole plant glandular-pilose, densely cespitose, 2-3 in. high, with subwoody columnar caudicles which are densely imbricate with persistent old Ivs.: fl.-sts. erect: Ivs. mostly light green, soft and more or less strongly nerved, those of the caudicles and shoots cuneate, borne on a large petiole which equals the blade in length, 3-lobed, the lobes horizontally spreading, obtuse or at other times the lobes 3-lobed, the lobules linear, obtuse ; cauline Ivs. obovate-cuneate, 3-lobed; bracts oblong, obtuse: infl. corymbose-panicu- late: fls. milk-white, not uncommonly purple-nerved; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; petals round-ovate, 3 times as long as the calyx-lobes. June-Aug. Pyrenees.— Said to be an attractive little plant with a good habit, but the species proper appears not to have been cult. Var. Iratiana, Engl. (S. Iratiana, F. Schultz). About 2 in. high, differing from the type in the deep green, broadly 3558. A group of saxif ragas in a rock- garden. Left, S. Sibthorpii (see supple- mentary list, page 3105); center, S. altis- sima (No. 72); right, S. exarata (No. 33). obovate-cuneate Ivs. which are 5-9-divided, the lobes being linear, short, and obtuse; in the few-fld., narrow panicle and also in having the white fls. veined with purple. May- July. Pyrenees. — The variety is more common in cult. Subsection MOSCHAT.S:. 36. moschata, Wulf. (S. muscmdes, Hort,, not All. S. muscoldes var. moschata, Hort.). Cespitose, 1-5 in. high, the caudicles herbaceous or subligneous, foliose: Ivs. smooth, nerves not prominent, glabrous or glandu- lar-pilose; those of the caudicles linear, entire, obtuse or cuneate, 3-, rarely 5-parted, lobes linear, obtuse, hori- zontally spreading; cauline Ivs. few, 3-lobed or entire; bracts linear, obtuse: infl. racemose or paniculate, 1-10-fld., borne on erect, few-lvd., subglabrous or glandular-pilose fl.-sts. : fls. commonly yellowish but not uncommonly rose or dark purple, seldom almost white; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; petals spreading, oblong, obtuse, 3-nerved, slightly exceeding the calyx-lobes: fr. ovate-globose. May, June. Cent, and S. Eu. Gn. 76, p. 283 (as S. cespitosa) . — Linnaeus included this under S. cespitosa and in consequence the two species have been commonly confused. There seems no doubt, however, that Linnaeus intended his cespitosa to apply to the Lapland form. S. moschata is readily separated from the true S. muscoides by the lobed Ivs.; those of the latter are unlobed and linear. A very variable species; some of the varieties in cult, are: Var. Allionii, Engl. (S. Allionii, Gaud., not Bailing. S. muscoides var. 3092 SAXIFRAGA SAXIFRAGA Allionii, Hort.). Laxly cespitose, robust, 3-6 in. high: Ivs. long-petioled, 3-5-lobed at the apex; the lobes short and very obtuse: infl. many-fld., paniculate: fls. white; petals broader and obovate. Switzerland. Var. atropurpftrea, Sternb. (S. atropurpiirea, Sternb. S. muscoides var. atropurpiirea, Ser. S. muscoides var. pur pur ea, Sternb.), has the petals dark purple and sometimes obovate-oblong. G.W. 5, p. 254. G.M. 58:1. Var. compacta, Correv. (S. muscoides var. com- pdcta, Koch). Tufts small and very dense: Ivs. densely imbricate: sts. usually 1-fld., often scarcely J^in. high. Var. densa, Hubb. (S. muscoides var. densa, Hort. S. densa, Hort., not Willd.), has the foliage so tightly packed as to give the effect of turf: fls. white. Var. Fergusonii, Hubb. (S. Fergusonii, Hort.). Free- flowering, so much so as nearly to hide the vivid green carpet of foliage : fls. bright crimson, in clusters on very short sts. "GuUdford Seedling," also treated as a form of S. muscoides and S. Rhei, appears to be nothing more than a later-flowering form of var. Fergusonii. Gn.W. 23:427. Var. pygm&a, Engl. (S. pygmaza, Haw. S. muscoides var. pygmsea, Hort.). Densely cespitose: the Ivs. rather thick, all entire, the apex rotund-obtuse or with three crenatures. Var. Rhei, Hort., also spelled Rhaei and Rhcei (S. Rhei, Schott. S: cespitosa var. Rhei, Hort. S. muscoides var. Rhei, Hort.). Forms mossy hillocks covered in April and May with masses of rather large rose-colored fls. Grows about 6 in. high. A form of this more commonly cult., is known as S. Rhei superba or S. muscoides Rhei superba, and has a more robust habit and larger deeper colored fls. Section VII. BORAPHILA (SPATHULAHIA, MICRANTHES). A. Petals lanceolate, clawed, usually somewhat unlike. B. Infl. without bulblets: fls. numerous. 37. leucanthemi- BB. Infl. with bulblets: fl. solitary at the [folia end of the main st 38. bryophora AA. Petals obovate or obovate-rotundate, about alike. B. Lvs. more or less spatulate, ovate, or obovate. c. The Ivs. thin and herbaceous. D. Lf. -blades about as broad as long. E. Infl. many-fld., corymbose- paniculate: sepals not re- flexed 39. davurica EE. Infl. few-fld., loosely panicu- late: sepals reflexed 40. Lyallii DD. Lf. -blades elongated 41. mi cranthi di- ce. The Ivs. thick, leathery. [folia D. Blades of Ivs. elongated or elon- gate-cuneate. E. Margins of the oblanceolate or oblong-spat ul ate Ivs. remotely short-dentate: petals oblong-linear o r linear-lanceolate 42. pennsylvanica EE. Margins of the ovate-oblong Ivs. entire or slightly sinuate- crenate: petals obovate 43. integrifolia DD. Blades of Ivs. ovate or obovate. E. Cymules compact or closely corymb-like at maturity: Ivs. roundish ovate 44. nivalis EE. Cymules open and often ra- ceme-like at maturity: Ivs. ovate, obovate or spatulate. . 45. virginiensis BB. Lvs. reniform or suborbicular. c. Bulblets lacking in the axils of the basal Ivs 46. punctata cc. Bulblets present in the axils of the basal Ivs 47. Mertensiana 37. leucanthemifdlia, Michx. (S. Michaiixii, Brit. Spatularia petioldris, Small). Five to 15 or more in. high, caudicles short: Ivs. short-pilose on both sides, the basal fleshy, bright green, long-spatulate, cuneate- attenuate to the margined petiole, coarsely dentate, the teeth equal and acute; lower bracts linear-lanceolate, narrowly dentate, upper ones nearly entire: infl. 1 or more scapes arising from the axils of the basal Ivs. and branching paniculate from the middle, with the branches more or less diffuse; pedicels slender: fls. white, numerous and star-like; sepals lanceolate; petals unequal, the 3 larger ones with 2 light yellow spots at their cordate base, twice as long as the sepals: fr. ovate. June. Mountains of Va. to N. C. and Ga. L.B.C. 16:1568. B.M. 2959. B.B. 2:176; (ed. 2) 2:221 (as Hydatica petiolaris), 38. bryophora, Gray (Spatularia brydphora, Small). Two to 8 in. high, slender: Ivs. 1 in. or less long, basal rather far apart, rosulate at the top of the slender caudicles, oblong-elliptic to oblanceolate, obtuse, entire, ciliate: infl. solitary or tufted naked scapes, panicu- lately branched, the branches erect-spreading, 1-fld. at the end of the main st.; pedicels drooping: fls. white; sepals oblong to ovate; petals unequal, the 3 upper ovate with 2 spots at their cordate base, the 2 lower ovate, with abruptly narrowed base. Sierra Nevada Mts., Calif. — At one time offered by dealers in native plants. 39. davurica, Pall., also spelled dahurica (Micrdn- thes davurica, Small). Three to 8 in. high: rhizome thick: Ivs. basal, rather stiff, forming a rosette, sparsely covered with very short hairs, obovate-cuneate, rounded at the apex, deeply and evenly dentate, teeth ovate, acute, blades cuneate-attenuate at the base to the petiole which is membranaceous sheathing at its base; bracts oblong-lanceolate, the lowest of them oblong-cuneate : infl. erect naked scapes, which are solitary or several together, and are covered with very slender canescent, partly glandular hairs, many-fld. and corymbose-paniculate branched from the middle; pedicels filiform: fls. white, numerous; sepals yellow- green, ovate, rather acute, erect-spreading and not reflexed in age; petals obovate-oblong, scarcely twice as long as the sepals. E. Siberia and the islands of Bering Sea. — Much of the so-called American S. davurica and apparently more or less of the material cult, as S. dahurica is really S. Lyallii from which it differs in having the peduncles hairy instead of glabrous and many- instead of few-fld., smaller fls. and other charac- ters. Somewhat similar to S. virginiensis. 40. Lyallii, Engl. (S. dahurica, Lyall. Micrdnthes Lyallii, Small). Four to 15 in. high: rhizome slender: Ivs. fresh green, obovate ("flabellate, varying to sub- orbicular or reniform-flabellate"), cuneate, attenuate to a basally dilated petiole, equally serrate-dentate above, glabrous, almost nerveless: infl. 6-10-fld. loosely paniculate scapes which are naked, slender, erect, almost glabrous, with very slender, erect^spreading later erect pedicels which are purple almost glabrous: fls. milk- white; calyx purple, the sepals ovate-triangular, reflexed; petals obovate-rotund, slightly clawed, 1- nerved. Rocky Mt. region, Brit. Col., Alaska, and Bering Sea region. — Has been confused with S. davurica, Pall., which see. 41. micranthidifolia, Steud. (S. erosa, Pursh. Micrdnthes micranthidifolia, Small). Up to 3 ft. high: Ivs. all basal, oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, attenuate to a flat petiole which is partly clasping at the base, erose- dentate, sparsely and also very shortly pilose, margin short-ciliate: infl. paniculate, loosely fld. and elongated, borne on a tall softly pilose scape; pedicels filiform, densely covered with slender glandular hairs, viscid: fls. numerous, white; sepals linear-lanceolate, obtuse, finally reflexed; petals oval, obtuse, with a yellow blotch below the middle, slightly longer than the sepals. June, July. Cold mountain brooks and wet rocks, Pa. to N. C. and Tenn. B.B. 2:174; (ed. 2) 2:219.— Occa- sionally cult. 42. pennsylvanica, Linn. (Micrdnthes pennsylvanica, Haw.). SWAMP SAXIFRAGE. Tall and stout, up to 3 ft. or more high, viscid pubescent: rhizome thick: Ivs. all SAXIFRAGA SAXIFRAGA 3093 basal, sometimes almost 1 ft. long, oblanceolate or oblong-spatulate, attenuate to a short petiole which is half clasping at the base, obtuse, very shortly and also remotely dentate, margin short-ciliate : infl. 4— 8-fld. cymes in a large panicle at first clustered, borne on a naked erect scape which is few-striate, shortly pilose, toward the top glandulose-pilose : fls. numerous, small, greenish; calyx-lobes deltoid, spreading, in fr. reflex; petals oblong-linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-nerved, a little longer and narrower than the calyx-lobes. June. July. Swamps and low meadows, Maine to Ont. and Minn., south to Va. and Mo. B.B. 2:173; (ed. 2) 2:219. — Recommended as a bog-plant. 43. integrifdlia, Hook. (Micranthes integrifdlia, Small). Whole plant glandular-pilose, viscid, very viscid above. 4-14 in. high: caudex short and somewhat woody, the st. always solitary: basal Ivs. dark green, submembranaceous, ovate-oblong, very obtuse, entire or yen,* slightly sinuate-crenate, base spatulate: infl. paniculate, more or less loosely so or spike-like, borne on an erect naked scape: fls. white, small; calyx rather glabrous, the lobes ovate, obtuse, spreading, at length reflex; petals obovate, slightly emarginate, 1-nerved, a little longer than the calyx-lobes. Calif, northward and in the Rocky Mts. — Occasionally offered by dealers in native plants. 44. nivalis, Linn. Two to 6 in. high: rhizome rather terete, short and simple but thick and hard, crowned with a tuft of Ivs. : Ivs. rather thick and leathery, round- ish-ovate, generally abruptly narrowed to the petioles, obtuse, sharply crenate-serrate, upper surface dark green, under surface purple or red and often pubescent; bracts broad, purple or red: infl. composed of cymules aggregated into one or more terminal conspicuously bracted heads and borne on erect solitary or clustered purple or purple-tinged scapes which are glandular- viscid especially above: fls. white, very short-pedicelled or sessile; sepals ovate or deltoid-ovate, obtuse, ciliate; petals oblong to elliptic, mostly obtuse, narrowed into claw-like bases or scarcely so. June, July. Circum- boreal, including X. Great "Britain. B.B. 2:174; (ed. 2) 2:218 (as Micranthes nivalis). 45. virginiensis, Michx. (Micranthes virginiensis, Small). Low, viscid-pubescent plant, 3-12 in. high (occasionally taller): Ivs. rosulate, thickish, ovate, obovate or spatulate. narrowed into a broad petiole, both surfaces glabrous or the upper short-pilose and the lower hirsute, crenate-toothed : infl. solitary, a small cyme, close at first, becoming loose and paniculate, which is borne on a hirsute and glandular-soft-pilose scape: fls. white, small, few or many; sepals ovate, mostly obtuse; petals obovate-oblong, double the length of the sepals: fr. ovate, the follicles united merely at base, purplish. April-June. Common on rocks and dry hillsides. New Bruns. to Minn., south to Ga., Mo., and Tenn. B.M. 1664. L.B.C. 17:1699. B.B. 2:174; (ed. 2) 2:218.— A very attractive spring-bloom- ing plant for partially shaded spots in the wild-garden or rockery. Var. flore-pleno, Hort., is a double-fld. form. 46. punctate, Linn. (S. argiita, Don. S. sestivalis, Fisch. & Mey. Micranthes arguta, Small. M. sestivalis, Small). Six to 18 in. high: rhizome rather stout and woody: Ivs. forming a basal rosette, dark green, reni- fonn to suborbicular, equally and strongly dentate or crenate, with long almost filiform, channeled petioles: infl. a terminal, many-fld., crowded or loose panicle which is borne on the solitary, erect or ascending naked scape: fls. white, not punctate; sepals ovate-oblong, rather acute and reflexed; petals obovate or oblong, twice as long as the sepals. Asia, W. N. Amer., and in the Rocky Mts. — A variable species, the American representatives of which have been separated as S. arguta and S. xstivalis, but the differences seem too slight to be considered specific. 47. Mertensiana, Bongard (Heterisia Mertensiana, Small). Perennial, 4-13 in. high, subpubescent: Ivs. basal, in a rosette, subrotund, base cordate, incise-lobed, the lobes quadrate, 3-toothed with the teeth obtuse or acute; the petioles long, slender, pilose and at the base with a long membranaceous sheath: infl. a loosely dif- fuse panicle with erect-spreading glandular-pubescent branches borne on a slender erect almost naked green scape: fls. white with very long pedicels; sepals ovate, obtuse, reflexed; petals oblong, obtuse, double the length of the sepals. Alaska to Alberta, south to Mont, and Calif . — Very similar to S. punctata but readily dis- tinguished by the incise-lobed Ivs. Section VIII. DIPTERA. A. Lv9. roundish, more or less deeply 7- lobed, serrate: stolons when present short s.' Longer petals entire 48. cortusifolia BB. Longer petals strongly serrate 49. Fortune! AA. Lvs. roundish or orate, remotely dentate: stolons usually long and slender. B. Margins of Ivs. doubly crenate-den- tate; the petiole twice as long as the blade: plant usually tall 50. sarmentosa BB. Margin of hs. coarsely dentate or undulate dentate; the petiole as long as or slightly longer than the [formis blade: plant low, not over 6 in. high.51. cuscutse- 48. cortusifolia, Sieb. & Zucc., also spelled cor- tussefolia. From 6-12 in. high, not stoloniferous: Ivs. basal, rather thick and fleshy, bright green, the lower part reddish, strigose-pilose, margin ciliate, roundish, 7-lobed, midlobes larger and simple or 3-lobed, acute- serrate, base cordate; petioles 3-4 times as long as the blade and broadened into a sheath ciliate with long rusty brown hairs: infi. laxly paniculate, terminal on an erect, striate, strigose-pilose scape; pedicels long, very slender, erect: fls. white; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute; petals 3-nerved, unequal, 3 (generally) slightly longer than the calyx-lobes and pbovate-lanceolate, the other 2 (sometimes 1-3) 8-10 times longer and quite entire, very long- attenuate to a claw. Oct. Japan. B.M. 6680. Var. madida, Maxim. (S. mddida, Makino). Lvs. thin-membranaceous, deeply lobed, with the lobes 3-lobulate and incise-dentate. Oct. Japan. G.C. III. 46:370. 49. F6rtunei, Hook. (Bergenia Fdrtunei, Stem). Perennial, scarcely (if at all) sannentose, up to 2 ft. : Ivs. dark green, one-colored, basal, thick, strigose-pilose, rounded-reniform, nerved, somewhat 7-lobed, the lobes rounded, strongly and acutely laciniate-serrate; petioles longer than the blade, thick, sheathing, with the sheaths ciliolate-dentate: infl. loosely paniculate, borne on a stout, erect, strigose-pilose scape; the panicle-branches glandular, spreading, 4-7-fld.; pedicels nodding: fls. white; calyx-lobes ovate, rather obtuse, spreading; petals 1-nerved, unequal, 4 smaller, lanceolate, very entire or subentire, the fifth much longer, 3 or 4 times larger than the others, strongly serrate. June-Oct. Japan. B.M. 5377. G.L. 24:351. Gn. 74, p. 622; 78, p. 564. G.C. III. 45:20. G. 6:445. G.W. 14, p. 398. Gn.W. 24:759. — A very showy species which is not entirely hardy in England, requiring winter protection. Var. tricolor, Hort., is a form with the Ivs. irregularly blotched with rose, white, and yellow. F.S. 21:2227, 2228. 50. sarmentosa, Linn. (S. japonica, Hort. S. chinen- sis, Lour.). STRAWBERRY GERANIUM. In England known as MOTHER OF THOUSANDS, a name also applied to Linaria Cymbalaria. OLD MAN'S BEARD. Fig. 3559. Perennial, 9-24 in. high, stoloniferous, the stolons long and filiform: caudex short: Ivs. basal, rather thick, strigose-pilose, reniform-rotundate, rarely rounded- ovate, nerved, doubly crenate-dentate with broad acute teeth, upper surface green veined white, lower surface 3094 SAXIFRAGA SAXIFRAGA reddish; petioles twice as long as the blade, semi-terete: infl. loosely paniculate, borne on an erect, strigose- pilose scape, the panicle-branches glandulose, spread- ing, 4-7-fld.: fls. white, numerous ', calyx short-glandu- lar, the lobes ovate, obtusish or acute, spreading; petals 1-nerved, clawed, unequal, the 3 smaller ovate, acute, of these the two outer have a yellow spot, the middle one 2 scarlet spots, the other two 3-4 times larger and lanceolate-elliptic. May-Aug. Japan, China. B.M. 92. G.C. III. 7:237 (showing irrita- bility of plant to light). Gn. 30, p. 363; 32, p. 37. R.H. 1876, p. 427. G. 25:365. Gn. W. 25:781. — An old-time greenhouse plant, and also one of the commonest window-gar- den subjects. Of easiest cult. Not quite hardy in England but frequently used in sheltered rock crevices and slightly pro- tected. Var. tricolor, Sieb. (S. tricolor, Hort. S. tricolor superba, Hort.), has Ivs. hand- somely marked with creamy white and red variegations. G.Z. 9:32. Less hardy than the type. 51. cuscutaefdrmis, Lodd. Perennial, 3-6 in. high, stoloniferous, the stolons filiform, often branched and tangled in one another like the sts. of cuscuta: Ivs. basal, rather thick, plano-convex, both surfaces strigose- pilose, green, white-veined, suborbicu- lar or ovate, nerved, coarsely toothed or undulate-dentate, teeth broad-acumi- nate, becoming obtusish with age; petioles longer than or equaling the blade, rather terete and thick: infl. laxly secund-panic- ulate from below the middle of the slender, ascending, strigose- pilose scape; the panicle-branches glan- dulose,erect-spreading, slender, 2-3-fld.: fls. white ; calyx very short- glandular, the lobes ovate, acutish, spreading; petals 1-nerved, very short- clawed, lanceolate-elliptic, 3 of them smaller and often pink toward their base and with a yellow spot, the other 2 slightly or twice longer. June, July. Japan. L.B.C. 2 : 186. B.M. 2631.— Not hardy in England unless very heavily protected. Section IX. HIRCTJLUS. A. Petals obovate 52. diversifolia AA. Petals elongated, oblong or ovate-oblong. B. Infl. 3-12-fld., corymbose-panicled: the lower Ivs. lanceolate 53. turfosa BB. Infl. 1-3- (rarely 5-) fld., racemose: the lower Ivs. spatulate 54. Hirculus 52. diversifdlia, Wall. Eight to 18 in. high, forming tufts of basal Ivs.: sts. hirsute below and glandular (becoming glabrous with age) above, erect and foliose: Ivs. polymorphous, the lower petioled, ovate, obtuse or cordate-based, subacute, undulate, sparsely hirsute or glabrous; cauline mostly sessile, very entire, oblong- lanceolate, obtuse and glandular: infl. corymbose- racemose or paniculate, rarely few-fld.: fls. yellow, obscurely spotted, H-%in. across; sepals ovate, spread- ing, at length reflexed; petals obovate, short-clawed, 5-nerved with 4 glands at their base, exceeding the sepals. July-Sept. Himalayas and China. B.M. 6603. — Said to be the handsomest of the group and very showy when massed. Var. foliata, Hubb. (forma foliata, Engl. & Irmscher). Sts. erect, with 1 or more Ivs., 3-20-fld.: Ivs. cordate-ovate, glabrous or very shortly and densely glandular-pilose on the margin: fls. 3559. Saxifraga sarmentosa (XH). No. 50. golden yellow; sepals with the nerves mostly parallel. Aug., Sept. China. 53. turfdsa, Engl. & Irmscher. Sts. erect, 7-14 in. high, rather densely foliose, reddish and glabrous below, pale and short-glandular-pilose above, stoloniferous at base, the stolons about 4 in. long and laxly foliate: basal and also the lower st.-lvs. lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed to a petiole as long as the blade, glabrous; middle and upper cauline Ivs. sessile, oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, glabrous; the uppermost nar- rower, their margin and often the upper surface densely glandular-pilose: infl. 3-12- fld., corymbose-panicled; pedicels bracteo- late at base, densely short-glandular-pilose: fls. golden or orange-yellow; sepals oblong- ovate, glandulose, reflexed; petals oval or oblong-ovate, short-clawed, 3-nerved, lateral nerves often bifid. Sept., Oct. China. 54. Hirculus, Linn. (Leptdsea Hirculus, Small). Perennial, 4-12 in. high: basal shoots or surculi short, prostrate, filiform, fuscous- villous and remotely foliose: sts. erect, leafy: Ivs. lanceolate, flat, entire and obtuse; the lower and those of the surculi spatulate, attenuate to the ciliate petiole, the middle and upper Ivs. sessile: infl. termi- nal, 1-3- and rarely 5-fld.; the peduncles erect, 1-fld., brown-villous and glutinose: fls. yellow, J^-%in. across; sepals oblong, very obtuse, reddish ciliate; petals ob- long or ovate-oblong, spotted with red at the base, 3 times longer than the sepals: fr. ovate. July-Sept. N. temperate, subarctic and alpine regions. B.B. 2:171; (ed. 2) 2:216. — An excellent plant for cold damp locations as it is a native bog-grower. Var. grandifldra, Hort., is freer flowering than the type and has golden yellow fls. 1 in. across; more desirable than the type. Section X. TRACHYPHYLLUM (LEPTASEA, CHONDROSEA). A. Stolons or runners absent: the young shoots leafy and also floriferous. B. Sts. with a basal rosette of Ivs., but few-lvd. above 55. chrysantha BB. Sts. equally and loosely Ivd. c. Axils of the cauline Ivs. with buds. D. Peduncles glabrous: calyx-lobes ovate-triangular 56. aspera DD. Peduncles glandular: calyx- lobes lanceolate. E. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, gray- green; margin ciliate or spinulose 57. bronchialis EE. Lvs. lanceolate; under surface lineolate; margin strigose, with white hairs 58. gemmipara CO. Axils of cauline Ivs. without buds, the lowest, however, have more or less elongated leafy shoots. D. Petals oblong, 1-nerved: the cau- line Ivs. oblong 59. aizoides DD. Petals obovate, 8-nerved: the cauline Ivs. lanceolate 60. cinerascens AA. Stolons or runners present: the young shoots sarmentose. B. Fls. long-pedicelled 61. Brunoniana BB. Fls. almost sessile 62. flagellaris 55. chrysintha, Gray (Leptdsea chrysantha, Small). Dwarf cespitose plant, 1-2 in. high, with creeping SAXIFRAGA SAXIFRAGA 3095 shoots: Ivs. mostly basal, in a rosette (a few cauline), imbricated, oblong-ovate, glabrous and fleshy: infl. 1-3-fld., terminal on filiform, glandular-pubescent peduncles: fls. large, yellow; calyx-lobes ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse; petals oval to broadly obovate, much longer than the calyx-lobes. Mountains of Colo, and New Mex. — Has been offered by dealers in native plants. 56. aspera, DC. More or less cespitose, 4-6 in. high, with prostrate, mostly dark purple caudicles: fl.-sts. erect or ascending, remotely Ivd.: Ivs. pale green, shiny, lanceolate-linear, spiny-aristate and ciliate, those of the caudicles bearing buds in the axils: infl. 1-fld. or few-fid, panicles, on glabrous peduncles: fls. yellowish white; calyx sparsely glandular below, the lobes ovate- triangular mucronulate; petals oblong or obovate- oblpng, 3-nerved, double the lengths of the calyx-lobes, oblique truncate. May, June. Mountains of Eu. — A rock-loving species suitable for rockeries and alpine gardens, best grown in a moist but well-drained spot. Little known in Amer. yar. bryoides, DC. (S. bryoldes, Linn.). Lvs. of the caudicles very dense, slender ciliate, the apex incurved; the cauline Ivs. subapproximate, erect, appressed to the sts. which are 2-3 in. high and 1-2-fld. 57. bronchialis, Linn. Dwarf, cespitose, 4-8 in. high: sts. ascending, densely foliose at the base; fl.-sts. few- lyd.: Ivs. stiffish, almost leathery, gray-green, shiny, linear-lanceolate, margin ciliate or spinulose: infl. few or many-fld., paniculate, borne on erect-spreading glandulose pedicels: fls. yellowish white with orange- red dots; calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, glabrous; petals oblong, 3-nerved, twice as long as the calyx-lobes. May. Asia and Alaska. — The material from the Cascade Mts. of Wash, to Alberta and south- ward along the Rocky Mts. to New Mex., which has passed as S. bronchialis, has been separated under the name of S. austromontana, Wiegand (S. bronchialis, Pursh, not Linn. Leptdsea austromontana, Small). It differs from S. bronchialis in its more subulate, darker green Ivs., more slender often purple sts., more slender pedicels, smaller white petals with purple dots above and not clawed at the base. S. austromontana is proba- bly not in cult. Var. cherlerioides, Engl. (S. cherlerioldes, Don. S. SteUeridna, Merck., also spelled Stellaridna. Leptdsea cherlerioldes, Small). Densely cespitose, with the cau- dicles very densely imbricate-leafy: Ivs. short, flat above, convex below, somewhat spatulate, acute- mucronate: fl.-sts. shorter, 2-3 in. high, few-fld., glandulose or glabrous: fls. white; calyx-lobes rather obtuse. May. Asia and N. Amer., Unalaska, Bering Straits. 58. gemmipara, Franch. Sts. erect from a long rhizome, 4-5 in. high, branched, the branches rising from pockets, pilose below; the axils with buds: Ivs. lanceo- late, long-mucronate, entire, pale, shiny and lineolate on the under surface, both surfaces and the margin strigose with white hairs: infl. paniculate-corymbose, borne on a densely glandular fl.-st. which is naked above; pedicels bracteolate at their base: fls. yellow to white; sepals lanceolate, glabrous or glandulose, scarcely or not spreading; petals oblong, obtuse, abruptly attenuate to a long claw, twice as long as the sepals. July-Sept. China. 59. aizoides, Linn. (Leptdsea aizoides, Haw.). Loosely cespitose, 2-6 in. high, with decumbent or ascending, foliose, glabrous or sparsely very short pilose caudicles which are branched from the base: Ivs. green or red- dish, the lower linear or linear-oblong, mucronate, flat below, above slightly convex, glabrous or more or less rigid-ciliate ; the upper rather remote, smaller, oblong, rather obtuse, rarely ovate: infl. 1-fld., often many-fld., racemose, .borne near the top of the st. on axillary peduncles: fls. yellow, more or less spotted with orange; calyx-lobes oblong-triangular, obtuse, spreading; petals oblong, 1-nerved, 1^ times as long as the calyx-lobes. June-Aug. Eu., Asia, arctic Amer., south to Gulf of St. Lawrence, mountains of N. Vt., W. N. Y., and the Lake Superior region. B.B. 2:171; (ed. 2) 2:217. (The Rocky Mt. form has been segregated as S. Van-Bruntise, Small.) — Usually found in stony places where there is trickling water. Very easy to grow and may be divided almost any time. Var. aurantiaca, Hort., is a form with the fls. described as of "old- gold passing off to a kind of coppery red." Var. atror&bens, Engl. (S. atroriibens, Bert.). Lvs. stiffly spinulose-ciliate : fls. rich crimson (Engler says orange- red or cinnamon-colored) . Cent. Eu. 60. cinerascens, Engl. & Irmscher. Densely ces- pitose, 2-4 in. high, the caudicles prostrate, rosulate- Ivd. : Ivs. of the caudicles rather stiff, linear-lanceolate, margin cartilaginous and lax-ciliate or ciliate-spinulose, apex tapering to a persistent awn, under surface shining, whitish; the cauline Ivs. lanceolate, rather stiff, aristate, margin densely short, black glandular-pilose: infl. 1-3-fld., on fl.-sts. which are often reddish their whole length and black glandular-pilose as are the pedicels: fls. golden yellow; sepals ovate, subacute, not reflexed; petals obovate, narrowed to a stipitate base, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves bifid. Sept. China. — Rare. 61. Brunoniana, Wall. Fig. 3560. Lax, cespitose, 2-8 in. high, very glabrous, stoloniferous; the stolons wiry, filiform and reddish: sts. erect, slender: Ivs. stiffish, light green, becoming gray in age, linear-lanceolate, cartilaginous-mucronate, setose-ciliate; the lowest imbricate, erect and appressed; the upper few and smaller: infl. 1-4- fld. corymbs; the peduncles and pedi- cels glandulose, the latter 3 or 4 times longer than the fls. : fls. light yellow; calyx -lobes ovate, obtuse; petals ob- long, obtuse, 3- nerved, 3-4 tunes longer than the calyx -lobes. July, Aug. Temperate Himalaya. B.M. 8189.— Spatidaria Brunoniana, Small, is not this species but a variety of S. leucanthemifolia. S. Brunoniana spreads freely by means of its runners and likes a moist spot. Not commonly in cult. in Amer. Var. gr an di flora, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. majus- cula, Engl. & Irm- 3560. Saxif raga Brunoniana. scher (S. majuscula, Hort.). Larger than the type: sts. 3-8 in. high: infl. composite, 3-9-fld.; the branches l%-4 in. long. Sept., Oct. China. 62. flagellaris, Willd. (Leptdsea flagellaris, Small). Sts. simple, erect, 1-8 in. high, leafy, densely glandular- pilose: the plant stoloniferous, the stolons bearing a minute bud and roots at their apex: Ivs. more or less minute, glandular-pilose, margin glandular-pilose or setose-ciliate; the basal and lower Ivs. close together, obovate-oblong; the upper lanceolate: infl. corymbosely 1-10-fld.; the pedicels very short: fls. large, golden yel- low; calyx divided beyond the middle or even to the base, the lobes oblong, obtuse, densely glandular-hirsute; 3096 SAXIFRAGA SAXIFRAGA petals obovate-cuneate, the apex obtuse, 5-7-, rarely 9-nerved, 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx-lobes. May-July. Boreal and alpine Eu., Asia, and N. Amer., southward in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz. J.F. 3:237. Gn. W. 25:530. — It requires a moist boggy situation and is difficult to carry through the winter. Section XI. ROBEHTSONIA. A. Lvs. of the rosette obovate or obovate- oblong, attenuate to a flat petiole. B. Blades of Ivs. very glabrous: panicle- branches 1-3- fid 63. cuneifolia BB. Blades of Ivs. sparsely hirsute: pan- icle-branches 3-6-fld 64. umbrosa AA. Lvs. of the rosette ovate or orbicular; the petiole round or roundish 65. Geum 63. cuneifolia, Linn., sometimes misspelled cunsei- folia. Laxly cespitose, 4-6 in. high, with slender sub- ligneous caudicles: sts. slender, erect, short-glandular and naked: Ivs. very glabrous, rather thick, the upper surface dark green and shiny, the lower paler and dull or violet, obovate or subrotund, very obtuse, cuneately attenuate to a long flat ciliate petiole, margin slightly cartilaginously repand-crenate : infl. a loose panicle with 1-3-fld. branches: fls. white; calyx-lobes oblong-trian- gular, very obtuse; petals oblong, 3-nerved with a yellow spot at the base (occasionally also spotted with purplish red dots). June, July. Mountains of Eu. — There is a form of this species which is grown as S. Bucklandii, Hort., which only differs in having 2 or 3 yellow spots on each petal. Var. subintegra, Ser. (S. apennlna, Bert. S. cunei- folia var. appenina, Koch. S. capillipes, Reichb.). Caudicles long, scantily Ivd., forming a rosette at their tip: lys. smaller, retuse, few-dentate or entire, petiole equaling the blade: sts. few-fld., simple paniculate. Switzerland, Tyrol, Apennines, and Maritime Alps, 64. umbrosa, Linn. LONDON PRIDE. ST. PATRICK'S CABBAGE. Loosely cespitose, 6-12 in. high, with sub- ligneous caudicles: sts. erect, naked: Ivs. forming a dense rosette 6-12 in. across, rather thick, leathery, gray-green, dull shiny, lower surface tinged reddish or violet, oblong or obovate-oblong, sparsely hirsute, very obtuse, attenuate to the ciliate (rarely glabrous) petiole, margin obtusely crenate: infl. laxly paniculate with 3-6-fld., shortly glandulose-hirsute branches: fls. white, varying pink; calyx-lobes oblong, rather obtuse; petals oblong-ovate, 3-nerved, with several red dots at their base and a yellow spot in the middle. June, July. Eu. — A very neat and attractive plant, frequent in Euro- pean gardens, but rarely seen here. Var. acanthifdlia, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. bellidifdlia, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. crassiphylla, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. erosa, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. fdliis-variegatis, Hort., a form with the Ivs. varie- gated. Var. gracilis, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. marmorata, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. prim- uloides, Hort. (S. primuloldes, Hort.), is described as follows: Will grow in sun, but prefers entire or partial shade. It forms masses of dark green rosettes of primula- like Ivs., whence rise a host of slender sts. about 6 in. high, bearing little fls. of a kind of rose-pink (fls. also stated to be bright carmine-rose). Var. rotundif61ia, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. serratifMa, Don. (S. serrata, Sternb. S. serratifdlia, Mackay), is a form with erect, oblong Ivs. whose margins are acutely serrate. Ireland. There is a form of this variety known as S. umbrosa serrata minor. Var. variegata, Hort., is a form with the Ivs. variegated with white. 65. Geum, Linn. (Micrdnthes Geum, Small). Six to 12 in. high, with subligneous caudicles: sts. nearly naked, erect, glandular-hirsute: Ivs. variable, reni- form-cordate, margins cartilaginous, crenate, the crena- tions equal except toward the very top where they are shorter, both surfaces but especially the lower hirsute, petioles 3-4 times longer than the blade and channeled above: infl. paniculate, the branches 3-6-fld., pedicels slender; fls. white; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse; petals ovate-oblong, twice as long as the calyx-lobes, with a yellow spot at their base and occasionally with several smaller purple-red dots. May, June. Pyrenees, Ire- land and said to occur in Newfoundland. — A species in common cult, abroad and very variable, by some con- sidered as a variety of S. umbrosa. Var. crenata, Hort., (S. umbrosa var. crenata, Ser.). Lvs. crenate or crenate- dentate: fls. pink, unspotted. Pyrenees. Var. crinitum, Hort., is said to resemble a refined form of S. umbrosa. Var. dentata, Engl. (S. dentata, Link. S. hirsuta, Linn. S. umbrosa var. hirsuta, Hort. S. umbrosa var. dentata, Hort.). Lvs. rather glabrous or hirsute, orbicular, acute-serrate: fls. white with 1 yellow dot or even several purple dots on each petal (by some said to be unspotted) . Section XII. EUAIZOONIA (CHONDROSEA). A. Fls. white (frequently dotted with red or purple) . B. Margin of the lower Ivs. refiexed and crenulate or almost entire. c. Upper surface of lower Ivs. convex.66. longifolia CC. Upper surface of lower Ivs. sulcate or flat. D. Surface of If. sulcate. E. Lower Ivs. more or less spatu- late or obovate. F. Apex of Ivs. rather acute: calyx-tube glabrous 67. lingulata FF. Apex of Ivs. more or less obtuse: calyx-tube gland- ular. G. Lvs. obovate-ligulate .... 68. catalaunica GG. Lvs. linear at base, spreading above into a spoon-shaped blade. . .69. cochlearis EE. Lower Ivs. linear: the plant 1-3-in. high 70. crustata DD. Surface of If. flat 71. Hostii BB. Margin of the lower Ivs. not refiexed, serrate. c. Fl.-sts. paniculate above. D. Cauline Ivs. oblong, obtuse 72. altissima DD. Cauline Ivs. spatulate or oblan- ceolate, acute. E. Calyx-lobes ovate; petals obo- vate or elliptic. F. The Ivs. spatulate 73. Aizoon FF. The Ivs. oblong or obovate. .75. cartilaginea EE. Calyx-lobes lanceolate-elliptic; petals oblong-elliptic 74. Zelebori CC. Fl.-sts. paniculate, branching from the base 76. Cotyledon AA. Fls. commonly not white. B. Petals pink or purple (sometimes white or white tinted pink) 75. cartilaginea BB. Petals yellow, red-orange or copper- colored 77. mutata 66. longifSlia, Lapeyr. One to 2 ft. high: st. erect, densely glandular: Ivs. basal, very numerous, forming a thick rosette which is frequently 6-7 in. diam., convex, linear-lanceolate, light or gray-green edged silvery, 6 in. long, base ciliate, margin erose-crenulate : infl. a full, pyramidal panicle, branched from the base, many- fld., everywhere glandulose-pilose : fls. white, sometimes dotted purple toward the center; calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, obtuse; petals obovate, 3-nerved, the midnerve usually bifid toward the apex. June, July. Pyrenees. B.M. 5889. G.C. III. 28:402; 39:149; 52:244, 245. Gn. 66, p. 105; 70, p. 124; 72, p. 142; 76, p. 103. G.W. 10, p. 91. G. 14:347. — This species will grow in any rock crevice and is very showy in If. and in fl., but it has the unfortunate habit of dying when through flowering. Prop, by seed but care must be taken as it hybridizes very readily. Var. hybrida, Hort., is a form which is offered in the trade: grows 18 in. high: fls. white. Var. magnifica, Hort., is a form with large rosettes up to SAXIFRAGA SAXIFRAGA 3097 12-14 in. diam. and very profusely fld. panicles which attain a length of 2 ft. and a diam. of 16 in. The fls. are white. G.C. III. 53:390 (as S. longifolia). Gn. 77, p. 298; 79, p. 30. 67. lingulata, Bell. Fig. 3561. One to 2 ft. high with ascending branched caudicles which are covered with appressed vestiges of Ivs. and form a cespitose clump: sts. erect or ascending, usually glabrous or sometimes sparsely glandular-pilose, leafy: basal Ivs. numerous and rosulate, sulcate above, usually linear-spatulate and rather acute, somewhat ciliate, margin erose-crenulate and crustate with lime; cauline Ivs. shorter, the margin cartilaginous and less crustate: infl. a thyrsoid panicle from the middle of the scape or above, the branches slender, corymbose-paniculate at their tip, 3-5-fld., very often secund: fls. small, white; calyx glabrous, the lobes ovate or oblong, very obtuse ; petals obovate or obovate- oblong, attenuate toward the base, 3-nerved, 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx-lobes. June, July. S. Eu. B.M. 8434. Gn. 79, p. 188. G.C. III. 49:65, note.— A variable species requiring lime and good drainage. Var. Alberti, Hort. (S. Alberti, Regel & Schmalh.), is proba- bly a hybrid: it has much larger rosettes and the infl. is more spreading: fls. white, heavily spotted red. Turk- estan. Var. australis, Engl. (S. australis, Moric.), usually has longer and broader spatulate Ivs. which are nearly flat on the top. Italy and Sicily. Var. Bellardii, Hort., equals the type. G.C. III. 54:135. Var. lantoscana, Engl. (S. lantos- cdna, Boiss. & Reut.). Lvs. short, blunt, spatulate, more or less attenuate at the base but not so at the apex; margin nar- rowly crustate. Maritime Alps. G. C. II. 15:109. Gn. 64, p. 61; 73, p. 55. Minor forms of this variety are cult., as S. lantoscana erecta, having pure white fls., and S. lantos- 3561. Sarifraga lingulata. fdna superba hav- ing arching plumes of creamy white fls. larger than those of the variety proper. 68. catala&nica, Boiss. & Reut. Densely cespitose, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. of the rosette, which grows to be 3 in. diam., erect-spreading, qbovate-ligulate, rather obtuse, margin subentire and white-crustate, glabrous, glaucous, subcanaliculate above; the cauline Ivs. few, obovate- oblong: inn. a slender-branched cymose panicle borne on an erect few-lvd. fl.-st. with erect bracteolate slender glandular-viscid pedicels, which are longer than the fls. : fls. white; sepals oblong, obtuse, glabrous, longer than the glandular tube of the calyx; petals spatulate-oblong, 3 times as long as the sepals. May, June. Spain. Gn.W. 25:125. — By some considered only a variety of S. lingulata. 69. cochlearis, Reichb. (S. lingulata var. cochlearis, Engl.). Six to 9 in. high, densely cespitose, with short much-branched caudicles covered below with withered Ivs.: Ivs. densely rosulate, spreading, J^-l in. long, linear at their base, toward the top spreading into a rounded or spatulate blade, glaucous, coriaceous, margin cartilaginous and crustate with lime; the cauline Ivs. small, linear, acute, red-brown: infl. paniculate, erect and open, either thyrsoid or subcorymbose, borne on very slender bright red-brown fl.-sts. : fls. white, Vz-% in. diam.; calyx red-brown, the lobes small, ovate, obtuse; petals obovate, apex rounded. June, July. Maritime Alps. Eu. B.M. 6688. G.C. III. 44:245; 51:174. Gn. 74, p. 326. Var. major, Hort., has much larger rosettes of Ivs. and taller sprays of fls. It is sug- gsted that it may be of hybrid origin. Var. minor, ort. (S. Probynii, Correv.), has minute rosettes of silvery Ivs. and much shorter sprays of fls. which are white. — Apparently some of the material grown as S. valdensis is referable to this. 70. crustata, Vest (S. incrustata, Vest). About 1-3 in. high with ascending branched caudicles which are covered with appressed vestiges of Ivs. and form ces- pitose clumps up to 4 or 5 in. diam.: sts. ascending, densely glandular-pilose : basal Ivs. light gray-green, the lower third pink, sulcate, linear, obtuse, minutely crenulate with the crenatures very close together, crus- tate with lime, ciliate toward the base; cauline Ivs. few, linear-lanceolate, serrate, glandular at base: infl. a scape, racemose from the middle or above, the branches 1-fld. or paniculate 3-6-fld.: fls. yellowish white sometimes purple-dotted toward the center; calyx sparse-glandulose at base, the lobes oblong- triangular with membranaceous margins; petals obo- vate, base scarcely attenuate, almost 3 tunes as long as the calyx-lobes. June. Tyrol. — Easy to grow and adapted to a shady location; scarcely known in Amer. 71. H&stii, Tausch (S. elatior, Mert. & Koch. -S. Aizodn var. Hostii, Hort.). Cespitose, 6-18 in. high: sts. erect, rather stout and glandular-pilose: basal Ivs. numerous, rosulate, rather erect, ungulate with an obtuse apex and ciliate base, margin crenulate, the cre- natures truncate; cauline Ivs. oblong, rather obtuse, crenate-serrate; bracts oblong-linear, glandular ciliate: infl. a scape, paniculate above the branches, elongated, naked and densely glandular-pilose; the pedicels densely short-glandular: fls. white, often with numerous purple dots toward the center; calyx-lobes ovate-triangular; petals oblong or obovate-oblong, double the length of the calyx-lobes. May-Aug. Mountains of Cent. Eu. — A strong grower and said to produce offsets very freely and in this way spread rapidly. Var. rhaetica, Engl., also spelled rh&tica (S. rhastica, Kerner). Basal Ivs. linear-lingulate, apex rather acute: petals obovate- oblong, white with numerous purple dots above the middle. Mountains of Austria. 72. altissima, Kerner (S. Hdstii var. altissima, Hort,). Fig. 3558. Cespitose, 1-2 ft. high: sts. erect, stout, glandular-hirsute: Ivs. thick, the basal spread- ing, broad, tongue-shaped, rather acute, base ciliate, margin serrate, serratures acute and cartilaginous; cauline Ivs. oblong, rather obtuse, serrate; bracts oblong-linear or linear, obtuse and glandular-pilose ciliate: infl. a scape racemosely paniculate above, the branches about 10-fld. and densely glandular- pilose; pedicels densely short-glandular: fls. white, their base greenish and purple-dotted toward the center; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, cartilaginous margined; petals elliptic, 3-nerved, twice as long as the calyx- lobes. Tyrol. — Very closely allied to S. Hostii, possibly not specifically distinct. Little known in Amer. out- side fanciers' collections. 73. Aizdon, Jacq. (Chondrdsea Aizdon, Haw.). Fig. 3562. Perennial, cespitose, 4-20 in. high: sts. erect, foliose: basal Ivs. curved, thick, rather flat above, smooth, the base ciliate. margin serrate, many-pored, more or less crustate with lime, serratures cartilaginous at the apex and antrorsely acuminate; cauline Ivs. smaller, cuneate or spatulate, base glandular-ciliate : infl. a scape, corymbose-racemose, corymbose-panicu- late or paniculate above, the branches 3-5-fld., more or less glandular-pilose, rarely glabrous: fls. cream-colored, commonly purplish red spotted in the center; calyx- lobes ovate; petals obovate or elliptical, 3-5-nerved, 3098 SAXIFRAGA almost twice as long as the calyx-lobes: fr. globose. June, July. Alpine and boreal parts of Eu. and Asia, in N. Amer. from Greenland and Lab. to Sask., locally south to Nova Scotia, New Bruns., mountains of N. Vt., and Lake Superior. J.H. III. 69:135.— A very variable alpine plant, much tufted and forming small dense rosettes. S. Pfirtae, Stein, from Italy has white fls. and is apparently only a minor variation of S. Aizoon. Var. ambigua, Hort,, is offered in the trade. Var. atropur- pftrea, Hort., is said to have slender branching sts. and rose-purple fls. Var. balcana, Hort., also spelled balkdna (S. balcana, Hort.), is a form with close rosettes of medium size and rather flat 'white fls. with larger red spots than usual (fls. reported as sometimes pale pink). Balkan Mts. Var. baldensis, Fairer, with ash-gray Ivs., which are short, thick and markedly dentate; their apex rounded: the young shoots glossy, blood-crimson: fls. whitish. N. Italy. Var. brevifdlia, Hort., with white fls. is offered in the trade. Var. bulgarica, Hort., has rosy spotted fls. Var. californica, Hort. (S. californica, Hort.), with white fls. must not be confused with S. californica, Greene (Micrdnthes californica, Small), a species of Section Boraphila, closely related to S. virginiensis which is probably not in cult. Var. Church- illii, Hort., with pointed gray Ivs. in stiff rosettes. Var. cultrata, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. dftbia, Hort., is offered^. Var. erecta, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. flavescens, Hort., is a free-growing decora- tive form with clear lemon-yellow fls. produced in good spikes. Not to be confused with S. flavescens, Hort. (S. media x S. aretioides), which is apparently scarce in cult. Var. intacta, Engl. (S. intdcta, Willd.), has beau- tiful white, unspotted fls. S. intdcta major is the cultural name of a larger form, about 6 in. high. S. intdcta minor is the cultural name of a dwarf form. Var. lagaveana, Hort., also known as La Gravedna and La Ga Dauphane, is a miniature plant with tiny silvery rosettes and ruddy sts. 6 in. high, bearing 4-6 fls. on each st. : fls. creamy white,, thick and wax- like; the buds globular and pink- tinted. Var. Ifttea, Hort., has the Ivs. longer, the rosettes more open, and the fls. deeper yellow than those of var. flavescens; fls. at first primrose- yellow changing to creamy yellow. Var. Malyi, Hort. (S. Mdlyi, Schott, not Hort.), is one of the tallest forms, with good -sized rosettes. Var. major, Koch (S. Aizoon forma robusta, Engl.), has oblong-linear Ivs. which are not much broader at the apex. Var. minima, Hort., is a diminutive plant that clings tightly to the rock faces and looks almost like a gray moss: fls. white. Var. minor, Koch, has oblong - obovate Ivs. shorter than the type. Var. notata, Hort. (S. notdta, Schott), has small silver-margined Ivs. and white fls. Var. paraddxa, Hort., is a form with long bluish Ivs., their margins with silvery ser- ratures: fls. white. Engadine. Gn. 74, p. 463. See S. paradoxa in suppl. list. Var. pectinata, Hort. (S. pectinata, Schott, Nym. & Kotschy), has nar- row Ivs. with blunt teeth and conspicu- ous silvery margins forming small ro- settes: the fls. are small, of a nice white 3562. sazrfraga Aizoon. ( x K2) and spotted with red. SAXIFRAGA Var. recta, Ser., in part (S. recta, Lapeyr, in part. S. Aizobn forma grdcilis, Engl. S. carintfnaca, Schott, Nym. & Kotschy), has Ivs. which are spatulate-linear, slightly dilated toward the apex, narrowly and also deeply ser- rate: the sts. laxly paniculate from the middle and above; the branches 1-3-fld.; fls. white. Var. rdsea, Hort., is similar to the type, but has bright pink fls. Var. rosularis, Hort. (S. rosuldris, Schleich.), has finely incurved rosettes and large sprays of white fls. Var. Stabiana, Hort. (S. Stabiana, Ten.), has large rosettes and sprays of creamy white fls. Not very distinct from the type. Var. Sturmiana, Hort. (S. Sturmidna, Schott, Nym. & Kotschy), is a good-sized form with flattish rosettes, probably referable to the type-form. 74. Zelebori, Schott. Sts. densely and longly glandu- lar-pilose toward the base, decreasingly so toward the apex: Ivs. of the glaucous rosette, which is 1 1/2 in. diam., almost linear, acute, very minutely serrate, the serra- tures inverted-acute and contiguous (the lowest less so); cauline Ivs. shorter, oblanceolate, acute, glabrous, above the middle sharply serrate (serratures rather remote), apex appressed serrate-crenate : fls. white, not dotted; calyx glabrous, the lobes lanceolate-elliptic, obtuse; petals oblong-elliptic, not clawed, obtuse, apex rounded. Serbia. — Plants under this name are offered in English trade-lists, but the species is not included in any of the recent treatments of Saxifraga. The above description is taken from Schott's original. Whether the plant offered is the same is undetermined. Proba- bly a variation of S. Aizoon. 75. cartilaginea, Willd. (S. Kolenatidna, Regel). Six to 9 in. high: st. sparingly glandulose, few-lvd.: Ivs. rosulate, oblong or obovate-oblong, acute or acuminate; the margin cartilaginous toward the base, serrate, ser- ratures antrorsely subacuminate, toward the apex sub- crenate, crenatures truncate: infl. a scape, racemose or paniculate above, the branches 1-5-fld. : fls. white, rose, or purple; calyx-lobes ovate-triangular, rather acute; petals obovate, 2-3 times longer than the calyx-lobes. June-Aug. Caucausus region and Asia Minor. — S. Kolenatiana has been kept distinct by some but seems to differ only in the slightly more acute serratuies of the Ivs. In gardens it is more common under this name. A somewhat larger form is known as S. Kolenatidna major, Hort. 76. Cotyledon, Linn. Tufted, 6-24 in. high: st, erect: Ivs. thick and fleshy, basal Ungulate or obovate-lingu- late, short-apiculate, the base softly fimbriate; margin serrate, serratures cartilaginous, at their apex antrorsely acuminate; cauline Ivs. lingulate-lanceolate, the lower part glandular-ciliate, the upper serrulate; bracts linear, acute and glandular: infl. a scape, paniculate from the base, the panicle composite, pyramidal, glandular-pilose all over, the branches paniculate from their middle, 5-15-fld. : fls. white, occasionally tinged rose; calyx-lobes longer than the glandulose tube, oblong-acute; petals obovate-cuneate, 3-5-nerved, midnerve mostly bifid, 2-3 times longer than the calyx-lobes. May-July. Mountains of Eu. G. 11:209; 34:781; 35:541. G.W. 12, p. 471. — Easy to prop, as it makes a large number of side^ shoots which root quickly when potted. Var. icelandica, Maxwell (S. iceldndica, Hort.), is the largest form of the species and produces numerous offsets. The rosettes are very large and flat and the ligulate Ivs. are usually bronzed and leathery. G. 35:707. Var. pyram- idalis, Ser. (S. pyramiddlis, Lapeyr, not Ten. S. nepalen- sis, Hort.), is a very robust form from 2-4 ft, high when in fl. The rosettes are large and glaucous and the fls. very numerous in a large pyramidal panicle, white, speckled with crimson. May, June. G.C. III. 53:389. G. 35:163. Gn. 61, p. 393; 74, p. 266; 78, p. 349. Var. pyrenaica, Hort,, has more pointed Ivs. and shorter plumes of white fls. Pyrenees. 77. mutata, Linn. Six to 12 in. high: rhizome' thick, horizontal or oblique: sts. ascending, foliose: basal Ivs. >AXIFRA< iA SAXIFRAGA 3099 Ungulate, rosulate; margin cartilaginous, densely fimbriate below, entire or obsoletely serrulate above with many little indistinct pits; cauline Ivs. lingulate- spatulate, very obtuse: infl. racemosely paniculate from the base or middle of the scape, this and the peduncles glandular-hirsute: fls. yellow, red-orange or copper-colored; calyx-lobes oblong-triangular, sparsely glandular-pilose or glabrous; petals linear-lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, narrower than and twice the length of the calyx-lobes. July, Aug. Mountains of Cent. Eu. B.M. 351. — Suitable for rather heavy shade. The plant dies after flowering. Said to be biennial. Section XIII. KABSCHIA. A. Caudicle hs. broader or as broad abate. the middle as below it. B. Petals as long as or slightly longer than the calyx-lobes: fls. reddish or purplish. ( The following four spe- cies are very closely related.) c. Infl. spreading, branched. D. Lower Irs. spatulate- Ungulate, the tip somewhat recurred . . .78. media DD. Lower hs. spatulate-oblanceo- late, the tip spreading 79. Stribrnyi cc. Infl. spicate or nearly so. D. Rosette ITS. spatulate-lingulate, their apex rounded mucronate.SQ. Grisebachii DD. Rosette hs. linear-lanceolate, their apex acute or acutish. . .81. Friderici- BB. Petals 2-4 times as long as the calyx- [Augusti lobes. c. Fls. yellow. D. Infl. 1-3- (rarely cymosely 3-5-) fid.: basal hs. gray-green 82. aretioides DD. Infl. Jf-6-fld., in a close head: basal hs. green or somewhat glaucous 83. Ferdinandi- cc. Fls. not yellow (sometimes cream- [Coburgi colored), usually white, some- times rose. D. The petals oborate to cuneate: basal hs. not recurred at tip. E. Low er hs. deeply keeled, ocute.84. scardica EE. Lower hs. flat or slightly keeled, blunt. F. Petals oborate, 3 times as long as the obtuse calyx- lobes. G. Lts. spatulate, light gray- green 85. Rocheliana GG. Lrs. obotate-cuneate, shorter and broader than the preceding. . . .86. marginata FF. Petals elliptic-spatulate, twice as long as the acute calyx-lobes 87. Boryi DD. The petals rounded-oborate: basal hs. more or less recurred. E. Recurred only at the tip of If. F. Infl. 1-fld.: fls. pale or rosy lilac 88. lilacina FF. Infl. 2-4-fld.: fls. white. . .89. squarrosa EE. Recurred from the base or middle of If. F. Basal hs. linear-oblong, rather acute 90. caesia FF. Basal hs. spatulate-linear, obtuse 91. valdensis AA. Caudicle hs. narrowed abate the middle. B. Fls. white. c. Petals oborate, base strongly cune- ate-attenuate. D. Cauline hs. acute: infl. cymose- racemose, 1-3-fld 92. tombeanensis DD. Cauline ITS. long-mucronate: infl. corymbose-paniculate, 3— 7-20-fld 93. Vandellii cc. Petals obovate-subrotund 94. Burseriana BB. Fls. yellow or yellowish green. c. Stamens as long as the petals 95. sancta cc. Stamens decidedly longer than the petals 96. juniperif olia 78. media, Gouan (S. calycifldra, Lapeyr). Cespitose, 2-3 in. high, with short densely foliose caudicles: sts. erect, leafy, densely glandular-pilose : basal Ivs. imbri- cated, stiff, gray-green, reddish toward their base, the rosettes flattened-depressed, spatulate-lingulate, apex acute or obtuse, margin narrowly cartilaginous, ciliate below, 7-11 pits near the margin when old; cauline Ivs. spatu- late, cartilaginous, and densely glandular - hir- sute on both surfaces except toward the tip which is mucronate and glabrous: infl. cymose- paniculate or racemose; peduncles and calyx pur- plish and densely glandu- lar: fls. flesh-colored or purplish, at length dark blue; calyx-lobes ovate; petals erect, obovate, about 3-5-nerved, scarcely longer than the calyx- lobes. June, July. Pyre- nees. Gn. 78, p. 108. 79. Stribrnyi, Velen., also spelled Strib- nryi, Stribnyri, 3563. Saxifraga Grisebachii. and Striburyi (S. porophylla var. Stribrnyi, Velen.). Cespitose, 4-5 in. high, with short, densely foliate cau- dicles: fl.-sts. erect, branched, sparsely leafy, spread- ing, glandular-pilose: lower Ivs. rosulate, spreading, sessile, spatulate -oblanceolate, apex submucronate, •fleshy, above rntramarginally pitted, carinate below, margin narrowly cartilaginous toward the base, spar- ingly ciliate; cauline Ivs. oblong -spatulate, subacute, green, sometimes reddish toward the apex, margin below glandular-ciliate, both surfaces sparsely glandu- lar-pilose: infl. cymose, branches spreading or slightly recurved up to 1 H in- long; the pedicels up to J^in. long, spreading, glandular-pilose: fls. nodding, carmine, J^in. diam.; calyx campanulate, reddish purple and densely glandular-pilose outside, the lobes subequal, oblong- ovate, apex rounded, glandular-pilose outside; petals suberect, broad-spatulate, apex obtusely dentate, gla- brous, about the same length as the calyx-lobes. Feb.- April. Bulgaria. B.M. 8496. G.C. III. 46:195. Gn. 73, p. 212. G.L. 24:366.— A hardy species with grayish foliage and open infl. 80. Grisebachii, Degen & Doerfl. (S. media var. mantenegrina, Hort.). Fig. 3563. Cespitose, 4-6 in. high, with short, densely foliose caudicles: fl.-sts. erect, leafy, densely spreading, glandular-pilose: lower Ivs. imbricate, spreading, sessile, spatulate-lingulate, apex rounded-mucronate, above numerous intramarginal small pits, below carinate, margin cartilaginous, slightly ciliate toward the base; caufine Ivs. spreading, oblong-spatulate, reddish, the tip contracted into a green mucron, both surfaces densely glandulose-pilose except the mucron: infl. racemose or subspicate; pedi- cels much shorter than the bracts: fls'. purple or crim- son; calyx reddish purple, densely glandular-pilose, the lobes unequal, oblong-elliptic, apex rounded; petals erect, elliptic-lanceolate, ciliate below. March. Albania and Macedonia. B.M. 8308. G. 33:513. G.C. III. 33:123. G.M. 46:119. Gn. 63, p. 180; 72, p. 215; 77, p. 120; 79, p. 31. G.W. 12, p. 470. J.H. III. 46:207.— Hardy in England. 3100 SAXIFRAGA SAXIFRAGA 81. Friderici-A&gusti, Bias., also spelled Frederici- Augusti and Federici-Augusti (S. porophylla, Boiss., not Bertol. S. semperinvum, Koch. S. thessdlica, Schott.). Cespitose, 2-6 in. high with short densely foliate caudi- cles: sts. erect, densely glandular: basal Ivs. forming a flattened rosette, linear-lanceolate, acute or acutish, glabrous, flat, entire, often ciliate at the base, remotely Eitted near the margin; cauline Ivs. spatulate, glandu- ir: infl. a spike-like raceme, dark purple; pedicels all about equal and shorter than the bracts: fls. violet- purple; calyx glandular, the lobes ovate, obtuse; petals cuneate-spatulate, scarcely longer than the calyx-lobes. April. Dalmatia, Serbia, Greece, and N. E. Asia Minor. G. 35:761. — This species has been treated as S. media var. Friderici-Augusti, Engl., but differs from that species in the narrower Ivs. and more spicate raceme. It has also been referred to S. porophylla, Bertol., as a synonym: the latter is said to have Ungulate basal Ivs. with obtuse apex, and flesh-colored petals. The dis- tinctions between S. Friderici-Augusti and S. poro- phylla seem to be very unsatisfacory. Much of the material cultivated as S. Frederici-Augusti is really S. apiculata. 82. aretioides, Lapeyr. Cespitose, about 2 in. high, with woody, densely imbricate-foliose caudicles: sts. short and leafy, glandular-hirsute: lower Ivs. sulcate, weakly keeled, leathery and stiff, both sides gray-green but violet at the base of the under surface, linear-lingu- late, apex rather obtuse, margin narrowly cartilaginous, the lower portion ciliate and near the margin are 7-9 pits noticeable with age; cauline Ivs. linear-spatulate, glan- dular-hirsute and cartilaginous except the apical por- tion: infl. terminal, 1-3-fld., rarely cymose, 3-5-fld. ; the pedicels and calyx glandular: fls. golden yellow, calyx- lobes ovate and acutish; petals broad-obovate, 5-7- neryed, more than twice as long as the calyx-lobes. April- July. Mountains of Eu. B.M. 5849.-^-Should be planted on a shady ledge where it will obtain plenty of moisture. Little known in Amer. Var. primulina, Hort., grows about 1^ in. high; the peduncles are paler green than the type; the fls. are true primrose-yellow and the petals are usually well rounded and fairly well imbricated. 83. Ferdinandi-CSburgi, Kell. & Sunderm. Cespitose, about 2 in. high, with columnar foliose branched caudi- cles: sts. with 9-12 Ivs., glandular-hairy as is the calyx and tinted red-brown: lower Ivs. somewhat glaucous, up to y$&. long, little narrowed toward the top, margin fine-hairy below, apex thickened and incurved-pointed ; cauline Ivs. 9-12 in number: infl. close heads of 4-5 (5-6) large, rich yellow fls. : petals rsin. long, J^in. wide, strongly narrowed toward the base. March, April. Macedonia. 84. scardica, Griseb. (S. scarellica, J. Wood). Cespi- tose, 3-4 in. high, with woody, very densely foliate caudicles: sts. ascending and glandular-pilose: basal Ivs. leathery, stiff, light gray-green, pale violet toward the base, oblong acute, spreading, upper surface con- cave, lower convex-carinate, lower margin indistinctly serrulate or ciliate, upper cartilaginous, entire, when old there are 9-15 pits near the margin; cauline Ivs. few, lanceolate, acute, glandular-hirsute except the apical portion, cartilaginous and glandular-hirsute: infl. corymbose, 3-11-fld.: fls. white, ivory-white, or pale rose-red; calyx-lobes ovate, acutish; petals obovate- cuneate, 5-nerved, more than twice the length of the calyx-lobes. June, July. Orient. B.M. 8243. Gn. 65, p. 323; 69, p. 231. S. E. Eu.— Readily distinguished from S. Rocheliana by its keeled and more pointed Ivs. The species itself is hard to grow and consequently is rare in cult. The plant grown as S. scardica vera is the true S. scardica, Griseb. G. 34:199. Var. obtftsa, Sprague, differs from the type in having subacute to obtuse lower Ivs. with fewer pits, fl.-sts. 1-3-fld. and green, and the calyx-lobes obtuse and less pubescent. March. Macedonia. B.M. 8058 (as S. scardica}. G. 32:529. 85. Rocheliana, Sternb., also incorrectly spelled Rochelliana. Very densely cespitose-cushioned, form- ing mats 8-12 in. diam., 2-3 in. high, with more or less elongated, densely imbricated, foliose, often columnar caudicles: lower Ivs. stiff, shiny light gray-green above, violet below, densely aggregated, horizontally spread- ing, spatulate, obtuse, very smooth, flat above, rather convex below the base, ciliate, 7-9 pits near the margin noticeable when old; cauline Ivs. few, obovate-spatu- late, cartilaginous and glandular-pilose except the apical portion: infl. corymbose-paniculate, 3-9-fld., borne on an erect purple-red glandular-pilose fl.-st.; pedicels erect, these and calyx glandulose and pale green : fls. white; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, erect; petals obo- vate, clawed-attenuate, 7-nerved, thrice the length of the calyx-lobes. April- July. E. andS. E. Eu. — Flowers freely. Var. coriophylla, Engl. (S. coriophylla, Griseb., also spelled coryophylla) . The lower Ivs. smaller, less horizontally spreading, oblong, obtuse, fewer pitted: fls. ivory-white. Bosnia and N. Albania. 86. marginata, Sternb. Cespitose, about 3 in. high, with caudicles which are subnaked below or short- columnar, woody and leafy: lower Ivs. obovate-cuneate, obtuse, the base ciliate, the upper margin cartilaginous; cauline Ivs. cartilaginous and glandular-pilose excepting the apical portion: infl. corymbose, 5-7-fld., borne on erect fl.-sts., these as well as the pedicels and calyx being black-glandular-pilose: fls. white; calyx-lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse; petals obovate, attenuate at base, 5-7-nerved, 3 times the length of the calyx-lobes. March-June. S. Italy. B.M. 6702. Gn. 77, p. 206; 79, p. 294. G.L. 18:117. — Suitable for sunny ledges and rocky crevices, but requires lime and good drainage. Some of the material cult, under this name may be S. Boryi. 87. B6ryi, Boiss. & Heldr. (S. marginata, Bor. & Ch., not Sternb.). Cespitose-cushioned, about 1^ in. high, with densely imbricate-foliose caudicles which are elongated and columnar : lower Ivs. oblong-spatulate, obtuse, glabrous, erect-spreading, subcoriaceous, flat above and subcarinate below, margins ciliate at base or others entire, remotely pitted near the margin; cauline Ivs. few, minute and glandulose: infl. corym- bose, 3-5-fld., borne on erect glandular fl.-sts.: fls. white; calyx glandular, the lobes triangular-ovate, acute; petals elliptic-spatulate, twice the length of the calyx-lobes. April-July. S. E. Eu. — Thrives in a sunny location. Closely allied to S. marginata but differs in having smaller Ivs., acute calyx-lobes and shorter and narrower petals. 88. lilacina, Duthie. Cespitose, J^-l in. high, with numerous very densely foliose, columnar caudicles: Ivs. rosulate, oblong, obtuse, recurved and thickened toward the apex, sparsely ciliate at the base, margin cartila- ginous and incurved, 3-5-pitted toward the apex; cauline Ivs. 1-2, alternate, erect, linear-oblong or spatulate, obtuse, glandular, half -clasping at base : infl. 1-fld., borne on glandular-pubescent fl.-sts. which are lilac: fls. about J^in. diam., pale or rosy lilac with a purple center; calyx Km- long, glandular-pubescent, the lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse; petals J^in. long, obovate-rotund, cuneate at the base, the margins undu- late. March, April. W.Himalayas. G.C. III. 35:290. Gn. 65, p. 250. — The plant is very dwarf, and is grayish green in color, though the If .-tips are dark green. 89. squarrSsa, Sieber. Very densely cespitose, about 3 in. high, with woody, subcylindrical caudicles which are very densely imbricate-leafy : Ivs. of the caudicles dark green, imbricated, erect, becoming curved-spread- ing at the apex, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, submucronu- late, very narrowly cartilaginous margined, at the base fimbriate, the back convex and obtusely carinate above, marked with 7 pits, crustate with lime when young; SAXIFRAGA SAXIFRAGA 3101 cauline Ivs. linear, slightly carinate, 3-5-pitted: infl. 2-6-fld., borne on very slender sts. which are glandular below and sparsely glandular or glabrous above: fls. white; calyx glabrous, the lobes ovate, obtuse, slightly cartilaginous at their tips; petals subrotund-obovate, 5-nerved, the nerves straight, twice as long as the calyx-lobes. May- Aug. Mountains of Eu. G.L. 28: -A small species useful in alpine-gardens in a sunny spot. It likes to be firmly wedged between stones with sufficient earth for its root-development. 90. caesia, Linn. (S. recurvifolia, Lapeyr). Dwarf, ces- pitose, about 3 in. high, with curved, woody, imbri- cate-foliose caudicles: Ivs. of the caudicles densely con- gested, gray or light gray-green, arched-recurved from the base, linear-oblong, rather acute, near the margin 7-pitted. fimbriate from the base to the middle, convex and obtusely carinate dorsally, crustate with lime when young; cauline Ivs. narrowly spatulate, slightly carinate, 3-5-pitted, glandular-ciliate at the base: infl. subcorym- bose. 2-6-fld., borne on glabrous or sparsely glandular- pilose, green fl.-sts.: fls. snow- or cream-white; calyx- lobes ovate or obtuse, sparsely glandular, scarious at their apex, otherwise ciliate; petals obovate, 3-5- nerved. lateral nerves bowed or straight, almost 3 times as long as the calyx-lobes. June-Aug. Mountains of Eu. L.B.C. 5:42*1. Var. major, Don, has the sts. more robust, taller, and strongly villous: the rosettes of gray Ivs. are rather larger than the type and the milk-white fls. are larger. May, June. 91. valdensis, DC. Cespitose, 1-3 in. high, with short, woody, imbricate-foliose caudicles: sts. erect, glandular: lower Ivs. densely congested, gray-green, light violet on the under side, erect, recurved from the middle, spatulate-linear, obtuse, dorsally convex and obtusely carinate, 9-pitted near the margin, crustate with line, fimbriate from the base to the middle; cauline Ivs. spatulate, 3-5-pitted, glandular: infl. com- pactly corymbose, 6-10-fld., borne on dark purple fl.-sts. : fls. white ; calyx-lobes ovate, very obtuse, glandu- lar: petals obovate. 3-5-nerved, almost 3 times as long as the calyx-lobes. May- July. Mountains of Cent. Eu. — Resembles a minute ~S. lingulata var. cochkaris. 92. tombeanensis, Boiss. (S. diapensioides var. tom- beanensis, Hort.). One to 2 in. high, with numerous very densely foliose, columnar, erect, or ascending caudicles: Ivs. of the caudicles imbricate, erect, incurved at their tip. ovate-lanceolate, subulate, 3-cornered, apex mucronulate, near the margin very slightly carti- laginous, very minutely serrulate, 5 minute pits are noticeable when old; cauline Ivs. linear-lanceolate with the exception of the apical part, narrowly cartilagi- nous-marginate, acute, glandular-pilose: infl. cymose- racemose, 1-3-fld., borne on erect sts.. these as well as the peduncles and calyx densely slender glandular-pilose : fls. white: calyx-lobes oblong-triangular; petals broadly obovate, strongly cuneate-attenuate toward the base, many-nerved, 3 "or 4 times as long as the calyx-lobes. April. S. Tyrol and X. Italy. 93. Vandellii, Sternb. About 2 in. high, the caudicles very closely imbricate-foliose and also strongly con- gested: Ivs. of the caudicles leathery, very stiff, light green, erect, lanceolate, acute, stiffly mucronate, 3- cornered, 5-7-pitted (noticeable when old) near the cartilaginous margin, fimbriate at the base, when young crustate with lime; cauline Ivs. linear-lanceolate, glandular-pilose except the long-mucronate apex: infl. corymbose-paniculate, 3-7-20-fld., borne at the top of erect fl.-sts.: peduncles and calyx covered with spread- ing, glandular hairs: fls. white with reddish veins; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute; petals erect, obo- vate, strongly cuneate-attenuate toward the base, many-nerved, 3-4 times as long as the calyx-lobes. April-Aug. Tyrol. G.C. III. 44:71; 57:238. Gn.W. 25:458. — Best suited to rock-fissures as it has deep woody tap-roots; also requires lime. 94. Burseriana, Linn. Cespitose, 2— i in. high, with densely imbricate-foliose caudicles : Ivs. of the caudicles densely congested, stiff and prickly, fresh gray-green, when old light brown, 3-cornered, linear-subulate, acuminate, stiffly mucronate, 7-pitted (noticeable when old) near the cartilaginous margin, short-fimbriate at the base, crustate with lime when young; cauline Ivs. smaller and appressed: infl. usually 1-fld. on glandular- pilose, remotely leafy fl.-sts., these and the calyx fre- quently dark purple: fls. white, the veins often colored, showy; calyx-lobes ovate, rather acute, tube glandular- hirsute; petals obovate-subrotund, base somewhat clawed, spreading. Jan. to May or June. Mountains of Cent. Eu. G. 1:793; 19:59. G.M. 54:103. Gn. 71, p. 187; 74, p. 55; 75, p. 165; 78, p. 116. G.L. 24:44; 25:392. G.C. III. 55:151. J.H. III. 69:137. G.W. 7, p. 433; 12, p. 470. — One of the earliest flowering and one of the most commonly cult . Very variable and the parent of many hybrids. Some of the varieties in cult . are : Var. Bdydii, Hort., equals both S. Bbydii and S. Boydii var. alba, Var. crenata, Hort., a form with crenate petals, close to var. major. G. 36:289. Var. elegans, Hort., equals S. Irvingii. Var. gloria, Hort., is a large-fld. form with fl.-sts. l%in. high: peduncles rich red: fls. pearly white, of a satiny texture, over 1 in. diam.; petals with crimped edges. G. 31:252; 35:177; 36:288. Gn. 78, p. 81. G.M. 50:213. Var. grandifidra, Hort., is practically identical with var. gloria. G.M. 57:185. Var. macrantha, Hort., has minute rosettes which are very dense and form a cushion-like mound: fl.-sts. red- dish, 1 in. high: fls. white and saucer-like. April. Var. magna, Hort., is distinguished from var. major by having a very densely tufted habit: Ivs. spin}', glaucous: peduncles 3 in. high and 1-fld., reddish: fls. white, more than 1 in. across, even larger than var. gloria. G.C. III. 47:164. Var. magnifica, Hort., grows about 1J4-2 in. high with small dense rosettes of subulate gray Ivs.: scape 1-fld.: fls. have huge, orbicular petals which are white and deeply crenate and the disk is of a paler yellow than that of var. major. April, May. Gn.W. 20:203; 26:251. Var. major, Hort., is less cushion-like in habit, has pronounced silvery rosettes twice as large as the type, reddish scarlet fl.-sts. 3 in. high, and fls. about 1 in. diam. with crimped white petals. Feb. Austrian Alps. G.C. II. 21:141. G. 31:253. Gn. 63, p. 75. Var. TniniTn«> Hort., is said to have diminutive white fls. Var. minor, Hort., is mentioned in connection with S. Paulinx as one of the parents of that hybrid. Var. rosea, Hort., equals S. Irvingii. Var. speciosa, Hort., has bright red scapes bearing solitary fls. which are larger and later than the type; the petals are^pure white, broad and almost round. Var. tridentina, Jenkins (var. tridentata, Hort.), is more tufted than var. major, the fl.-sts. more richly scarlet and the fls. less notched at the margins, the petals reflexed, white. Jan., Feb. Dolomites. G. 37:379. 95. sancta, Griseb. Cespitose, about 2 in. high, the caudicles densely leafy: Ivs. rigid, prickly, dark green, the lower imbricate, spreading, lanceolate, acuminate, stiffly mucronate, the entire margin ciliate-denticulate, carinate, 3-5 minute pits (noticeable when old) near the cartilaginous margin; cauline Ivs. lanceolate, mucronate : infl. corymbose-paniculate from the middle or upper part of the glabrous sts. : fls. small, light or rich orange-yellow; calyx glabrous, lobes ovate, entire and obtuse; petals spatulate-oblong, 3-neryed, the lateral nerves bowed. June. Macedonia. — Fine for covering moist stony banks in the rock-garden. Var. specidsa, Hort., is offered in the trade as a form with fine yellow fls. 96. juniperifolia, Adams (S. juniperina, Bieb.). Cespitose, 1-2 in. high, the woody caudicles densely imbricate-foliose: Ivs. of the caudicles green, very stiff and prickly, erect, appressed, subulate, a little broader at the ciliate base, stiffly mucronate, toward the middle 3102 SAXIFRAGA SAXIFRAGA and apex entire, almost 3-cornered, with 5-7 minute pits noticeable when old near the cartilaginous margin ; cauline Ivs. light green, long-ciliate at the base: infl. racemose 'or spicate-capitate, few-fld., borne on leafy, short, crisply villous fl.-sts.: fls. small, yellow; calyx light green, tube villous, lobes ovate, acute, mucronate, pectinately ciliate; petals oblong-spatul'ate, 3-nerved, slightly longer than the calyx-lobes. May-July. Cau- casus.— Little known outside of botanic-garden col- lections. Section XIV. PORPHYRION (ANTIPHYLLA). A. Lvs. oblong-obovate, their apex flat or recurved. B. Infl. 1-fld.: petals obovate-oblong, 5-nerved 97. oppositifolia BB. Infl. 2-9- fid.: petals lanceolate, 3- nerved 98. biflora AA. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, recurved from their middle 99. retusa 97. oppositif&lia, Linn. (Antiphylla oppositifolia, Small). Caudicles procumbent and much branched, 6-8 in. long, the branches densely cespitose, the flower- ing ones erect, about 6 in. high at most, glabrous and 1-fld.: Ivs. opposite, stiff, dark green, gray-tipped, the lower and those of the sterile branches imbricate in 4 rows, the upper rather remote, oblong or obovate, apex spreading-recurved, obtuse, thickened, 1-3-pitted, 3-cornered-carinate below: fls. showy, violet or lilac, sometimes rose-purple, terminal; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; petals obovate-oblong, 5-nerved, 3 times as long as the calyx-lobes. March-June, rarely Aug. Rocks, alpine and boreal parts of Eu., Asia, and N. Amer., south to Gulf of St. Lawrence, mountains of N. Vt., Mont., and Idaho. L.B.C. 9:869. G.C. 111.49:117. Gn. 71, p. 179; 76, p. 603; 78, p. 57.— An excellent little rock-plant, making a sedum-like mat, the foliage of a purplish cast. Many variations in cult. Var. alba, Hort., has a compact habit, very dark green Ivs., and starry white fls. Var. coccinea, Hort., has fls. of a richer shade of purple than the type. Var. grandifldra, Hort., is a form with elongated branches larger, obo- vate-rotund petals which are attenuate only at the clawed base and 7-9-nerved: the fls. are large and rosy Sirple. Pyrenees. Var. latina, Farrer (S. latina, ayek), is a form with very small compact foliage and good-sized, soft rosy purple fls. whose petals are obo- vate, rather acute, and 5-nerved. Italy. Var. major, Hort., has creeping, rooting sts., tiny rosettes of deep green Ivs., and many fls. of a rich crimson-red. This is considered by some to be identical with var. pyrenaica or very nearly so. Var. pyrenaica, Hort., is a robust very free-growing form, with large crimson fls. A form of this variety with very large rosy lilac fls. and a rather erect habit, said to come from the mountains of Wales, is cult, under the name of S. pyrenaica superba. G.C. II. 21:419. Var. Rudolphiana, Kittel (S. Rudolphiana, Hornsh.), a form with short branches, forming small, very dense tufts: upper Ivs. and calyx- lobes glandular-ciliate: sts. short and more or less erect: fls. terminal and erect; petals obovate, 3-5-nerved. Austrian Alps. Var. speciosa, Fairer, has a stouter and bolder habit and foliage than other forms of the species and has very large pale rose fls. showing very little tendency toward the magenta. Var. splendens, Hort. (S. spiiria var. splendens, Hort.), is a form with large fls. of a very bright purplish crimson or intense rose-purple, which are produced very freely in March. Wales. — This will grow well on a north exposure. It is also grown under the name of var. pyrenaica splendens. 98. bifldra, All. (S. rosea, Lapeyr). Caudicles pros- trate, branched, the branches ascending, pilose above, about 2 in. high: Ivs. opposite, rather remote, thick, fleshy, green or purple, lower obovate-rotund, upper obovate-spatulate, apex rather obtuse, rarely acute, 1-pitted, sparsely pilose and also ciliate, dorsally sub- carinate: infl. corymbosely paniculate, 2-9-fld.: fls. frequently in pairs, dark violet, deep purplish crimson or blackish blue; calyx broad-ovate, glandular-hirsute, lobes ovate obtuse, ciliate; petals lanceolate, 3-nerved, one-half longer than the calyx-lobes and narrower than them. April- July. Mountains of Eu. — Found wild in rocky debris watered by the melting snows. Seldom seen in cult. 99. retiisa, Gouan. Caudicles prostrate, much branched, the branches densely cespitose, only about 1-2 in. high; fls.-sts. erect, 1-4-fld., glandular-hirsute above: Ivs. rather stiff, green with a grayish cast, the lower and those of the sterile branches imbricate in 4 rows, spreading or recurved from their middle, oblong- lanceolate, apex flat-triangular and 3-5-pitted, 3- cornered-carinate ; upper Ivs. obovate ciliate at the obtuse, thickened, retuse apex, base hirsute: fls. large, rich ruby- to purple-red; calyx hirsute, the lobes oblong, obtuse; petals lanceolate, twice as long as the calyx- lobes. May- July. High Alps of S. Eu. Gt. 32: 1110.— May be grown on a shady ledge in rich, but stony, well- drained soil. Not common in cult. Section XV. PELTIPHYLLUM. A. Lobes of Ivs. double dentate: fls. pinkish or white; petals ovate or elliptical, ob- . tuse 100. peltata AA. Lobes of hs. coarsely mucronate-serrate: fls. greenish; petals spatulate, biden- tate 101. tellimoides 100. peltata, Torr. (Peltiphyllum peltatum, Engl.). UMBRELLA PLANT. Perennial, 1-3 ft. high, rhizome horizontal, fleshy, 2-3 in. thick: Ivs. tufted, basal, long-petioled, the petioles often 1-3 ft. long and rough- glandular, blades large, peltate, almost centrally so, often 1 ft. across, orbicular, many-lobed, rather sharply and unequally toothed: infl. corymbose, borne on simple erect scapes which are longer haired than the petioles and appear before the Ivs. : fls. numerous, pink- isk or white, J^in. diam.; sepals ovate to oval, obtuse, glandular-ciliate; petals ovate to elliptical, obtuse. April. Margins of streams, Calif, and Ore. B.M. 6074. F.S. 23:2441. G.C. III. 27:139. Gn. 26, p. 545; 55, p. 6. Gng. 7:307. C.L.A. 17:412.— One of the largest of all saxifrages. Hardy in Mass., with slight protection, and a most desirable plant when bold effects are desired. Var. gigantea, Hort., is offered in the trade. 101. tellimoides, Maxim. Up to 3 ft. or more high: st. robust, erect, leafy: Ivs. radical, long-petioled, the petiole provided with short adnate stipules at its base, blade suborbiculately peltate, 5 in. or more across, 7-9-lobed, the lobes ovate and mucrpnate-acute, unequally and coarsely mucronate-serrate: infl. cymose, many-fld.: fls. short-pedicelled, greenish; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate; petals spatulate, bidentate at their apex, twice or more longer than the calyx-lobes. Japan. R.H. 1908, p. 251. — Hardy in England and resembles S. peltata. Section XVI. HYBRIDS. A. BETWEEN SPECIES OF SECTION I. 102. cordifdlia x purpurascens, Hort. The following named forms are some of the results of reciprocal crosses of these 2 species. They are all robust, although varying much in stature and in color of fl. Athlete, Hort. (Megdsea Athlete, Hort.), said to be a fine variety. Brilliant, Hort. (S. cordifolia var. Brilliant, Hort. Megdsea Brilliant, Hort.). Lvs. large, richly tinted in autumn and winter: fls. purple; calyx and pedicels crimson, compacta, Hort. (Megdsea compdcta, Hort.). Fls. bright rose, corrugata, Hort. (S. cordifolia var. corrugata, Hort. Megdsea corrugata, Hort.). Dwarf habit: Ivs. large and rough: fls. pink. Croesus, Hort. (Megdsea Croesus, Hort.). Very pretty with red fls. SAXIFRAGA SAXIFRAGA 3103 Delia, Hort. (Megdsea Delia, Hort.). Fls. crimson- purple. Distinction, Hort. (Megdsea Distinction, Hort.). Dwarf crowded habit, with enormous head of pale pink or rosy purple fls. Magnet, Hort. (Megdsea Magnet. Hort".). Fls. rose. Progress, Hort. (Megdsea Progress, Hort.). A free-growing plant, with tall scapes of rosy purple, bell-shaped fls. which are 1J4 in. across. Puck," Hort. (Megdsea Puck, Hort.). Large fls. splendens, Hort. (S. cordifblia var. splendens, Hort. S. cordifblia var. hybrida splendens, Hort. Megdsea spleitdftis. Hort. M, hybrida splendens, Hort.). Fls. bright or rosy crimson. AA. BETWEEN SPECIES OF SECTION H. 103. Vetteriana, Beauverd (S. hederacea x S. Huet- iana). Lvs. intermediate between the two parents: fls. sulfur-yellow or whitish, the size of those of S. Huetiana and twice as large as those of S. hederacea; the petals more elongated than those of the last-mentioned species. June. Switzerland. — A spontaneous hybrid which appeared in the alpine garden of the Hortus Boissierianus. AAA. BETWEEN SPECIES OF SECTIONS XI AND TTT. 104. Andrewsii, Harv. (S. Geum x S. Aizoon. S. Guthriedna, Hort., also spelled Guthriana and Gutherir dna. S. acanthifolia, Hort. S. umbrosa var. acanthifolia, Hort.). About 6 in. high: Ivs. rather thick, in loose rosettes similar to 5. Aizoon, but much longer and more or less Ungulate: fls. white, thickly dotted with red for two-thirds the length of the petals. June. A sponta- neous hybrid probably of garden origin. Gn. W. 25 : 598. —S. Guthrieana is credited to the Pyrenees. 105. Engleri, Huter (S. Aizoon x S. cuneifblia). Lys. elongate, obovate-oyal, the narrowed lower portion ciliate. margin indistinctly crenate and obscurely pitted: fl.-sts. about 4 in. high, glandular-hairy : infl. laxly 2-3-fld. : fls. very small. A garden hybrid. — Quite probably all of the material grown as S. 'Engleri is not the same as another form, "with beautiful, long, sil- vered Ivs. in handsome rosettes bearing upward of 20 handsome plumes of white fls. to a height, some of them, of more than 1 ft.," which is mentioned in English journals. AAAA. BETWEEN SPECIES OF SECTION XH. 106. Dr. Ramsey, Hort. (S. longifolia x S. cochLearis). Resembles the latter parent more, but both the spoon- shaped Ivs., which take on a brilliant red tint in the fall, and the infl. of white fls. are larger than in S. cochleari^. The fls. are sprinkled with pink dots. A garden hybrid. 107. splendens, Hort. (S. longifolia x S. Cotyledon). A showy plant about 1 ] o ft. high, with silvery rosettes more like the former parent and the looser infl. of the latter: fls. white. A garden hybrid. 108. Burnatii, Siinderm. (S. cochledris x S. Aizoon). Rather intermediate in character, but more nearly approaching the former parent in its If.-rosettes and the infl. of large white fls. A natural hybrid found in the Maritime Alps. 109. Grandfieldii, Hort. Said to have been raised from 5. Aizoon var. rosularis, by some said to be more probably raised from S. Aizoon var. lutea. The Ivs. are ligulate, about 1 in. long and J^in. broad, encrusted and form a basal rosette: fls. pure white, unspotted and borne on stalks 15 in. high in spreading sprays. A garden hybrid of English origin. G. 36:673. 110. Gaudinii, Bruegg. (S. Aizoon xS. Cotyledon). Also spelled Gaudiniana. Rosettes small and silver- gray: the fls. white. Supposed to be a spontaneous hybrid. Eu. 111. Macnabiana, Hort, (S. Cotyledon x S. Hbstii. S. Hostii var. Macnabiana, Hort.). The rosettes of Ivs. are intermediate in character, but the Ivs. are much smaller than in S. Cotyledon and the plant is seldom more than 1 ft. high, more or less branched above: fls. numerous, white, heavily speckled with pink to purple dots, the spots large. Mav, June. A garden hybrid. Gn.W. 20:868. J.H. HI. 57:61. AAAAA. BETWEEN SPECIES OF SECTION TTTT. 112. ambigua, DC. (S. media x S. aretundes). About 2J^ in. high with reddish or purplish glandular fl.-sts. : Ivs. linear, nearly obtuse and a little reflexed: fls. pur- ple, red or coppery, with the petals a little longer than the calyx-lobes. Pyrenees. G.C. III. 54:183. — One of three native hybrids resulting from this cross. S. ambigua comes nearest to S. media, with red sepals and petals; S. luteo-purpurea, Lapeyr, is intermediate between the parents and has red sepals and yellow petals; while S. Lapeyrousii, Don, resembles S. areti- oides more closely; its sepals are green and its petals yellow. 113. aurantiaca, Hort. (S. media x S. aretioides). More nearly resembling S. aretioides but the rosettes are larger: fls. yellow. Very similar to S. luteo-purpurea, Lapeyr. 114. intermedia, Hort. (S. Grisebdchii x S. Strib- nryi. S. Grisebdchii var. intermedia, Hort.). Very similar in all respects to the former, but with a racemose infl. instead of a spicate one, the pedicels longer than those of S. Grisebachii: fls. red. Probably a natural hybrid. G.C. IU. 46:195. 115. Bertolonii, Sunderm. (S. Fnderici-Augusti x S, porophylla). Nearer the former parent in habit, about 3 in. high, the rosettes of Ivs. IJi in. diam.; Ivs. long, narrow, and pointed, with the chalk-pits very evident : infl. a nodding raceme borne on a red st. with red leafy bracts which are tipped with green: fls. red, on short pedicels. A garden hybrid. — Does well in a crev- ice or on a